火龙果皮果胶的酶法提取及其理化性质研究

以火龙果皮为原料,采用纤维素酶法提取火龙果皮果胶,通过单因素试验结合正交试验优化火龙果皮果胶提取工艺参数,并分析火龙果皮果胶性质。结果表明,火龙果皮果胶的最佳提取工艺为：纤维素酶添加量50%,料液比1∶60 (g/mL),提取时间1.5 h,提取温度55 ℃,缓冲液pH 4.0。在该条件下,火龙果皮果胶得率为29.25%,酯化度24.58%,属于低酯果胶,其各项理化指标均符合GB 25533—2010的要求。     

火龙果果皮果胶提取工艺及性质研究

以火龙果果皮为原料,用纤维素酶提取其中的果胶,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了火龙果果皮果胶提取的最佳工艺参数,并对提取的果胶性质进行了分析。结果表明,火龙果果皮果胶的最佳提取工艺参数为:纤维素酶与果皮粉质量比1∶2,浸提时间1 h,料液比1∶50(g/m L),提取温度40℃,提取p H 4.0。该条件下火龙果果皮果胶的平均提取率为37.105%,提取的果胶为低酯果胶,酯化度为28.35%,总半乳糖醛酸含量为107.45%,干燥减重为9%,二氧化硫含量为19.2 mg/kg,酸不溶灰分含量为0.488%,铅含量为0.907 mg/kg,符合国家标准GB 25533—2010的要求,适宜作为食品添加剂。     

苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维的理化性能及其结合酚提取工艺优化

分别采用酸法、碱法、酶法对苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维（F-IDF）进行提取,并评价了其理化性质,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化了苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维结合酚（F-DFPP）的提取工艺。结果表明：采用α-淀粉酶-木瓜蛋白酶复合酶法提取F-IDF,得率可达59.45%±0.87%;采用不同方法获得的F-IDF理化性质差异显著,酶法和酸法提取的F-IDF具有较高的持油性;碱法提取的F-IDF持水性和膨胀性最佳;提取F-DFPP的最佳工艺参数为料液比1∶20（g/mL）,纤维素酶添加量8%,超声功率180 W,提取时间2 h,按此工艺提取的结合酚含量为（7.45±0.05）mg/g;纤维素酶可使膳食纤维结构变得疏松多孔,从而利于结合酚的提取和制备。本研究为苦荞麦壳的综合利用提供了数据支持。     

柚子皮中果胶提取条件优化研究

采用酸提取-醇沉淀方法提取柚子皮中果胶,经过单因素和正交试验对提取条件进行优化。结果表明,果胶提取最佳工艺条件为提取pH值2.0,提取时间1.5 h,料液比1∶25,提取温度90℃,乙醇添加量60%,静置时间40 min,果胶得率可达到11.3%。     

酶法制备甘蔗渣微晶纤维素及其性能研究

以甘蔗渣提取的天然纤维素为原料,酶法制备微晶纤维素,考察了pH、加酶量、水解温度对微晶纤维素得率的影响。通过单因素和响应面试验确定优化工艺条件,并对制备的甘蔗渣微晶纤维素的理化性质进行分析。结果表明,酶法制备甘蔗渣微晶纤维的最佳工艺条件为:pH 4.5,加酶量0.4%,水解温度45℃,在该工艺条件下制得的微晶纤维素的得率为94.9%,其持水力和膨胀力分别为(7.48±0.28)g·g-1、(5.61±0.17)m L·g-1。与市场上标准的微晶纤维素相比,该产品粒度更小;但与化学方法制备的甘蔗渣微晶纤维素相比,两者粒度基本相近。     

超声波辅助盐析法提取橘子皮果胶的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助盐析法提取橘子皮中果胶。以果胶提取率为指标,确定了三氯化铁为果胶提取最佳盐,然后通过单因素试验和正交试验对超声波辅助盐析法提取橘子皮中果胶进行工艺研究。结果表明,在超声功率600 W,超声时间50 min,盐溶液液料比1∶0.15(m L∶g),盐析p H值6,盐析温度60℃的条件下橘子皮果胶提取率达到18.54%。     

沙棘多糖提取纯化的工艺研究

对超声波辅助提取沙棘(Hippophae fhamnoides L)多糖的工艺进行优化。采用单因素试验考察提取时间、功率和料液比对沙棘多糖得率的影响,采用正交试验确定最佳工艺参数,并与水提法、微波法和酶法的提取效果进行对比研究。结果显示,超声波辅助提取沙棘多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间45 min,功率100 W,料液比1:30,在此最佳工艺条件下,沙棘多糖得率最高为7.36%。     

微波法提取番木瓜皮果胶工艺研究

采用微波法对番木瓜皮中的果胶进行了提取。采用咔唑反应比色法测定果胶含量,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了各因素对果胶提取率的影响。结果表明,适宜的工艺条件是提取液的pH值为2.0,料液比为1∶25,辐射功率为460 W,辐射时间30 s,提取的果胶产率为20.0%。     

响应面法优化籽瓜皮果胶提取工艺

以籽瓜皮为原料,采用响应面法,应用Box-Behnken方法建立数学模型,对其果胶超声波辅助酸法提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,影响籽瓜皮果胶得率各因素的主次顺序为:浸提温度超声功率p H超声时间;采用超声波辅助酸提法提取籽瓜皮果胶的最佳工艺参数为:液料比50∶1(m L/g),p H 1.9,超声功率140 W,浸提温度67℃,超声时间54 min。在此条件下籽瓜皮果胶得率的理论值为13.85%,验证试验的果胶得率为13.58%,二者接近,表明该数学模型优化的籽瓜皮果胶提取工艺是可行的;采用超声波辅助酸法提取籽瓜皮果胶,可比传统的酸提取法节省时间40%以上。     

Plackett-Burman联用响应面法优化酶法-超声波提取葛根中葛根素工艺

为优化酶法-超声波提取葛根中葛根素的工艺条件,以单因素试验为基础,采用Plackett-Burman试验得出液料比、乙醇体积分数、超声时间、超声温度为葛根素提取的4个影响显著的因素;利用最陡爬坡试验,使结果接近最大响应值;最后运用Box-Behnken试验对葛根素提取工艺进行响应面优化。结果表明,葛根中葛根素提取的最佳工艺条件为:纤维素酶添加量0.4%,酶解时间70 min,液料比30∶1(mL/g),乙醇体积分数52%,超声时间31 min,超声温度64℃;在此工艺条件下葛根素得率为8.78 mg/g。以上结果说明,Plackett-Burman试验联合Box-Behnken分析能较好地优化酶法-超声波提取葛根中葛根素的工艺条件。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.