“促花王3号”可防止棉铃虫泛滥成灾

棉株顶尖是棉铃虫等害虫集中为害的部位,人工打顶使棉铃虫卵残留,成虫、若虫为害棉花顶尖、嫩叶、幼蕾、幼铃等,可造成棉苗顶芽焦枯变黑,形成多头棉或枝叶丛生疯长,棉叶破碎,幼蕾、铃脱落。给棉花整枝打顶芽,又叫“摘心”,是棉花整枝工作中的中心环节,打顶方法是摘除棉株主茎顶尖一叶一心。     

不同植物生长调节剂对新疆棉花干物质积累、产量和品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了3种不同的植物生长调节剂及其施用方法对棉花干物质积累特性以及品质和产量的影响效应.试验设计为叶面喷施缩节胺、随水滴施多效唑、随水滴施促根剂和随水滴施多效唑+促根剂.结果表明:不同的化控处理棉株干物质积累均随生育期延长而持续增加,动态变化可用"S"曲线方程拟合.干物质积累速率呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在出...     

海岛棉与陆地棉干物质积累与氮素吸收分配的特点

以新陆中75号、新陆中54号、新海35号和新海48号为材料,研究陆地棉与海岛棉在相同管理条件下干物质积累与氮素吸收分配的特点。结果表明:陆地棉干物质积累总量在全生育期内均高于海岛棉,生殖器官干物质所占比例在生育前期小于海岛棉,后期逐渐大于海岛棉;氮素积累总量在全生育期内陆地棉均大于海岛棉,生殖器官氮素积累比例在生育前期为陆地棉小于海岛棉,后期逐渐大于海岛棉。与陆地棉相比海岛棉营养器官干物质以及氮素积累比例较大,不利于生育后期生殖器官干物质的积累与分配,从而影响棉花产量。因此,在大田管理中应注意在生育后期加强对海岛棉的水肥管理。     

河西内陆灌区不同灌水施氮水平对棉花产量构成的影响

研究了河西内陆灌区不同灌水量和氮肥施用量对棉花产量构成因素及产量的影响;设置了3个灌水水平和5个氮肥水平,供试棉花品种为陇棉2号.结果表明,灌水量和氮素都会影响棉花的单株结铃数、单铃重和衣分,最终影响棉花的产量.其中灌水量主要影响棉花的单株结铃数和产量,随着灌水量的增加,棉花的单株结铃数相应增多,但棉花的生育期相对延长...     

玉米生长指标的土壤水分上下限调控机理

采用桶栽试验,开展了土壤水分不同上下限组合处理对夏玉米生长指标调控效应的研究。结果表明:不同灌水上下限处理夏玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积等生长指标及产量和水分利用效率(WUE)均存在显著差异;苗期55%θF(拔节期以后60%θF,下同)灌水下限的中度水分胁迫和85%θF(90%θF)灌水上限的中水复水有利于提高水分利用效率(2.93)和产量(113.70 g·株-1),相比于苗期65%θF(70%θF)灌水下限的充分灌溉,灌水上限为苗期75%θF(80%θF)的高频次低定额灌溉有利于提高产量(115.44 g·株-1);苗期~拔节期,(根重/干物质重)×全株干重(2.604)较小,拔节~灌浆期,茎粗/根重(5.010)和(茎粗/株高)×干物质量(7.860)较小,灌浆~成熟期,干物质重/株高(0.914)、(茎粗/株高)×干物质重(17.434)或穗重/叶面积(0.044)较大。叶干重/茎干重(0.930)较大的夏玉米为试验条件下节水高产的合理生长株型,对应的水分处理为:苗期~拔节期灌水上下限分别为85%θF和55%θF;拔节~灌浆期,灌水上下限分别为80%θF和70%θF;灌浆~成熟期,灌水上下限分别为100%θF和50%θF。     

