麒麟菜膳食纤维的降血脂功能

以3种麒麟菜(Eucheuma spp.)膳食纤维为研究对象,给予SD大鼠10%膳食纤维的高脂饲料进行6周的动物实验,分别于0周、3周、6周末眼底采血、收集实验末期3d粪便,通过分析血清总脂(TL)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、粪便胆固醇(FC)、粪便胆汁酸(FBA)和计算动脉硬化指数(AI),研究了麒麟菜膳食纤维降低血脂的功能活性。结果显示:实验至3周、6周末,喂饲高脂饲料的阳性对照组和3个麒麟菜膳食纤维实验组的大鼠血清TL、TC、TG、LDL-C水平较阴性对照组显著升高(P<0.05),3种膳食纤维组TL、TC、TG、LDL-C水平显著低于阳性对照组(P<0.05),HDL-C水平显著低于阴性对照组而高于阳性对照组(P<0.05)。6周末,3种膳食纤维粪便胆固醇FC和粪便胆汁酸FBA含量显著高于阴性和阳性对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,本实验高脂饲料可成功形成高脂动物模型,3种膳食纤维具有显著抑制TL、TC、TG、LDL-C水平升高,促使HDL-C水平升高和粪便胆固醇、粪便胆汁酸排泄的功能。因此,麒麟菜膳食纤维显示出降低血脂的效果,将有可能在预防高血脂症等疾病方面具有应用价值。     

麒麟菜膳食纤维对有益金属钙、锌、铁吸附作用的影响

采用麒麟菜（Eucheuma sp．）可溶性膳食纤维（Soluble dietary fiber,SDF）、不溶性膳食纤维（Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）和总膳食纤维（Total dietary fiber,TDF）为研究对象,分别通过体外模拟哺乳类动物胃和小肠生理pH环境条件和体内吸附实验,研究麒麟菜膳食纤维对有益金属钙、铁、锌吸附作用的影响。体内吸附实验以SD大鼠为实验动物,以混饲法给大鼠喂食膳食纤维饲料（含膳食纤维10％）,实验期为5周。结果表明：（1）在体外模拟实验中,麒麟菜膳食纤维对有益金属离子Ca^2＋、Fe^2＋、Fe^3＋、Zn^3＋的吸附效果与pH、膳食纤维的可溶性和金属离子种类有关。在小肠环境中的吸附能力大于胃环境;IDF吸附能力最强,其次为TDF,SDF吸附能力最弱;各膳食纤维对Ca^2＋吸附作用最强,其次是Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋,最弱是Zn^2＋。（2）在动物体内实验中,各麒麟菜膳食纤维饲喂组动物的血清钙、血清锌和血清铁的含量随饲养时间略有增长,但与正常对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。因此认为,麒麟菜可溶性膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维和总膳食纤维对有益金属离子Ca^2＋、Fe^2＋、Fe^3＋和Zn^2＋具有不同程度的体外吸附作用,但对动物体内的钙、锌、铁元素的正常生理水平无显著影响。[中国水产科学,2008,15（2）：323-329]     

4种海藻膳食纤维清除自由基的比较研究

采用羟基自由基体系、超氧阴离子自由基体系、烷基自由基引发的亚油酸氧化体系和DPPH体系对江蓠(Gracilaria)、麒麟菜(Eucheuma)、马尾藻(Sargassum)、海带(Laminaria)4种膳食纤维清除自由基的活性进行研究。结果表明，在羟基自由基体系中，江蓠、麒麟菜、马尾藻、海带4种膳食纤维的IC50分别为5．2mg／mL、5．5mg／mL、4．4mg／mL和4．1mg/mL；在超氧阴离子自由基体系中，江蓠、麒麟菜膳食纤维的IC50分别为4．8mg/mL和5．3mg/mL，而马尾藻、海带膳食纤维的最高清除率分别为36％和42％；在烷基自由基引发的亚油酸氧化体系中，江蓠、麒麟菜膳食纤维的最高清除率分别为36％和26％，马尾藻、海带膳食纤维的IC50分别为4．1mg/mL和3．5mg/mL；在DlPIH体系中，江蓠、麒麟菜、马尾藻膳食纤维的最高清除率分别为31％、11％和26％，海带膳食纤维的IC50为6．2mg/mL。在各体系中，与相应的专一性阳性参照物对比，证明这4种海藻膳食纤维对自由基有一定的清除作用。     

