套袋对红富士苹果果实生长发育的影响

为给山东鲁中南地区的富士苹果适宜果袋的筛选提供理论依据,以21年生红富士苹果为试材,研究了不同套袋处理对果实后期生长发育的影响。结果表明:不同果袋种类对果实体积、单果质量、果点大小、果点密度及成熟果实品质的影响程度不同。在所有套袋处理中,膜袋效果最差,除果实体积最大和单果质量中等外,其它指标均最差,果点大而密,果实着色面积小,光洁度差,含糖量低,含酸量高,口感差,果实硬度小,贮运性能低;效果最好的为莱州高遮光外纸新密内红袋,果个中大,单果质量高,果点小且疏,着色面积大,色泽艳丽,光洁度高,含糖量高,风味浓郁,酸甜适口,果实硬度大,耐贮运。     

Simulating coconut growth, development and yield with the InfoCrop-coconut model

Simulation modeling of perennial crops has immense potential for generating information for plantation managers. We report the development of the InfoCrop-coconut model and its application to coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) growing in diverse tropical and subtropical environments. The model is based on the generic crop model InfoCrop that simulates various annual crops in tropical and subtropical regions. The InfoCrop-coconut model was calibrated and validated with data compiled from published studies comprising many physiological, agronomical and nutritional experiments conducted between 1978 and 2005 in diverse geographic locations throughout India. The treatments included various water and nutrient regimes and varieties of coconut. Time to first flowering varied between 4 and 6 years, leaf production varied from 8 to 15 leaves year(-1) and nut yield ranged from 3000 to 27,000 nuts ha(-1) year(-1). The genetic coefficients used for calibration and validation were generated from field experiments conducted during 1995-2005. Model efficiency and validation performance were analyzed statistically. Simulated trends in phenological development, total dry mass and its partitioning, and nut yield agreed closely with observed values, although a 15% error was observed in a few cases. Considering that field measurements have an experimental error of 10-15% and wide variation existed within treatments, the model adequately simulated the effects of management practices and agro-climatic conditions over short periods. For a range of agro-climatic zones, simulated potential yields varied from 26 to 30 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) and potential annual dry mass production varied from 52 to 62 Mg ha(-1), depending on environment. We conclude that InfoCrop-coconut can be used to increase the efficiency of agronomic experiments designed to aid coconut crop management.     

Heartwood development and its relationship to growth in Pinus radiata

Summary The rate of heartwood development was examined at four heights in stems of Pinus radiata D. Don from 18 mature stands in south-eastern Australia. While the diameter of heartwood tended to be greatest at stump and breast heights, formation commenced earlier (i.e. with fewer sapwood rings) and/or progressed more rapidly 10–20 m above ground level. Appreciable variation in heartwood development was detected between trees in the same and different stands, with both environmental and genetic factors apparently important. Regression analyses involving three parameters of heartwood development (number of rings, diameter and percentage area) and stem characteristics including height, diameter and ring width suggested that heartwood formation is affected little by tree vigour in the post-juvenile growth phase. Rather it seems that the rate at which annual increments are included in heartwood is largely fixed for any particular height level and stem. Thus the amount (but not necessarily the percentage) or heartwood in a stem is substantially dependent on diameter growth early in tree life.The expert technical assistance of Mr. R. Colley is gratefully acknowledged. Valuable assistance in the measurement of heartwood dimensions was also provided by Ms. V. Kurz and Mr. C. Slatyer. Dr. R. K. Bamber and Mr. A. P. Wilkins offered particularly helpful advice     