氟节胺和氟乐灵复配打顶对棉花农艺性状及抗逆性的影响

为了筛选适合于南疆机采棉田的化学打顶剂配方,于2017—2018年在新疆阿拉尔垦区开展棉田打顶试验。试验采用田间喷雾法,研究了氟节胺和氟乐灵按1∶1,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1这5种比例喷施对棉花株型、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,随着氟乐灵喷施比例增大,药后30～60 d的棉花株高增幅减小,控顶持效性增强;相反,氟节胺比例越高,棉花冠层横切面积越小,株型越紧凑。各配方中以氟节胺∶氟乐灵为3∶1处理棉花产量最高,单产可达6 036±162 kg·hm~(-2);与人工打顶处理相比,该配方处理棉花平均株高增加7.5±1.6 cm,单产、衣分、纤维长度、纤维伸长率间无明显差异,棉叶POD酶和SOD酶活性分别提高17.8%、7.1%,对棉花抗高温胁迫能力有积极作用。     

促花王3号棉花打顶剂批量投放新疆棉区

<正>一种可代替棉花人工打顶、改变棉株营养流向的生物药剂《促花王3号棉花打顶剂》在新疆石河子1261团历经多年的大面积试验示范取得圆满成功,2015年将批量投放新疆各大棉区安全使用。在当地具有多年丰富植棉经验的技术员张波的引导下,棉农将促花王3号棉花打顶剂按每瓶加水1 kg溶化成母液后,再加入500 kg水充分搅拌溶解,在初花期坐桃前后喷雾于棉花顶部,可迫使棉花顶部营养回流到棉桃发育,弱化顶     

膜下滴灌棉花干物质积累与耗水量关系研究

选用农八师试验区目前三个主栽棉花品种,进行膜下滴灌棉花各生育时期干物质积累与耗水量关系的研究,分析干物质积累、水分消耗的变化规律和二者之间的相关性.研究结果表明,各生育时期干物质积累和水分消耗变化趋势符合"S"型变化规律,干物质积累、水分消耗最大值均出现在花铃期,其日积累量和消耗量分别为1.52～2.95 g和6.84～7.14 mm.从各生育时期干物质日积累和日耗水量拟合结果来看,其R2值均大于0.95,F检验值达到显著水平,说明干物质的积累量和水分的消耗具有极显著的相关性.     

不同灌水下限对膜下滴灌棉花土壤水盐运移和产量的影响

通过2014年在新疆巴州灌溉试验站开展的棉花膜下滴灌大田试验,在各生育期选取不同的灌水下限,设置4个水平的灌水量处理(处理A、B、C、D分别为425 mm·30次~(-1)、345 mm·22次~(-1)、545 mm·18次~(-1)、595mm·16次~(-1)),研究不同灌水下限对膜下滴灌棉花土壤水盐运移规律、盐分分布及积累特征的影响,并对土壤水盐运移规律、分布特征及棉花产量进行评价。试验以TRIME-T3管式TDR监测土壤含水率指示灌水,初步得出:不同灌水下限影响棉花的田间灌水及产量,灌水下限定的高时(处理A、B),灌水频率增加,增大了田间耗水量且滴灌土壤水分水平运动距离和范围有限,对盐分的淋洗效果一般;灌水下限较低时(处理C、D),次灌水量大,灌溉定额增加,综合控盐效果较好,棉花产量较高。基于不同灌水下限对膜下滴灌棉花生育期内的生长有显著影响,对棉花产量有一定的影响,B处理(345 mm·22次~(-1))可获得最高的灌溉水生产效率为1.79 kg·m~(-3),D处理(595 mm·16次~(-1))可获得最大籽棉产量为6 630 kg·hm~(-2)。     

不同滴灌频次下新疆春油菜根系生长及产量性状分析

为了探明新疆旱区不同滴灌频次下春油菜根系生长和产量性状,以新油17号为参试材料,设4个灌水频次(W_1,W_2,W_3,W_4)进行田间试验。结果表明:灌水频次由W_4(苗期+现蕾期+花后10d+终花期)减少至W_1(不灌水)时生育期相应缩短2~5d;不同滴灌频次对含水率影响W_4W_3W_2W_1,由W_1增加至W_4对0~60cm土壤含水率影响较大、60~100cm土壤含水率影响较小,0~40cm根干重增加显著,根活力值相对较高,各器官干物质积累量也呈逐渐增加的趋势;由W_4减少至W_1油菜产量由3026.5 kg·hm~(-2)降至1219.1 kg·hm~(-2),农艺性状也相应降低,差异显著;W_3处理油菜产量为2749.1 kg·hm~(-2)与W_4无显著差异性。综上,设置现蕾期和花后10d两次滴灌对产量性状及产量影响较小,是目前可行的节水高产的高效利用模式。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.