国家梨产业技术体系太谷试验站开始运行

山西农业科学院果树研究所2009～2013年承担国家农业（梨）产业技术体系太谷试验站任务．站长郭黄萍。试验站的主要任务是根据山西梨产业特点和生产实际需求。开展梨产业综合集成技术的试验、示范；培训技术推广人员和科技示范户，开展技术服务；调查、收集生产实际问题与技术需求信息，监测分析疫情、灾情等动态变化，协助处理相关问题。站长郭黄萍及试验站全体成员欢迎梨产业相关部门和广大果农积极参与到这项工作中来．及时反映生产问题和技术需求。     

中国园艺学会梨分会 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 关于召开第二届全国红色梨产业发展协作暨现场观摩研讨会的通知

各有关梨科研、生产、推广、营销等单位:自2008年召开首届全国红色梨产业发展观摩研讨会以来,红色梨产业有了较大的发展。近年,全国许多单位选育并推广了一批红色梨新品种,产生了良好的社会经济效益。中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所杂交培育的"满天红、红酥脆和美人酥"梨品种,经多年栽培技术试验创新,果实色泽鲜红艳丽,品质完美,获中国农业科学院科技成     

从世界苹果、梨生产及发展趋势与国际贸易看我国苹果、梨产业存在的问题

苹果和梨是世界上许多国家落叶果树中的两大重要树种， 其产量增长很快。1997～1999年世界苹果年均产量达5 728．5万t，较10年前的4 010．7万t增长了42．8％；梨年均产量达1 483万t， 较10年前的952．9万t增长了55．6％。我国苹果和梨自20世纪80年代后期以来得到了巨大发展，目前苹果产量已占世界苹果总产量的35％1999,梨占48％1999,可谓世界上苹果和梨生产大国。从世界苹果和梨的生产现状与发展趋势以及贸易情况探讨了我国在苹果和梨产业上存在的单产低、质量差、品种结构不合理、生产体制不适应、出口少以及优质商品生产基地不足等问题，并提出了改进的意见。     

福建梨产业科技发展调研报告

福建为我国梨产分布的最南沿,种植梨具有成熟期早、进入非产区市场便捷比较优势、区域特色明显,对我国优化梨产业区域布局、增加梨品种多样性、调节梨供应期发挥着重要作用。笔者根据多年来梨研究工作实践,对福建梨科技发展状况与问题进行调研,提出了福建梨科技发展对策与重点,以期为科研、教学、推广部门调整优化技术研发、示范、推广方向提供参考。     

我国梨产业发展浅析

我国为世界梨生产大国，面积和产量均占到了世界梨栽培面积和总产量的80％左右，近年来，我国梨产业发生了一系列变化，但生产中制约因素较多，大多低效运行。分析我国梨产业发展现状，正视生产中存在的问题，促进梨产业朝着高效方向发展，不但有利于梨产业的可持续发展，而且可显著地提高对农业的贡献率。     

河北省梨产业与乡村规划融合发展建议

梨是我国最具特色的水果之一，种质资源丰富，种植历史悠久，现阶段在我国果业发展和美丽乡村建设中具有不可替代的作用。新时期下，梨产业发展必须与实施乡村振兴战略结合起来，深入推进产业供给侧结构性改革，走产业融合、城乡融合、共同富裕的发展路径，以实现梨产业的高效、安全、可持续发展。梨产业是乡村规划的基础和可持续发展的必要条件，乡村规划反过来又可推动梨产业发展，二者相互促进，融合共赢。河北省是我国梨生产大省，摸清河北省梨产业结构和布局，分析其与乡村规划融合发展现状和发展模式，对于河北省乃至全国梨产业与美丽乡村建设融合发展具有重要意义。     

优质、耐贮、晚熟梨品种撬动中国梨产业高效发展

作为中国落叶果树第二大水果的梨,多年来梨果消费市场持续低迷,其根本原因是砀山酥梨和鸭梨等中国梨产业的主栽品种均"晚熟而不优质"(不好吃)。借鉴苹果产业的高效发展经验(优质、耐贮、晚熟富士为主栽品种),以新疆库尔勒香梨为关键亲本,杂交育成了优质、耐贮、晚熟梨新品种红香酥和山农酥;今后应进一步加强红香酥和山农酥等梨新品种的推广应用力度,构建以优质、耐贮、晚熟梨品种为主的品种结构,推动中国梨产业的高效发展,助力健康中国,服务乡村振兴。     

我国果树产业新旧动能转换之我见Ⅱ:以优质、晚熟、耐贮品种为主的品种结构助力我国苹果和梨产业高效发展

苹果和梨是保障我国水果市场周年供应的大宗水果。从经济社会发展水平及消费习惯等角度分析了国内外苹果产业品种结构的差异、产生原因及我国梨熟期育种、品种结构及产业现状。结果表明,作为世界上最大的水果消费国,以优质、晚熟、耐贮品种为主的品种结构是助力我国苹果和梨产业高效发展、保障我国高端水果市场周年和稳定供应最为经济有效的技术途径。优质、耐贮、晚熟‘红富士’苹果品种的引种和持续多代的芽变选种,有效推动了我国苹果产业的高效发展,保障了我国苹果消费市场的周年供应;以晚熟‘砀山酥’为主栽品种的梨产业,果农和经销商的盈利空间有限,建议进一步加大力度,选育和推广优质、耐贮、极晚熟梨品种(如‘山农酥’),以满足优质大梨市场的周年供应,提振消费者信心,撬动我国梨产业高效发展。     

新形势下我国梨产业的发展现状与几点思考

梨是我国原产果树之一,在我国水果产业中有着举足轻重的地位。针对近年来我国梨产、贮、销的变化情况,产业出现的新业态、新模式,以及梨产业在乡村振兴中发挥的作用等方面,细致剖析了我国梨产业的发展现状与趋势,并针对产业发展过程中存在的一些问题提出了几点建议,旨在为我国梨产业健康发展提供参考。     

梨苗规范化繁育技术

正梨是我国仅次于苹果、柑橘的第三大水果。在陕西,从影响和知名度上仅次于苹果、猕猴桃;从栽培面积和产量上仅次于苹果。梨产业由于良种苗木规范化生产程度较低,苗木市场混乱,生产上使用劣质种苗建园较普遍,加之栽培品种单一、栽培技术和栽培模式落后等因素,生产效益不高,果农发展的积极性受到影响,产业发展缓慢。所以必须从制定标准进行规范化生产入手,充分利用国家梨良种良砧研发和标准化苗木繁育体系,以应对梨产业化发展对良种     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.