低温真空油炸杏鲍菇脆片的预处理工艺研究

试验研究了低温真空油炸杏鲍菇脆片的预处理工艺,利用单因素试验考查预处理对杏鲍菇脆片品质的影响,然后采用正交试验确定了预处理工艺条件为漂烫温度100℃,漂烫时间2 min,葡萄糖质量分数15%,糖渍时间5 h。在此工艺下获得的杏鲍菇脆片色泽明亮、含油率低、口感酥脆。     

糊精对油炸型香菇脆片的抗氧化作用

用糊精浸渍香菇片再进行油炸来提高香菇脆片的抗氧化能力。在单因素基础上,采用响应面分析法确定出糊精对香菇脆片抗氧化作用最佳的工艺参数,即糊精DE值为15%~20%,浸渍质量分数为7.5%,浸渍时间为66 min,浸渍温度为33℃,在此试验条件下测定产品第6天的过氧化值(POV)为19.81 meq/kg,比未经过糊精浸渍的香菇脆片低3.71 meq/kg。利用气相色谱测定对比糊精浸渍和未经糊精浸渍的香菇脆片中油脂脂肪酸的变化及生物石蜡切片探讨分析糊精提高香菇脆片抗氧化性的原理。     

西兰花速冻加工工艺

为探讨西兰花速冻工艺对其品质的影响。从漂烫温度、漂烫时间和速冻时间三个方面,分析各处理因素对西兰花VC质量分数、颜色等级、速冻损失率及感官品质的影响,以确定西兰花速冻最优工艺。西兰花速冻最优工艺为:漂烫温度为80～100℃,漂烫时间为1 min,速冻时间为15～20 min。     

真空浸渍对低温真空油炸杏鲍菇脆片品质的影响研究

试验比较了常压和真空状态下的浸渍效率,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化真空浸渍预处理工艺参数,考查了浸渍时间、浸渍压力、浸渍温度等条件对脆片含油率、色差和酥脆度等指标的影响。结果表明,最佳的真空浸渍条件为浸渍压力0.06 MPa,浸渍温度40℃,浸渍时间60 min。在此工艺条件下,产品综合得分25.2分,与常压浸渍相比品质相当,可缩短杏鲍菇脆片加工预处理时间80%,明显提升浸渍效率。     

香菇酱加工工艺研究

以香菇柄为原料,对香菇酱加工过程中的浸泡、清洗、脱水、切丁、油炸、调配、炒酱等关键工序的工艺参数做了科学合理的筛选。结果表明,香菇酱加工的最佳工艺参数为:2 400 r/min条件下脱水3.5 min,菇丁切成8 mm~3,110℃条件下油炸5 min,140℃条件下熬酱8 min,110℃条件下炒制14 min,100℃条件下搅拌5 min。按上述工艺参数生产出的香菇酱呈半固态,色泽光亮油润,颗粒均匀,有肉质感、筋道、易嚼碎,具有香菇特有的香味,咸鲜适中、柔和适口。同时抽样检测产品各项理化、微生物指标均合格,质量稳定,生产工艺成熟。     

杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的加工工艺研究

以杜仲叶与新鲜茶叶为主要原料,经漂烫、萎凋、揉捻、发酵及干燥等工序研制出杜仲叶复合工夫红茶。以茶叶的感官评价为评价标准,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的漂烫工艺参数为:漂烫温度95℃,漂烫时间2 min;萎凋工艺参数为:萎凋温度30℃,萎凋湿度20%,萎凋时间3 h;人工揉捻工艺参数为:轻压10 min-重压10 min-轻压10 min;发酵工艺参数为:发酵温度30℃,发酵湿度95%,发酵时间5 h。该工艺条件下制得的杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的品质、风味俱佳。     

特色水果玉米缓化加工工艺技术的研究

以速冻水果玉米棒为原料,采用不同缓化工艺对速冻水果玉米棒的前处理过程进行研究,同时对水果玉米棒加工的3个重要工艺,即缓化、漂烫、杀菌进行研究,最终优化出特色水果玉米的最佳缓化加工工艺为40℃温水缓化,漂烫温度96±2℃,漂烫时间2~4 min;最佳杀菌工艺为121℃,25 min。     

速冻饺子馅料中蔬菜预处理方式工艺优化

为了优化速冻饺子馅料中蔬菜的预处理工艺,选取新鲜的芹菜和长豆角,以芹菜和长豆角的颗粒度、漂烫时间、脱水率为影响因子。根据Box-Behnken原理设计三因素三水平试验,以速冻饺子馅料的感官评分为响应值进行响应面分析。结果显示,得到芹菜预处理的最佳工艺条件为颗粒度1.36 mm,漂烫时间1.28 min,脱水率22.33%,感官评分为89分;长豆角预处理的最佳工艺条件为颗粒度0.64 mm,漂烫时间2.06 min,脱水率5.55%,感官评分为88.26分,验证结果与预测结果基本相符。     

脱水菊花菜生产工艺研究

根据菊花菜原料特性,对热风干燥脱水工艺中烫漂浸液的pH值、烫漂温度、烘干温度时间组合等工艺中的关键技术进行单一因子对比试验,通过添加碳酸氢钠调整烫漂浸液pH值为9,烫漂温度95℃,烫漂时间2.5min,烘干温度时间组合为75℃(0.5 h)→70℃(2 h)→60℃(2 h)→45℃(2 h).利用脱水工艺制成的菊花菜干品呈黑绿色,具有浓郁的菊花香味,水分含量≤8%,工艺效果较佳.     

云南野生水蕨菜真空干燥工艺的研究

采用0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06MPa4种真空度,在50,60,70℃温度下分别对云南野生水蕨菜进行脱水干燥处理,测定了不同干燥工艺条件、不同干燥时间下的蕨菜品质,并进行复水比较试验。结果表明,真空度0.05MPa和温度60℃是水蕨菜真空干燥的最佳工艺条件,其复水最佳条件为温度50℃,时间80min。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.