生长猪植物性饲料中可消化磷的评定

采用4×4拉丁方设计 ,用玉米淀粉—豆粕作为基础饲粮 ,运用替代基础饲粮的方法测定了生长猪对一些植物性饲料中磷的消化吸收情况 ,并分析了饲料的总磷、植酸磷含量和饲料植酸酶(E.C.3.1.3.26)活性的高低与饲料表观可消化磷的关系。试验结果表明 ,生长猪对以下几种饲料磷的表观消化率如下 :次粉 ,(54.43±3.41) % ;麦麸 ,(50.67±3.96) % ;小麦 ,(49.11±3.37) % ;大麦 ,(42.06±2.12) % ;豆粕 ,(30.83±3.66) % ;玉米 ,(18.99±4.11) % ;细米糠 ,(14.22±2.00) % ;统糠 ,(10.60±3.28) %。试验结果的分析表明 :饲料的总磷含量(X,g/kgDM)、植酸磷含量(Y,g/kgDM)、饲料天然植酸酶活性(Z,PU/g DM)对饲料的表观可消化磷含量(ADP ,g/kgDM)的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,并有极显著的回归关系 :ADP= -0.4155+0.7972X -0.7802Y +0.0013Z(R2=0.9767,P=0.001)。     

生长猪用豆饼、菜粕、高赖氨酸玉米中可消化磷的评定

磷是动物机体必需的常量矿物质元素之一,对动物骨骼系统的发育及维持有着非常重要的作用。同时,磷是许多器官的有机组成部分,在机体的生化反应中发挥着关键作用。现代研究表明,磷还是畜禽营养中功能最多的营养成分之一,磷化合物几乎参与了动物机体内各种物质的合成过程,它还是对畜禽肉品质有影响的唯一矿物质元素(周顺伍,2000;杨文正,1996),并对能量代谢及维持组织细胞正常生理状态具有重要作用。动物机体缺磷会导致生长缓慢,生产力下降,饲料利用率降低等,严重时还会导致骨质软化症及佝偻病;饲粮中磷过量时,也会使骨组织发生病变,营养学上称…     

猪用饲料原料有效磷评定方法的研究

<正>磷由于其独具的消化-吸收-代谢过程以及它在动物营养中不可取代性及其在配合饲料中的重要作用,促使人们100多年来对它的研究从未间断(霍启光,2002)。传统的有关猪用饲料原料中磷的生物学效价概念一直都假定植物性饲料中有1/3的磷对单胃动     

生长肥育猪有效磷需要量的研究

试验选用 1 2 0头体重约 2 0kg的三元杂交猪 [杜洛克× (约克夏×长白 ) ]分为 1 0组 ,采用 2 (一定的钙磷比 1 2 5∶1和一定的钙 (Ca)水平 :生长期 0 60 % ,肥育期 0 5 0 % )× 5 (有效磷 (AP)水平生长期0 1 3、0 1 8、0 2 3、0 2 8、0 3 3 % ,肥育期 0 0 7、0 1 1、0 1 5、0 1 9、0 2 3 % )随机组合设计 ,研究AP水平对 2 0～90kg生长肥育猪生产性能、骨骼发育和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明 ,(1 )饲粮钙磷比保持 1 2 5 :1时 ,随着AP水平的升高 :A、生长猪的平均日增重 (P >0 0 5 )、采食量 (P <0 0 1 )、血清无机磷浓度 (P <0 0 1 )提高 ,AP0 3 3 %～Ca0 72 %组料重比最低 ,各组血清钙浓度和碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活性无显著差异 (P>0 0 5 ) ;B、肥育猪平均日增重趋于增加 (P >0 0 5 ) ,采食量极显著提高 (P <0 0 1 ) ,料重比AP0 1 1～0 1 9%组显著低于 0 0 7%和 0 2 3 %组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,血清中无机磷 (P >0 0 5 )和钙浓度 (P <0 0 1 )提高 ,无机磷浓度峰值在AP0 1 9%组出现 ,血清ALP活性AP0 0 7%～Ca0 3 9%组极显著或显著高于其它组 (P <0 0 1、0 0 5 ) ;C、股骨和第 3、4跖骨的长度、骨壁厚度、脱脂干骨重及其灰分、磷、钙的绝对重量随AP水平提高而显著或极显著 (P <     

