糙毛假地豆耐荫性研究

采用不同遮阴方法试验研究了多年生豆科草本植物糙毛假地豆在弱光下生长发育、光－光合曲线、叶绿素含量及固Ｎ活性的变化,结果表明毛假地豆耐荫性较强,适于在约２０％遮荫条件下生长。     

糙毛假地豆生态特性研究初报

糙毛假地豆（Ｄｅｓｍｏｄｉｕｍ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｃａｒ ｐｕｍ ＤＣｖａｒ．ｓｔｒｉｇｏｓｕｍ Ｖａｎ Ｍｅｅｕｗｅｎ）是多年生豆科草本植物，在广东省郁南县自然条件下零星分布，未形大面积种群。研究表明，该植物适应光照能力强，适于荫蔽要下生长；其叶片冬季具有较高的叶绿素含量及一定的净光合能力，且根部仍具固Ｎ活性根瘤；根系发达，地上部分形成密实覆盖层，与其他杂草竞争能力强，具有多种生态功能，在开发利用当生     

糙毛假地豆生态特性研究初报

糙毛假地豆(Dvsmodium heterocarpum DC var．strigosum Van Meeuwen)是多年生豆科草本植物，在广东省郁南县自然条件下零星分布，未形成大面积种群。研究表明，该植物适应光照能力强，适于荫蔽林下生长；其叶片冬季具有较高的叶绿素含量及一定的净光合能力，且根部仍具有固N活性根瘤；根系发达，地上部分形成密实覆盖层，与其他杂草竞争能力强，具有多种生态功能，在开发利用当地生物资源中具有较高的应用价值。     

遮荫对冬小麦干物质积累和分配的影响

利用模拟遮荫的大田试验,设置不遮荫(CK)、60％遮荫(T1)、40％遮荫(T2)、20％遮荫(T3)4个处理组,定时观测冬小麦(扬麦13号)各器官的干物质重量,分析遮荫对冬小麦各器官干物质积累和分配的影响.基于积温学原理,综合太阳辐射因子,建立了遮荫条件下冬小麦受有效积温、日温差积累、光辐射积累3个因子共同驱动的干物质积累与分配模型.结果表明,遮荫阻碍了冬小麦各器官干物质的积累,尤其对根、茎和穗产生了严重的负效应,而对叶的影响是早期呈抑制作用,后期呈促进作用;同时遮荫也严重影响了干物质在各器官分配的比例.随着有效积温的变化,遮荫条件下冬小麦干物质积累和分配均呈二次抛物线曲线变化.用3个因子建立的综合模型能较好地模拟出遮荫条件下冬小麦干物质积累和分配的过程,研究结果对气候变化条件下冬小麦的生长分析和生产管理具有一定应用价值和理论意义.     

降雨过程对地表糙度的影响

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究降雨过程中,不同坡度、雨强以及不同地表覆盖度下地表糙度的变化情况.利用测点法测量每次降雨前后的地表糙度值,确定坡度、雨强以及地表覆盖度变化对地表糙度的影响.结果表明,相同雨强下,地表裸露、土壤一定时,坡度越大,地表糙度变化越大;同一地表,土壤一定且坡度相同的情况下,雨强越大,地表糙度变化越大;在同一坡面,雨强一定的条件下,植被覆盖度越小,地表糙度变化越大.研究结果为地表糙度影响因子的研究和揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施.     