板栗苗期生长发育规律研究

采用实验室检测和野外调查相结合方式,对板栗1年生嫁接苗生长发育动态、生理指标以及光能利用效率等内容进行研究,研究结论表明:板栗1年生嫁接苗地径和树高生长趋势均呈单"S"曲线变化,其中邵阳城步和常德石门板栗品种幼苗生长量,叶片蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量表现突出;邵阳城步板栗品种地径递增量为1.57cm,树高递增量为144.87cm,叶片蛋白质含量保持在6.42%,叶绿素含量为17.68g·L^-1;常德石门板栗品种地径递增量为1.46cm,树高递增量为142.07cm,叶片蛋白质含量维持在4.64%,叶绿素含量为21.92g·L^-1,说明邵阳城步和常德石门板栗品种幼苗生命活动较为旺盛。依据硝酸还原酶活性大小变化,岳阳临湘晚熟,岳阳临湘早熟和常德石门品种抗逆性较强,而邵阳城步品种抗逆性相对较弱。     

油橄榄在云南的果实生长发育特性分析

【目的】分析油橄榄在云南的果实生长发育状况,掌握果实生长发育规律和节点,为制定油橄榄不同生长发育时期的合理栽培管理措施、提升果实的产量和品质、研究果实形成机理提供科学参考依据。【方法】以‘柯基’和‘豆果’2个油橄榄品种为材料,定期观测其花果期物候和果实的纵横径,计算每个果实生长发育时期果实的果形指数,分析果实纵横径生长动态和相对生长速率及果形指数的变化规律,分别采用Logistic、二次多项式、三次多项式方程模型对油橄榄果实纵横径进行拟合,比较分析了3种方程模型的拟合效果。【结果】随着果实生长时间的推移,‘柯基’和‘豆果’果实纵横径生长曲线均呈快—慢—稳定的近"S"型,且在花后现果时其果实大小基本相等,之后始终保持纵径大于横径;果实纵横径相对生长速率均表现出快—慢—稳定的生长发育规律;其果形指数均表现出先增大后减小最终趋于稳定的变化特点;3种方程模型均能相对准确地拟合出‘柯基’和‘豆果’油橄榄果实的生长发育进程,且3种方程模型对其纵横径生长拟合精度的大小和拟合效果的优劣均依次为三次多项式、二次多项式、Logistic方程模型。【结论】根据果实物候观测结果和果实纵横径生长、相对生长速率的...     

花垣县桤木生长调查与发展对策

分析了花垣县的自然地貌及气候、土壤等条件,研究与分析了花垣县桤木发展现状及桤木的生长现状,提出了花垣县桤木发展的对策。     

Helical fissures in compression wood cells: Causative factors and mechanics of development

Summary There is evidence showing that lignification causes both an increase in the thickness of the walls, and changes in the overall width or circumference of wood cells. Although data are not available on changes in length during lignification, it can be deduced that these must also tend to occur. As lignin occupies sites in the cell walls corresponding to those occupied by water, the theory of anisotropic shrinkage of wood may be used to predict the proportional dimensional changes tending to occur as each wall layer in a compression wood cell is lignified. Taking account of the microfibril angles in those layers, it is shown that if the angle for S₂ is more than about 45°, inevitably S₂ will tend to develop deep helical fissures or splits of the form of those reported in the literature.     

红松种子产业经济潜能及发展中的关键因素

针对东北地区红松种子产业的基础现状及发展态势,运用宏观经济学理论分析了构成该项产业优势的各种要素;瞻望了在未来林业经济运行中蕴藏的巨大潜力和经济增长空间,根据近几年红松种子林建设情况及产业发展需要,从稳健有序、立足长远的角度,提出了在林业产权机制、政府服务职能及科技支撑等方面应该重视的关键问题。     

Characterization of seed storage proteins in Populus and their homology with Populus vegetative storage proteins

We investigated the synthesis and accumulation of vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) in poplar plantlets and the homology between poplar seed storage proteins (SSPs) and VSPs. One-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that both seed and vegetative storage proteins contained two predominant polypeptides of MW 32 and 36 kDa, but the subunit composition of the polypeptides differed. The 32- and 36-kDa polypeptides were highly abundant in basal leaves, stems, and roots of poplar plantlets. The 36-kDa subunit was synthesized in all plantlet tissues examined, but the 32-kDa subunit was not, suggesting that the 36-kDa polypeptide is a precursor of the 32-kDa polypeptide. The 36- and 32-kDa polypeptides of both SSPs and VSPs were glycosylated and both were found to be albumins. In addition, both polypeptides cross-reacted with a VSP antibody. Protein fingerprint patterns generated with two different proteolytic enzymes were identical for the 36-kDa polypeptide isolated from seeds or from stem tissue. Our study provides evidence that poplar SSPs and VSPs exhibit homology, and that expression is neither tissue-specific nor regulated solely by photoperiod.     