生长猪高油玉米、玉米蛋白粉、棉粕可消化磷的评定

磷是动物生长发育所必需的常量矿物元素之一。植物性饲料中的磷60％-80％都以植酸磷形式存在，由于猪体内缺乏内源性植酸酶系统．所以难以利用饲料中的植酸态磷。在养猪生产中，往往向饲粮中添加大量的无机磷酸盐，从而造成磷资源的浪费、无机磷价格的迅速上升以及严重的环境污染等问题。所以很有必要从动物采食的磷源人手，准确评定各种饲料中磷的利用率，避免生产中磷的过量添加，达到既满足动物营养需要叉控制粪磷排出的目的。     

生长猪饲粮磷水平对磷酸氢钙中磷真消化率评定的影响

本试验旨在研究生长猪饲粮磷水平对磷酸氢钙(DCP)中磷的全肠道真消化率评定的影响。选用56头体重为(25.90±0.25)kg的杜×长×大杂交去势公猪,根据体重随机分为7个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂未添加DCP的基础饲粮,6个处理组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.64%、1.28%、1.92%、2.56%、3.20%、3.84%DCP。使用全收粪法测定磷的表观全肠道消化率。结果表明:生长猪总磷的表观全肠道消化率随饲粮DCP水平提高呈线性和二次增加(P0.05);随着DCP添加水平的提高,由差量法测得无机磷的全肠道真消化率呈二次上升的趋势(P0.1),具体表现为无机磷的全肠道真消化率随饲粮DCP水平提高呈现出先增加后降低的趋势;通过线性回归法发现,生长猪饲喂低DCP饲粮后测得磷的全肠道真消化率显著高于饲喂高DCP饲粮(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮磷水平显著影响差量法和线性回归法测得DCP的全肠道真消化率;使用差量法测定饲粮原料磷的全肠道真消化率时应将饲粮磷水平维持在接近磷需要量的水平,使用线性回归法测定磷的全肠道真消化率时应将饲粮磷水平控制在低于磷需要量的范围内。     

不同储存时间小麦在生长猪上的营养价值评定

本试验旨在研究不同储存时间小麦在猪上的消化能和营养物质消化率.试验于2016年在河北省国家粮仓分别采集2012、2013、2014、2015和2016年收获的小麦样品.试验1:选取30头初始体重为(45.2±1.5)kg杜×长×大三元杂交健康去势公猪,采用全收粪法测定5个小麦样品的消化能和营养物质表观全肠道消化率.试验...     

生长猪对饲料原料中磷的消化率

磷是生长猪的一种重要营养素,但它总是不能被猪完全利用,因为其经常与植酸结合在一起。使用标准全肠道消化率（Standard Total Tract Digestibility,STTD）概念,可以更好地测定饲料原料中磷的准确营养价值。豆粕是猪饲料中一种优质蛋白质原料,由于全球猪鸡的饲养规模不断扩大,大豆的需求量快速增加,大大超过了其供应量。因此,一些其它来源的蛋白质原料有时会用于饲料中,以向动物提供一些必需氨基酸。     

生长猪日粮中添加木聚糖酶对小麦和小麦副产品日粮能量、氨基酸、磷、钙消化率的影响

小麦副产品是饲料原料,其中的阿（拉伯）糖基木聚糖会降低饲料的营养消化率。下脚料是一种副产品（从干小麦到面粉）,含有不同数量的粗麦麸、次粉、小麦筛渣和细麦麸。下脚料的消化率不是很清楚,在小麦日粮和含有30％的副产品（下脚料、次粉、细麦麸、小麦筛渣、粗麦麸）的日粮中添加木聚糖酶（0或4000units／kg 日粮）,测定对能量、氨基酸、磷和钙的消化率的影响。试验进行2&#215;6的分组。小麦对照组含有13.96MJ／kg的消化能和3．0g的标准小肠可消化赖氨酸．日粮含有0．4％三价铬酸。12只小肠钻洞的猪（32．5&#177;2．5kg）饲喂12种日粮,满足消化能的需要量。粪便和小肠的消化物每两天收集一次。木聚糖酶能提高小肠能量消化率2．2个百分单位,提高消化能0．42MJ/kg（P〈0．10）,提高小肠干物质消化率2．8个百分单位（P〈0．05）,日粮和木聚糖酶的互作未观察到。木聚糖酶可以提高能量、干物质的消化率和漕化能含量（P〈0．05）,日粮和木聚糖酶的互作能观察到。木聚糖酶能将下脚料总能量消化率从72．1％提高到78．g％,干物质消化能从13．33提高到14．67MJ／kg,干物质的消化率从71．5％提高到78．6％。木聚糖酶能提高消化率和日粮中某些消化氨基酸的含量,如赖氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸（P〈0.05）,日粮种类对这些也有影响（P〈0.05）,木聚糖酶能分别提高下脚料、次粉、细麦糠．小麦筛渣和粗麦糠赖氨酸的消化率13．8、5．0、5．2,6．0和141个百分单位。日粮对磷和钙的消化率有影响（P〈0．01）,木聚糖酶能提高磷和钙的可消化含量（P〈0.05）。总之,营养物质消化率会随着小麦副产品不同而变化,每千克下脚料干物质中含有11．08MJ的消化能,木聚糖酶能增加到15.26MJ。木聚糖酶能提高小麦副产品营养物质消化率和干物质含量,一定程度上受副产品种类的影响。木聚糖酶可以很大程度上添加到小麦副产品猪日粮中,改善营养物质消化率,这可能与阿（控伯）糖基木聚糖有关。     