降雨条件下地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化

为了进一步明确地表糙度在片蚀过程中的效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就场降雨和连续降雨条件下,地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化进行了研究。结果表明,场降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面的径流与产沙量均低于对照坡面;在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与侵蚀量呈先减小、后趋于稳定的变化趋势;而在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与产沙量却呈一直减小的变化趋势。在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,耙耱地、人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度均呈减小的变化趋势,而人工锄耕坡面的地表糙度呈增加的变化趋势;在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化趋势,人工锄耕、耙耱地坡面的地表糙度却呈增加的变化趋势;对照坡面地表糙度的变化,与耙耱地相反。连续降雨条件下,在前二次降雨作用下,坡面的径流量与产沙量随地表糙度的增加而逐渐减小,且均低于对照坡面;在第三次降雨条件下,径流与侵蚀产沙量变化较为复杂,且实施人为管理措施坡面均高于对照坡面。不同降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面地表糙度对片蚀具有一定的抑制效应,且坡面片蚀的发展与地表糙度间的变化表现出相应的互动作用。该文研究结果为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也为黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理奠定理论基础。     

不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率研究

田面糙率是影响田面水流运动的重要参数之一.该文针对裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率进行研究.分析确定了裸地和翻耕地田面糙率的主要影响因素为田面凹凸程度,作物地田面糙率的主要影响因素还包括根茎宽度和根茎高度;进行了3种地表状况的田面凹凸程度、根茎宽度和根茎高度的田间实测及田面水流运动试验;将零惯量模型与优化方法相结合,建立了田面糙率求解的优化模型;根据田面实测资料,利用优化模型求得3种耕地的田面糙率值,据此,建立了裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种耕地田面糙率与其主要影响因素之间的关系式,验证试验结果表明,所建立的关系式正确.这对合理设计田面灌溉系统,提高灌水质量具有重要参考价值.     

植物探险之凤阳山自然保护区

风阳山自然保护区位于浙江省龙泉市南部，拥有植物约164科、659属、1488种，茵类180多种。森林覆盖率90．8％。文章介绍了华东山柳、秀丽四照花、小果珍珠花、东方古柯、中间假糙苏、云和假糙苏、尾瓣舌唇兰、毛花猕猴桃、鸦椿卫矛等野生观赏植物，展示了作者拍摄的珍贵图片。     

降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应

地表糙度是影响坡耕地土壤侵蚀的主要因素之一,为了进一步明确耕作方式对地表糙度的侵蚀效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就单雨强与组合雨强条件下耕作方式对溅蚀的作用以及地表糙度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,从对照坡面,经耙耱地、人工锄耕、人工掏挖到等高耕作方式的坡面,在雨强0.62 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡溅蚀量呈先增加再减小的变化,向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;除耙耱地外,其他耕作方式坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化。在雨强1.53 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡、向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;地表糙度与对照坡面相反,均呈增加的变化。组合雨强条件下,随降雨强度的增加,耙耱地总溅蚀量与地表糙度呈一直增加的变化趋势;其他耕作方式下,随降雨强度的增加,坡面总溅蚀量呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,地表糙度却呈先减小后增大的变化。这为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理。     

黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应

通过人工模拟降雨试验,结合高精度三维激光扫描技术研究了黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应特征.结果表明,在同一条件下,坡顶、坡面和洼地上高程统计特征具有明显的差异;在降雨过程中,由于糙度所处的位置不同,对降雨侵蚀的响应特征也不同;地表糙度与微坡度之间存在显著的线性关系.因此,地表糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应规律具有一定的空间差异性.     

黄土半干旱区枣、榆水分利用效率的比较研究

在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制水分的方法,选择生长良好的枣树和榆树幼树,在晴天利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对其净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度进行了测定,并应用遮荫法测定不同太阳有效辐射下净光合速率、蒸腾速率,比较其水分利用效率.结果表明:不同土壤水分条件下,枣树和榆树的净光合速率日变化明显不同,枣树变化幅度大于榆树,枣树对水分的利用效率高于榆树.对枣、榆幼树连续时间内日蒸散量的测定结果表明,影响蒸散量的主要因素是土壤含水量,枣树耗水能力高于榆树,但当土壤含水量升高时枣树耗水能力反而降低,相对于枣树而言黄土半干旱区更有利于榆树生长.     