Shoot growth and crown development: effect of crown position in three-dimensional simulations

Trees have been increasingly considered as modular organisms, with individual shoots forming autonomous units that respond semi-independently to their surrounding environment. However, there is evidence for fairly strict hormonal control of tree crown development. Studies on the hydraulic architecture of trees suggest a closer functional connection between shoots and crown development than is postulated by the theory of branch autonomy. We studied how shoot growth pattern influences growth and crown architecture in young Scots pine trees simulated by the LIGNUM model assuming that (a) the growth of a shoot mainly depends on its light climate and (b) the growth of a shoot is influenced by its position within the crown. We determined shoot position within the crown based on a recently developed vigor index. The vigor index compares the relative axis cross-sectional area from the base of the tree to each shoot and gives a value of 1 to the pathway of the greatest cross-sectional area. All other shoots attain values between 0 and 1 depending on their cross-sectional areas and the cross-sectional areas of the branches leading there from the main axis. The shoot light climate is characterized by annually intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. We compared the results from simulations (a) and (b) against an independent data set. The addition of a within-shoot position index (the vigor index) to our simulation (simulation b) resulted in a more realistic tree form than that obtained with simulation (a) alone. We discuss the functional significance of the results as well as the possibilities of using an index of shoot position in simulations of crown architecture.     

Tree growth and stand development of four Populus clones in large monoclonal plots

Four clones of Populus were planted in replicated monoclonal plots near Olympia, WA, to evaluate their suitability for use in short-rotation culture. All clones were easily established and had minimal problems from damaging agents during the first five years. Observed differences among clones in pattern and amount of growth appeared to be associated with differences in number and density of buds, sylleptic branching, and phenology. In addition, differences in drought tolerance and stockability may also have influenced clonal differences in annual growth and stand productivity. Individual tree growth was limited by the dense 1.0-m spacing, but the best-growing clones averaged 13 to 16 m tall, 7 to 9 cm in breast-high diameter (1.3 m), and produced stand basal areas exceeding 38 m²ha^-1at 8 years. Mortality was negligible for 7 years, after which various combined effects of competition, stem borer damage (Cryptorhyncus lapathi), and a severe windstorm caused mortality ranging from 18 to 36% in the three fastest growing clones.     

薄壳山核桃愈伤组织诱导的影响因素

以薄壳山核桃品种马罕×波尼的杂交种子为材料,研究不同外植体来源、不同培养基成分及不同质量浓度的植物生长调节剂对愈伤组织诱导效率的影响。结果表明,MS较1/2 MS和WPM培养基更加有利于薄壳山核桃愈伤组织的诱导和继代培养;最佳植物生长调节剂组合为2.0 mg/L NAA+0.1 mg/L 6-BA;种子苗幼茎较胚根、胚轴、幼叶更适于作为愈伤组织诱导的起始外植体,愈伤诱导率为72.79%。     

木兰林区华北落叶松生长与气候因子的关系

为了科学制定木兰林区内华北落叶松的经营规划,通过分析18株华北落叶松年轮宽值,建立林区华北落叶松标准年表,研究木兰围场地区月平均气温和月总降水量对华北落叶松生长的影响,结果表明:在木兰林区,3、5、6、7、8月份气温与华北落叶松生长呈极显著或显著负相关,其中华北落叶松年轮指数在当年5-7月与气温达到-0.574的极显著负相关,表明月平均气温对其有极显著限制作用;在当年7月,华北落叶松年轮指数与降水量达到0.320的极显著正相关,表明月降水量对华北落叶松生长具有显著促进作用。     