进口高粱对生长猪生长性能的影响

为了研究了添加不同量高粱日粮对生长猪生产性能的影响,该试验选择240头60日龄健康杜长大三元杂交猪,依据体重、 体况、 公母相近的原则随机分成4个处理.对照组饲喂玉米豆粕型日粮,处理组分别添加5%、10%、15%高粱的日粮,保证营养水平设计一致.试验结果表明,各试验组初始体重、 结束体重、 日采食量、 日增重均差异不显著,但随着高粱添加量的增加,猪日采食量有降低的趋势(<0.3).可见,在日粮中添加不超过15%的进口高粱对猪生产性能基本没有影响.     

Pre-caecal digestible phosphorus in maize and wheat for broiler chickens

1. The objective of this study was to determine the coefficient of pre-caecal digestion of P in maize (3.9 g/kg of total P, 0.83 g/kg of phytate P, 138 FTU [phytase units]/kg) and wheat (3.17 g/kg of total P, 1.94 g/kg of phytate P, 666 FTU/kg) in broilers according to the WPSA protocol.

2. For the diets, monosodium phosphate was used as an additional P supplement. Two sets of diets containing 200, 460 and 740 g/kg of wheat or 200, 500 and 740 g/kg of maize were formulated. A total of 288 21-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were assigned to 24 cages (8 birds per cage) and the 6 test diets were assigned to cages. The coefficient of pre-caecal digestion of P was determined by the indicator method and linear regression.

3. In both ingredients, pre-caecal digestible P increased linearly with increasing inclusion levels of maize or wheat (P < 0.05). The coefficients of digestion of pre-caecal P were estimated to be 0.18 for wheat and 0.33 for maize.     

猪用植物性饲料中可消化磷的评定及植酸酶的作用

运用平衡试验法,以去势生长公猪为试验材料,采用4×4拉丁方设计。先后评定了生长猪用12种常规饲料中可消化磷的含量,同时评定了3种常规饲料在添加500FTU/千克微生物植酸酶的条件下,磷的表观消化率。试验结果表明,生长猪对普通玉米、豆粕、麦麸中磷的表观消化率分别为20.14％、31.42％、49.83％;DDGS(玉米干酒糟及其可溶物)、玉米胚茅粕、米糠中磷的表观消化率分别为54.64％,26.75％、10.85％;豆饼、菜籽粕、高赖氨酸玉米中磷的表观消化率分别为24.95％、29.25％、21.86％;小麦、稻谷、高梁中磷的表观消化率分别为50.00％、52.42％、16.51％;在添加500FTU/千克微生物植酸酶的条件下,小麦、稻谷、高梁中磷的表观消化率分别为77.64％、74.26％、64.38％。     

Effects of xylanase supplementation on the apparent digestibility and digestible content of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in wheat and wheat by-products from dry milling fed to grower pigs