光强对福建马蓝光合特性的影响

以药用植物福建马蓝(Strobilanthes cusia)为材料,研究不同光强对福建马蓝光合特性的影响。结果表明,不同光强(100%自然光照、30%自然光照、6%自然光照)处理下,马蓝叶片的光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线。3种光强处理中,以30%自然光强下光合速率最高。与自然光照相比,遮荫条件下(30%自然光照、6%自然光照)马蓝具有较高的初始荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ的光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学量子产额(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和较低的非光化学淬灭系数(qN);遮荫条件下,马蓝是通过提高叶片叶绿素a/b含量,降低光补偿点,提高光系统中光反应中心光化学活性,增强系统的光能转换效率来提高光合速率,以弥补弱光条件下光能的不足。试验发现遮荫条件下,光合速率和气孔导度相关度较低,非气孔因素应是遮阴影响马蓝光合的主要因子,同时发现遮荫使得马蓝气孔对于光照强度响应的敏感度显著增加。光强对马蓝叶片药效学成分靛蓝、靛玉红中靛蓝含量影响不显著,100%自然光处理的靛玉红含量大于两个遮荫处理。福建马蓝适宜于30%自然光照条件下的间作套种或林下栽培,对其生长有利。     

Comparative effectiveness of Pseudomonas and Serratia sp. containing ACC-deaminase for coinoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum to improve growth, nodulation, and yield of lentil

Three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains containing ACC-deaminase (Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas fragi, and Serratia fonticola) and Rhizobium leguminosarum were selected and characterized by conducting some experiments under axenic condition. The selected isolates had the potential to improve the growth of lentil seedlings under axenic conditions. Pot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of these selected strains for improving growth and yield of lentil under natural conditions. A classical triple response (reduction of stem elongation, swelling of hypocotyle, and change in the direction of growth) bioassay was also conducted to evaluate the effect of high ethylene concentration on the growth of etiolated lentil seedlings, and the performance of coinoculation was evaluated to reduce the classical triple response in comparison with cobalt (Co²⁺), a chemical inhibitor of ethylene. Results showed that coinoculation of Pseudomonas and Serratia sp. with R. leguminosarum significantly increased the growth and yield of lentil. However, synergistic/coinoculation effect of P. jessenii with R. leguminosarum was more pronounced compared to that with P. fragi and S. fonticola. It increased the number of pods per plant, number of nodules per plant, dry nodule weight, grain yield, and straw yield up to 76%, 196%, 109%, 150%, and 164% under pot and up to 98%, 98%, 100%, 82%, and 78%, respectively, under field conditions as compared to uninoculated control. Similarly, combined inoculation significantly increased N concentration of grains under both pot and field conditions. The results from classical triple response assay showed that the effects of classical triple response decreased due to coinoculation in etiolated lentil seedlings and due to a decrease in the ethylene concentration. It is suggested that the strategy adopted by Pseudomonas sp. containing ACC-deaminase with Rhizobium to promote nodulation and yield by adjusting ethylene levels could be exploited as an effective tool for improving growth, nodulation, and yield of lentil.     

Reduced grazing and the decline of Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Ranunculaceae) in England, UK

In England Pulsatilla vulgaris is a threatened herb that declined from 130 to 33 sites between 1750 and the 1960s due to ploughing-up of calcareous grassland. We examined the subsequent fate of these populations using documentary evidence and field survey. Demographic trends were related to changes in grassland composition, structure and management and responses to increased above-ground competition (caused by reduced grazing) were simulated in a 10-year shading experiment. Since 1968 P. vulgaris has been lost from 16 sites and gradually declined on four others. However, the total population size increased by 258% due to the reintroduction of winter grazing on three sites. This produced a significantly shorter, more herb-rich sward, with a lower cover of Bromopsis erecta (c. 10%), than on sites where populations remained stable or declined. Experimental shading had a significant negative effect on plant survival and flowering performance. These results confirmed that reduced grazing is now one of the major threats to species dependent on short swards, especially on isolated sites where livestock farming is no longer economically viable. That many of these declines took place on nature reserves highlights the difficulties of managing isolated grasslands, and the urgent need to re-instate grazing on reserves supporting populations of threatened species in otherwise intensively managed lowland landscapes.     