4种海藻膳食纤维对Cd2+、Pb2+、Hg2+的吸附作用

采用模拟胃和小肠环境进行体外实验,同时对大白鼠进行体内实验,研究了4种海藻膳食纤维对Cd2 、Pb2 、Hg2 的体内、体外清除效果,并与麦麸(Wheat bran)膳食纤维进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)在体外模拟实验中,4种海藻和麦麸膳食纤维对Cd2 、Pb2 、Hg2 的吸附效果与pH、纤维种类有关。在小肠环境下较胃环境吸附强烈,海带(Lamiraria japonica)吸附最强,其次为麒麟菜(Eucheuma)、麦麸和江蓠(Gracilaria),马尾藻(Sargassum)最差。各种膳食纤维对Pb2 吸附最强,对Hg2 最弱。(2)在动物体内实验中,各膳食纤维对大鼠体内重金属排出量(率)均显著大于空白对照组(P<0.05),各膳食纤维对重金属的排出能力由大到小依次为:麒麟菜、海带、麦麸、江蓠、马尾藻。结论认为,海藻膳食纤维具有清除重金属的效果,因此在降低重金属对人体蓄积毒性方面具有应用价值。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):132-138]     

用高蛋白颗粒饲料喂养尼罗罗非鱼和鲤鱼

匈牙利渔业工作者采用高蛋白颗粒饲料喂养尼罗罗非鱼和鲤鱼，取得了较好的饲养效果。他们将高蛋白颗粒饲料(含蛋白质30d)，标准颗粒饲料(含蛋白质25％)，附加8％添加油的饲料以及不附添加油的饲料分别喂养鲤鱼，试验结果表明，投喂高蛋白颗粒饲料的鲤鱼，平均生长率提高了14％，而投喂添加油饲料和不附添加油饲料的鱼在生长上无明显差别。     

饲料中添加甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)块根与茎蔓对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)配合饲料中添加不同比例(10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯茎蔓粉,测定了添加2种甘薯饲料成分对刺参生长和非特异性免疫力的影响.结果显示,在50 d实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,添加20％甘薯块根粉组终末体重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),10％、30％组特定生长率(SGR)与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);投喂添加10％甘薯茎蔓粉的实验组刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P＜0.05).投喂添加10％、20％甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);投喂添加10％甘薯茎蔓粉饲料的实验组ACP显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),刺参体腔液中的溶菌酶(LZM)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、CAT和AKP与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).研究表明,当甘薯块根与茎蔓的添加比例分别在30％和20％以下时,可满足刺参的营养需求,促进或保证刺参的生长,提高刺参免疫能力.     

两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食与生长的影响

在刺参配合饲料中添加6个比例(10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯蔓茎粉,测定两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参摄食与生长的影响.结果显示,甘薯块根粉中粗蛋白含量为10.01％,甘薯蔓茎粉中粗蛋白含量为5.54％;每100 g甘薯块根与蔓茎粉中氨基酸总量分别为7.33 g和4.37 g.在30 d的实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,10％和20％组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 30％组SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉的实验组仿刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P＜0.05).投喂添加10％、20％甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参食物转化率(FCE)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉饲料的实验组FCE与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各实验组仿刺参FCE显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果表明,当甘薯块根粉和甘薯蔓茎粉添加比例分别低于30％和10％时,可满足刺参的营养需求,提高饲料利用效率,保证并促进仿刺参的摄食与生长.     