Wheat by-products are feedstuffs that vary in nutritional value, partly because of arabinoxylans that limit nutrient digestibility. Millrun is a byproduct from dry milling wheat into flour and contains varying amounts of the bran, middlings, screening, and shorts fractions. The digestible nutrient content of mill-run is not well known. Effects of xylanase supplementation (0 or 4,000 units/kg of diet) on energy, AA, P, and Ca digestibilities were studied in a wheat control diet and 5 diets containing 30% of a by-product (mill-run, middlings, shorts, screening, or bran) in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement of treatments. The wheat control diet was formulated to contain 3.34 Mcal of DE/kg and 3.0 g of standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal of DE. Diets contained 0.4% chromic oxide. Each of 12 ileal-cannulated pigs (32.5 +/- 2.5 kg) was fed 6 or 7 of 12 diets at 3 times the DE requirement for maintenance in successive 10-d periods for 6 or 7 observations per diet. Feces and ileal digesta were each collected for 2 d. Xylanase tended to increase (P < 0.10) ileal energy digestibility by 2.2 percentage units and the DE content by 0.10 Mcal/kg of DM and increased (P < 0.05) ileal DM digestibility by 2.8 percentage units; a diet x xylanase interaction was not observed. Xylanase increased (P < 0.05) total tract energy and DM digestibilities and the DE content. A diet x xylanase interaction was observed; xylanase increased (P < 0.05) total tract energy digestibility of the millrun diet from 72.1 to 78.9%, DE content from 3.19 to 3.51 Mcal/kg of DM, and DM digestibility from 71.5 to 78.6%. Diet affected (P < 0.05) and xylanase improved (P < 0.05) digestibility and digestible contents of some AA in diets and by-products, including Lys, Thr, and Val. Xylanase increased (P < 0.05) Lys digestibility by 13.8, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0, and 14.1 percentage units in millrun, middlings, shorts, screening, and bran, respectively. Diet affected (P < 0.01) total tract P and Ca digestibilities. Xylanase increased (P < 0.05) digestible P and Ca contents. In summary, nutrient digestibility varies among wheat by-products. Millrun contained 2.65 Mcal of DE/kg of DM, which xylanase increased to 3.56 Mcal of DE/kg of DM. Xylanase improved nutrient digestibility and DE content in wheat by-products; and the extent of improvement depended on the by-product. Xylanase supplementation may maximize opportunities to include wheat byproducts in swine diets and ameliorate reductions in nutrient digestibility that may be associated with arabinoxylans.     

Formulation of diets for pigs based on a ratio between digestible calcium and digestible phosphorus results in reduced excretion of calcium in urine without affecting retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with formulation based on values for total calcium

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P does not decrease Ca retention, but increases P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to four corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with two blocks and five pigs per diet in each block. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet formulation principles (total Ca or STTD Ca) and two inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units per kg of feed). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P or a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P of 1.25:1. Diets were fed for 11 d and fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from day 6 to day 10. Interactions (P < 0.05) between diet formulation principle and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca absorbed, Ca retained, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Ca in both total Ca and STTD Ca diets. Without phytase, Ca intake, Ca in feces, and Ca absorbed was greater (P < 0.05) from pigs fed total Ca diets than from pigs fed STTD Ca diets, but P absorbed, P digestibility, and P in urine was greater (P < 0.05) from pigs fed STTD Ca diets than from pigs fed total Ca diets. However, in the presence of phytase, no differences between diet formulation principles were observed in these variables. Regardless of phytase, Ca in urine was lower (P < 0.05) from pigs fed STTD Ca diets than from pigs fed total Ca diets. There were no differences in Ca retention between pigs fed STTD Ca diets and total Ca diets, but pigs fed total Ca diets retained less (P < 0.05) Ca if diets contained phytase. No differences in P retention were observed between diet formulation principles, but pigs fed non-phytase diets retained more (P < 0.05) P than pigs fed diets with phytase. In conclusion, because diets formulated based on STTD Ca contain less Ca than total Ca diets, pigs fed STTD Ca diets excreted less Ca in urine, but retention of Ca was not affected. Formulating non-phytase diets based on STTD Ca instead of total Ca increased P absorption, which confirms the detrimental effect of excess Ca on P digestibility. However, P retention was not improved if pigs were fed STTD Ca diets.     

Comparison of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestible phosphorus and amino acid content of corn ethanol coproducts from Brazil and the United States produced using fiber separation technology for swine

Three experiments (exp.) were conducted to determine and compare the digestibility of nutrients and energy of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the United States (USDDGS), a dried mixture of corn bran with solubles (CBS) from Brazil (BRCBS), and high protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from the United States (USHPDG) and Brazil (BRHPDG) in growing pigs. The feed ingredients were evaluated for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF, respectively), and digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME, respectively) using the total collection and index methods in exp. 1; ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in exp. 2; and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of CP and amino acids (AA) in exp. 3. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4 ± 6.9, 38.3 ± 5.2, and 46.2 ± 5.3 kg body weight [BW], in exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were fed a corn basal diet in exp. 1, a P-free diet in exp. 2, and an N-free diet in exp. 3 or diets with 40% inclusion of test ingredients to provide 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages (exp. 1) or in pens (exp. 2 and 3) and fed at 2.8 times the maintenance DE requirement (110 kcal/kg BW^0.75) based on their BW at the beginning of each experiment. Except for ATTD of NDF, which tended (P = 0.058) to be greater by the index method compared with the total collection method, no difference between the total collection and index methods was observed for ATTD of remaining nutrients and DE. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and DE content of BRHPDG were greater (P < 0.001) than USHPDG, BRCBS, and USDDGS. The AID of CP, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val and the SID of His, Leu, Lys, and Val of BRHPDG were 8% to 36% greater (P < 0.05) than those from USHPDG. Except for Trp, all AID and SID AA values were greater (P < 0.05) in BRHPDG than in USHPDG. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and ADF; DE and ME content; AID of CP, Arg, Ile, Leu, Phe, Thr, and Trp; and SID of CP, Arg, Phe, and Thr of USDDGS were 9% to 45% greater (P < 0.05) than those in BRCBS. The ATTD and the STTD of P in USHPDG and USDDGS were 26% to 42% greater (P < 0.05) compared with BRHPDG and BRCBS. In conclusion, BRHPDG had a greater digestibility of energy and most of the AA than USHPDG, while the BRCBS evaluated had lower nutritional value than the USDDGS source.     