影响朝阳市林业发展因素的调查及对策

1　自然概况朝阳位于辽宁省西部 ,地处科尔沁沙地南缘 ,是一个“七山一水二分田”的丘陵山区 ,全市总土地面积 1 97万ｈｍ2 ,属大陆性季风气候 ,年平均降水量 450～ 550ｍｍ ,雨热同季 ,且时空分布不均 ,极端高温 41 1℃ ,极端低温 - 36 9℃ ,年日照 2 860～2 960小时 ,有效积温 2 90 0～ 350 0℃ ,平均无霜期1 2 9～ 1 59天。2　林业状况建国初期 ,朝阳有林面积 7 3万ｈｍ2 ,森林覆被率只有 3 9% ,且分布极不均匀 ,水土流失总面积达 80 %以上。现全市有林面积 67 9万ｈｍ2 ,森林面积平均每年以 0 6个百分点上升 ,其中郁闭成林 (森林 )面…     

花毛竹高生长节律及其与气象因子关系研究

以江西省林业科学院竹种园的花毛竹为研究对象,观测研究了幼竹生长期内高生长动态,对竹高生长节律进行拟合且划分出竹高生长时期,并采用逐步多元回归方法分析了气象因子与竹高生长量的关系.结果表明:花毛竹平均高为662.55 cm,平均生长历时30 d,表现出明显"慢-快-慢"的节律.Logistic方程能够较好拟合竹高生长过程,回归系数为0.9965,经检验均达到极显著水平.对Logistic曲线进行求导确定了竹高日生长的速生点和生长拐点,进而将竹高生长过程分为生长初期、生长盛期和生长末期3个时期,其中生长盛期内竹高净生长量占总生长量的70.20%.8:00气温、最高气温和降雨量是影响花毛竹高生长的主要气象因子.     

Comparison of tree growth and undergrowth development in aerially seeded and planted Pinus tabulaeformis forests

Direct seeding is a less expensive practice than planting and has the potential to become a viable alternative to transplanting for afforestation and regeneration purposes. As an effective and a less costly regeneration method, aerial seeding has been applied with several tree species. As early as 1956, Chinese people engaged in aerial seeding and stands with a total of 2.97×10⁷ hm² have been developed up to 2004. Our study tested whether the growth of planted Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) seedlings and its undergrowth development in northwest aspects differ from that of aerially sown seedlings on the northern and northwestern aspects of slopes. In 2007, we collected data such as height, diameter at breast height (DBH), clear bole height and canopy widths of trees, abundance, coverage, and frequency of shrubs and herbs from 21-year-old planted Chinese pine stands on a northwestern aspect (PNW), aerially sown stands in a northwest aspect (ANW) and aerially sown stands in a northern aspect (AN). Results showed that the relation of crown area and mean DBH was best fitted by a double inverse model for the ANW and AN forests and by a quadratic model for the PNW forest. There was no difference in the growth between ANW and AN forests, while growth was significantly higher in the PNW forest than in the ANW and AN forests. That was consistent with the Sorenson diversity indices in the shrub and herb layers, indicating that there was a large number of the same species in both aerially seeded stands, although their locations were different. Both the number of species in the undergrowth and the Shannon-Wiener index in the shrub layer were higher in the PNW stands than in the ANW and AN stands. Dominant families for all three stands were Rosaceae and Compositae in the shrub and herb layer, respectively. The dominant species for all three stands was Spiraea pubescens in the shrub layer, while the dominant species was different from each other in the three stands. The discrepancy in diversity and composition of species in the herb layer show that herbs are sensitive to shrubs in the three forests. High mortality and skewed diameter distributions reflect severe competition and too high a density in the aerially seeded forests. Thus, aerial seeding is a viable and effective regeneration technique, but management practices, such as thinning, should be applied to these forests.