羊栖菜中多酚的提取制备及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究羊栖菜多酚的提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性,在单因素试验的基础上,以多酚浸出率为响应值,采用响应面法优化羊栖菜多酚提取工艺,并考察其对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力以及总抗氧化能力。结果表明:在温度为70℃,乙醇浓度为40%,浸提时间46 min,液料比20:1,羊栖菜多酚的浸出率为4.048%;粗提液经XDA-7大孔树脂柱层析分离纯化其纯度为61.86%;羊栖菜多酚对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基清除作用的IC50分别为6.65、6000、125.42μg/m L,总抗氧化能力为65.04 U/mg。该结果表明:羊栖菜多酚是一种极具开发潜力的天然抗氧化剂。     

玉米须多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

以玉米须为原料,以多糖提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化水提醇沉法提取玉米须多糖的工艺条件,并就玉米须多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)的清除能力进行了研究。结果表明,玉米须多糖的最佳提取工艺参数为:提取时间2 h,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶19(g/m L),乙醇浓度75%。该工艺条件下,玉米须多糖平均提取率为4.47%。玉米须多糖浓度为5 mg/m L时,对·OH和O_2~-·的清除率分别为82.31%和77.56%,说明玉米须多糖具有较强的抗氧化性。     

黄花菜多酚提取工艺及抗氧化作用的研究

探讨黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺及抗氧化作用。结果表明,黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺为:提取时间60min、乙醇浓度55%、料液比1∶15、提取温度35℃;在此条件下,多酚得率为28.89%。抗氧化试验表明黄花菜多酚对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基均具有一定的清除作用,其半抑制率(IC50)分别为0.1176mg/mL、0.1638mg/mL和0.1593mg/mL,且清除率与黄花菜多酚浓度成量效关系。     

罗勒叶黄酮的提取及其清除自由基作用

采用微波法提取罗勒叶中黄酮类物质,并研究提取物清除自由基的作用。通过单因素实验,确定微波功率、时间、料液比等为罗勒叶黄酮提取的关键影响因素,在此基础上,优化出罗勒叶抗氧化性成分的最佳提取条件。实验结果表明,罗勒叶中抗氧化物的最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率420W,提取时间60s,料液比1∶40时,提取液中黄酮的质量浓度达到最大值1.1479mg/mL,提取液对羟自由基的清除率为61.34%。罗勒叶提取物具有良好的清除羟自由基的能力,同时对小鼠肝脏自发性脂质过氧化作用和脂质过氧化物具有较好的抑制效果。     

超声辅助酶法提取柚子皮水溶性膳食纤维及其抗氧化活性研究

以柚子皮为原料,采用超声辅助酶法提取柚子皮中水溶性膳食纤维,探讨料液比、加酶量、超声时间对提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化工艺条件,并对其抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,超声辅助酶法提取柚子皮水溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量400μL,料液比1∶16(g/m L),超声时间25 min,在该工艺条件下的平均提取率为4.67%。浓度为2 mg/m L的柚子皮水溶性膳食纤维对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别为(11.72±1.41)%和(40.79±4.06)%,对铁的还原能力为(0.128 3±0.004 7)mmol/g,表现出较好的抗氧化活性。     

芸豆种子黄酮类化合物的抗氧化性研究

采用邻苯三酚自氧化法、水杨酸比色法分别测定了芸豆种子的黄酮类化合物清除超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)以及羟基自由基(·OH)的效果.结果表明,芸豆种子黄酮提取液对超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)和羟基自由基(·OH)均有一定的抑制作用.对超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)的抑制率最高可达21.5%,对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除率为24.42%.     

超声-微波提取蛤蒌中黄酮类化合物的工艺及成分初鉴

以野生蛤蒌为原料,以黄酮类化合物提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化超声-微波提取野生蛤蒌中黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。通过颜色和荧光反应鉴定蛤蒌黄酮提取液中黄酮类化合物种类,并测定其总抗氧化性、还原能力和对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)的清除效果。结果表明,超声-微波提取野生蛤蒌中黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺为:提取剂为体积分数50%乙醇,超声时间20 min,微波时间10 min,微波功率为260 W,料液比1∶40(g/m L),在该工艺条件下得到的黄酮类化合物的平均提取率为6.903%。蛤蒌黄酮提取液中黄酮物质的种类可能主要为:双氢黄酮、查尔酮和黄酮醇等。每克蛤蒌黄酮提取物的总抗氧化能力相当于107 mg抗坏血酸的抗氧化能力,其还原能力大于BHT,小于抗坏血酸,清除DPPH·的IC50为0.242 mg/m L。     

酶法制备鲽鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白肽及其清除超氧阴离子自由基的研究

采用碱性蛋白酶酶解鲽鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白制备胶原蛋白肽并对其清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力进行研究。通过单因素试验和响应面法分析不同酶解条件对超氧阴离子自由基清除率的影响,优化得到最佳酶解工艺条件：pH 9.5,加酶量1581 U/g,底物浓度10 mg/mL,酶解时间为6 h,酶解温度60℃,最高清除率为75.51%,半数清除浓度(IC50)为7.98 mg/mL。     

欧李种壳中单宁的提取及其抗氧化研究

为了筛选欧李种壳中单宁提取的最佳工艺条件,以欧李种壳为试验材料,乙醇、丙酮为提取剂,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,对固液比、溶剂浓度、浸提时间、浸提温度等提取条件进行研究。在此基础上,采用随机试验设计,对不同提取剂的较好提取条件进行比较分析,同时用二苯基苦基肼自由基(DPPH)法研究了欧李种壳单宁的自由基清除能力。结果表明:从欧李种壳中提取单宁的最佳工艺条件为70%丙酮,浸提时间5 h,浸提温度60℃,固液比1∶12。按此提取工艺,单宁的提取量为0.180%;当单宁酸的浓度达到0.1 mg/mL时,它的自由基清除能力达到85%,半数清除率时,单宁浓度为0.023 mg/mL,欧李种壳单宁具有较高抗氧化活性。     

超声辅助提取首乌藤黄酮及其抗氧化活性的研究

首乌藤是传统的药食同源植物,为进一步研究其生物活性成分,以乙醇溶液浸提,结合超声波辅助方法,采用L9(34)正交实验设计研究了首乌藤黄酮的最佳提取工艺,并测定了其对羟自由基(·OH)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基(DPPH.)的清除结果。结果表明,黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度60℃,乙醇体积分数50%,提取时间40 min,超声波功率200 W,料液比1∶15,提取次数2次,该条件下总提取率可达21.35%。在一定范围内,提取物对.OH的清除效果与其浓度呈线性关系(R2=0.994 7),IC50为0.130 mg/mL;对DPPH.有较强的清除能力,其IC50值为0.032 mg/mL。试验表明,首乌藤含有丰富的黄酮类化合物,具有体外抗氧化活性,是天然的自由基清除剂,有很大的开发前景。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.