Interactions between wheat and other dietary cereals with respect to metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids

Small, varying improvements in apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities were obtained when wheat was combined with certain other cereals in broiler diets. Synergistic interactions, sometimes resulting in large improvements in the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) contents of the diets, were also observed with certain cereal combinations. Combining wheat with maize or oats enhanced the utilisation of dietary energy and amino acids.     

体外法评定玉米青贮与稻秸之间组合效应的研究

试验采用体外法(invitro)分析了在日粮基础上的玉米青贮和稻桔的饲料组合效应,试验装置根据Menke(1988)的体外装置原理结合Mauricio等(1999)的压力传感器体外产气技术(Reading Pressure Tech-nique,RPT)的方法自主研发和改进的体外发酵装置。通过测量其消化率、pH值、产气量、菌体蛋白(MCP)分析出作为粗饲料部分的玉米青贮和稻桔间的最佳组合,对所得出的最佳组合选取奶山羊进行现场饲喂试验。试验证明:用稻秸替换20%～40%青贮玉米为主的粗饲料能取得较好的效果。     

垄作免耕对水稻根系特性和氮磷钾养分累积的影响

依托稻田免耕长期定位试验,研究了垄作免耕对Y两优6号水稻根系特性、氮、磷、钾养分累积和产量的变化。研究主要涉及冬水田(中稻-冬水田)、垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)和水旱平作(中稻-油菜)对水稻4个生育时期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期)和根系特性,以及水稻根、茎、叶和穗的氮、磷、钾浓度及累积量的影响。结果表明,垄作免耕的实际产量达8750.8 kg·hm^-2,显著高于水旱平作与冬水田(P<0.05)。在拔节期,垄作免耕水稻根系的根长密度和根表面积及比根长均显著高于水旱平作(P<0.05)。在抽穗期,垄作免耕根表面积最高达1.74 cm²·cm^-3,分别比冬水田和水旱平作提高了3.37%和6.71%;且垄作免耕水稻茎秆氮、磷、钾累积量分别较水旱平作提高了49.26%、33.20%和59.70%。相较于常规平作,垄作免耕水稻抽穗期茎叶的磷含量没有显著差异,而茎叶中氮、磷、钾累积量显著增加(P<0.05);氮、磷、钾养分累积速率显著提高(P<0.05),说明在养分累积的关键时期,垄作免耕能显著提高氮、磷、钾的吸收、分配和累积。在成熟期,垄作免耕水稻籽粒中氮累积量比冬水田和水旱平作显著提高了24.80%和14.30%。在分蘖-抽穗期,垄作免耕水稻的 N:K最低、K:P最高,表明垄作免耕能显著提高水稻生长前中期对钾的吸收利用和分配。综上,垄作免耕不仅可以增加水稻的根长密度和根表面积,在抽穗期显著提高水稻对氮、磷、钾的累积,整个生育期对钾的吸收利用明显优于水旱平作和冬水田,为水稻高产提供可参考的依据。     

饲用小麦总磷和植酸磷含量变异度的研究

选择我国6个小麦主产省区具有代表性的64个饲用小麦样品,测定其总磷和植酸磷含量,研究饲用小麦总磷和植酸磷含量变异度。结果发现:全国小麦主产区的小麦含磷量平均水平为0.37%,最小值为0.25%,最大值为0.48%,变异系数为4.89%～15.14%,四川省和河南省的变异系数最大;山东省饲用小麦总磷和植酸磷水平最高,平均水平分别为0.4%和0.3%;饲用小麦总磷和植酸磷之间存极显著正相关,植酸磷=0.766×总磷-0.019(r=0.841,P0.01)。