喹乙醇对斑点叉尾■的促生长作用

用4种不同剂量的喹乙醇添加在基础饲料中对1 龄斑点义尾进行30d的饲养试验，结果表明添加喹乙醇100mg／kg组促生长效果最好，与对照组相比增重率提高了38．1％，蛋白效率提高了42.1％，而饲料系数降低了29．4％，耐低氧试验表明半致死浓度时间100mg／kg组最长，为3.25h。     

饲料中添加复方中草药对哲罗鱼生长、存活及部分生化指标的影响

在饲料中添加几种自拟中草药复方药剂,研究其对平均体重0．08—0．10kg的1＋龄哲罗鱼（Huchotaimen）增重率、死亡率以及血液组织中部分生化指标的影响。实验组30尾,饲养在室内水族箱（0．90m×0．50m×0．45m）中,每天按照鱼体重的2．O％投喂饲料,对照组投喂不含中草药添加剂的饲料,每组设平行组。实验结束后,对各组的增重率和死亡率进行统计并对鱼体进行采样,进行生化指标的测定。结果显示,复方五对鱼体的增重效果显著;所有复方实验组鱼皆没有死亡;生化指标方面,复方二明显提高血清中总蛋白、白蛋白,及球蛋白的含量;复方一能明显升高乳酸脱氢酶的含量;复方二组、复方三组尿素氮在血清中的含量明显升高;其余几项生化指标与对照组相比没有明显变化。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加不同的中草药方剂对哲罗鲑血液中部分生化指标的改变与药物种类和剂量密切相关。     

转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤食用安全——生殖毒性分析

以转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤和普通鲤鱼肉(受试物)作为小鼠的饲料基础蛋白成分,以10%、5%、2.5%的比例掺入饲料喂饲小鼠,并以常规大鼠饲料为阴性对照,采用二代繁殖试验法观察受试物对实验动物生殖周期全过程的影响,检测转基因鲤作为食物对实验动物小鼠生殖过程的毒性作用.结果表明,对各代各剂量组试验小鼠全部生殖毒性指标的检测...     

Efficacy of Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride in Treating Naturally-Induced Edwardsiella ictaluri Infections in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus

Sarafin (sarafloxacin hydrochloride), a new antibacterial, was evaluated in the field on a naturally induced infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, -Ictalurus punctatus. Healthy channel catfish (mean weight = 50 g) were stocked into nine cages at 200 fish per cage in a pond with an undergoing E. ictaluri infection. Seven days after stocking, dead fish were observed in the cages with clinical signs of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). After E. ictaluri was confirmed through isolative biochemical tests, medicated feed was applied for five consecutive days. During this period, fish in three control cages received a commercial 32% protein floating feed, three other cages of fish served as positive controls and were fed Romet, and three cages received the test feed with Sarafin. Both medicated feeds reduced the increase in cumulative percent mortality. In the control cages, cumulative percent mortalities continued to increase throughout the study period. Average daily mortality rates were significantly lower following both treatments of medicated feed, and treatments receiving Sarafin showed the greatest reduction in average daily mortality rates. Average daily mortality rates in the control did not change after the medicated feeding period. Toward the end of the study, temperatures reached 30°C, above the active range of ESC infections, and all mortalities ceased.     

Feed intake and growth of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed diets supplemented with oxytetracycline and squid extract

This study examined the long-term effects of a feeding deterrent, oxytetracycline (OTC), and a feeding stimulant, squid extract, on feed intake, growth and dry matter (DM) digestibility in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish were fed one of four diets for 9 weeks: 1. commercial feed formulation (basic); 2. BM (basic plus 20 g kg⁻¹ OTC); 3. BMS (BM plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract); 4. BS (basic plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract). OTC initially reduced the palatability of the feed, but the fish seemed to become accustomed to the taste of OTC over time. Addition of squid extract to the medicated feed (BMS) seemed to mask the aversive taste of OTC, but the effect on feed consumption was of short duration. Addition of squid extract to the basic feed (BS) had no significant effect on feed intake, growth or feed digestibility. The growth of fish fed medicated diets (BM and BMS) was depressed, probably as a consequence of reduced feed digestibility. The two additives led only to temporary changes in feed acceptability, but both growth and DM digestibility were affected by OTC. Thus, we suggest that short-term studies may be inadequate to test whether deterrent or stimulant properties of feed ingredients are of practical importance in feed formulation.     

福尔马林药浴防治红鳍东方鲀异沟虫病的研究

异沟虫是红鳍东方鲀常见寄生虫之一,对红鳍东方鲀养殖业危害极大.为有效防治异沟虫病,在观察异沟虫虫卵孵化规律的基础上,研究评价福尔马林药浴对异沟虫的杀灭效果及其对红鳍东方鲀的安全性,形成红鳍东方鲀异沟虫病的防治方案.试验结果发现,异沟虫虫卵的孵化过程大致可分为孵化初期、孵化中期、孵化后期和破卵4个阶段,在17～19℃条件...     

槟榔、川楝子复方中草药对大黄鱼4种酶活性的影响及对刺激隐核虫的杀灭效果分析

海水小瓜虫病是养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)和数十种海水鱼类较难控制的主要疾病,它是由刺激隐核虫(Cryptography irritans)感染引发,严重威胁鱼类养殖产业的健康发展。本研究利用复方中草药"HD-2"(槟榔、川楝子、绵马贯众、大青叶、穿心莲等以一定比例混合,超微粉碎经过200目过筛后收集粉末)投喂大黄鱼,研究大黄鱼溶菌酶(LZM)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)等非特异性免疫指标变化和不同用药方式对刺激隐核虫的杀灭效果。结果显示,口服"HD-2"可以促进鱼体LZM、T-SOD、AKP、ACP活性升高,以添加2%中草药组在提高4种酶活性方面作用显著,投喂后第14~21天酶活性最高。"HD-2"对体外刺激隐核虫幼虫的杀灭实验证实:4 h内在50 mg/L浓度下对幼虫没有杀伤作用,80 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L浓度分别可以杀死20%、54%、89%的幼虫,400 mg/L浓度下幼虫被全部杀死,幼虫4 h半致死浓度为109 mg/L。在室内为期15 d的大黄鱼小瓜虫病治疗实验中,A组按20 g/kg添加"HD-2"药物口服,同时按100 mg/L浓度药浴,存活率为50%;B组按20 g/kg添加药物口服,同时按50 mg/L浓度药浴,存活率50.67%;C组,在无药浴情况下,仅按20 g/kg添加药物口服,存活率为42.67%;A、B、C组存活率均显著高于对照组存活率2.67%(P0.05)。此外,A、B、C 3组中,大黄鱼胸鳍上白点数量明显少于对照组;同时,3个组的大黄鱼鳃丝上隐核虫数量均呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),实验结束时几乎观察不到虫体;而对照组大黄鱼鳃丝上隐核虫数量明显上升。实验过程中A、B、C 3组大黄鱼释放到体外的包囊数量明显下降,第12天时其包囊数量分别下降100%、91.1%、77.7%,与对照组差异极显著(P0.01)。综上所述,口服和药浴同时用药具有最佳效果,仅口服中草药亦能达到良好治疗效果。从实用性和成本考虑,建议仅进行口服处理,即能保障大黄鱼较高成活率,中草药添加量为2%,投喂时间为6~14 d。该结果为防控鱼类小瓜虫病提供了理论参考和技术支撑,在养殖生产中将具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of density and food ration on the growth rate, mortality and biomass return of abalone in slab tanks

We determined how varying stocking density and food ration can influence the growth, mortality and biomass return of abalone raised in slab tanks. The abalone used were 2- year-old hybrids of Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra . The experimental design involved replicate tanks and three levels of each factor (normal practice and ±20% density or food ration). Although increasing density from that typically used in farm practices reduced the growth rate by roughly 6%, biomass return increased by 15.5%, over the 9-month period. Increasing feed ration by 20% boosted biomass by significantly increasing abalone growth during the first 3 months by 4%, but was less effective as the animals grew. Growth, mortality and food conversion ratios were optimized in tanks with a low density and a low feed ration, but economic gains were dominated by the increased biomass return from tanks with a higher stocking density. It is thought that reduced dissolved oxygen and differing access to food contributed to the patterns observed.     

土霉素在奥尼罗非鱼体内的药动学研究

在(21±1)℃的水温条件下,以50 mg/kg的单剂量,分别给奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)水剂口灌和混饲口灌土霉素,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测给药后各个时间点的血药浓度。结果显示:最低检测限为0.005μg/mL,线性范围为0.005~4μg/mL。水剂口灌组和混饲口灌组的药时数据均符合具时滞的二室开放动力学模型,水剂口灌组的动力学方程为:Ct=0.231e-0.028(t-0.010)+0.353e-0.011(t-0.010)-0.584e-0.468(t-0.010),混饲口灌组动力学方程:Ct=0.839e-0.057(t-0.459)+0.442e-0.013(t-0.459)-1.281e-0.282(t-0.459)。水剂口灌组及混饲口灌组主要药动学参数分别为:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)为1.481 h,2.458 h;分布半衰期(t1/2α)为24.834 h,12.193 h;消除半衰期(t1/2β)为60.312 h,51.533 h;达峰时间(Tmax)为7.230 h,8.221 h;最大血药浓度(Cmax)为0.494μg/mL,0.796μg/mL;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)=37.74μg.h/mL,43.075μg.h/mL。这些参数表明,水剂口灌比混饲口灌吸收快,分布和消除慢,在血液中达到峰浓度的时间更短,但峰浓度值比混饲口灌低。     

盐酸诺氟沙星在奥尼罗非鱼体内的生物利用度研究

采用高效液相色谱法分别测定静脉注射和混饲口灌奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)盐酸诺氟沙星后鱼体血液中该药含量变化,用3P97药动学软件分析药动学参数,计算生物利用度.结果表明,在(25±1)℃水温下,以10 mg/kg剂量对奥尼罗非鱼静脉注射和混饲口灌盐酸诺氟沙星,静脉注射药时...     

Effect of Feeding Frequency and Romet-Medicated Feed on Survival, Antibody Response, and Weight Gain of Fingerling Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus after Natural Exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract The efficacy of restrictive feeding regimes and Romet®-medicated feed (formulated at 40.5-mg Romet-30 premix/kg feed) fed at 2.0% body weight was evaluated under field trial conditions for the treatment of naturally induced Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in fingerling channel catfish. After detection of an Edwardsiella ictaluri epizootic, fish were fed medicated and non-medicated feed every day, every other day and every third day for the duration of the experiment. In addition, experimental treatments also included fish that were completely withheld from feed and those provided Romet-medicated feed for five consecutive days followed by non-medicated feed fed daily. Feeding frequency and diet significantly affected survival and weight gain. Survival was greatest among fish that were completely withheld from feed or that were fed medicated feed every other or every third day. The use of non-medicated feed every other or every third day was equally as effective for reducing Edwardsiella ictaluri associated mortalities as feeding Romet-medicated feed on a daily basis. Feeding fish Romet-medicated feed for five consecutive days was not an effective treatment. Agglutinating antibody titers against Edwardsiella ictaluri were significantly lower in all groups of fish fed Romet-medicated feed for the duration of the experiment. These data indicate that feeding frequency is a primary factor affecting the severity of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection and that prolonged consumption of Romet-medicated feed may suppress antibody production.     

Feed intake and growth of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), fed diets supplemented with oxytetracycline and squid extract

This study examined the long-term effects of a potential feeding deterrent, oxytetracycline (OTC), and a putative feeding stimulant, squid extract, on feed intake, growth and dry matter (DM) digestibility in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Fish were fed one of four diets for 9 weeks: 1. commercial feed formulation (basic); 2. BM (basic plus 20 g kg⁻¹ OTC); 3. BMS (BM plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract); 4. BS (basic plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract). The feed intake of Arctic charr was not reduced by the addition of OTC to the basic feed, and addition of squid extract to the medicated feed did not enhance feed consumption. DM digestibility and growth tended to be reduced in groups of fish fed diets supplemented with the antibiotic (BM and BMS). This suggests that OTC may have interfered with nutrient digestion and absorption. OTC does not seem to be a feeding deterrent for Arctic charr, possibly indicating that the charr is a rather unselective feeder. Because the medicated feeds were readily accepted, there may be little to be gained by addition of feeding stimulants to these types of feeds for charr.