Arabidopsis under ammonium over-supply: Characteristics of ammonium toxicity in relation to the activity of ammonium transporters

Because of highly intensive farming practices, crop plants could suffer relatively long terms of ammonium (NH₄⁺) excess stress introduced by overdose application of nitrogen fertilizers. However, the lack of sufficient understanding of plant responses to NH₄⁺ excess stress impairs the detection of effective solutions to this problem. The present work examined the biological influences of over-supplied NH₄⁺ in Arabidopsis thaliana using two mutant lines each with an ammonium transporter (AMT) gene (AtAMT1;1 or AtAMT1;3) knocked out. Our results indicated that lacking one of the major components of root NH₄⁺ -absorbing systems significantly alleviated the toxicity effects on Arabidopsis plants by reducing the accumulation of free NH₄⁺, suggesting that persistent absorption of NH₄⁺ through AMT was the main cause of excessive accumulation of free NH₄⁺ in the plants. Shading treatment led to a reduced transpirational driving force and thereby constrained the accumulation of toxic NH₄⁺ in the plants, finally resulting in higher NH₄⁺ -promoted growth in the wild type (WT). Under the shading treatment, the amt1;1 and amt1;3 mutant plants acquired insufficient NH₄⁺ and showed reduced growth when compared with the WT. Furthermore, the foliar application of sucrose notably alleviated the inhibitory effects on plant growth in the WT but had no effect on either the amt1;1 or amt1;3 mutant plants, indicating that carbon scarcity associated with NH₄⁺ excess is probably a major cause of NH₄⁺ toxicity in plants. Accordingly, increasing carbon source could be a potentially effective approach that alleviates the inhibition caused by NH₄⁺ excess and increases nitrogen use efficiency under NH₄⁺ over-supply.     

荧光假单胞菌Pf.X16L2与丛枝状菌根真菌Glomus mosseae在小麦根圈内的相互关系

运用发光酶基因标记及其发光强度检测,SDH酶活染色等技术,在根盒－土壤微宇宙及塑料盒栽系统中,研究了发光酶基因（luxAB)标记的荧光假单胞菌菌株Pf.X16L2与丛枝状菌根真菌摩西球孢囊霉Glomus mosseae两者在小麦根圈的相互关系。Gl.mosseae对Pf.X16L2的种群密度和生理活性都有着抑制作用。因而能降低小麦根圈对Pf.X16L2的富集作用,而Pf.X16L2在一定程度上能提高Gl.mosseae的菌根感染率,但会降低菌丝中琥珀酸氢酶（SDH）活性,两者可共同促进小麦中后期的生长。     

紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落结构和旱稻生长的影响

为比较入侵植物与本地植物对土壤微生态影响的差异, 探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制, 本研究通过同质园试验, 比较分析了2种入侵菊科植物(紫茎泽兰、黄顶菊)和2种本地植物(马唐、猪毛菜)对土壤肥力和微生物群落的影响, 并通过盆栽反馈试验验证入侵植物改变后的土壤微生物对本地植物旱稻生长的反馈作用。同质园试验结果表明: 2种入侵植物和2种本地植物分别对土壤微生态产生了不同的影响, 尤其是紫茎泽兰显著提高了土壤有效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,紫茎泽兰根际土壤中有效氮含量为39.80 mg·kg^-1,有效磷含量为48.52 mg·kg^-1。磷脂脂肪酸指纹图谱结果表明, 2种入侵植物与2种本地植物相比, 较显著增加了土壤中放线菌数量, 而紫茎泽兰比其他3种植物显著增加了细菌和真菌数量。盆栽结果表明: 黄顶菊生长过的土壤灭菌后比灭菌前旱稻株高增加113%, 紫茎泽兰也使旱稻的株高增加17%。由以上结果可知, 紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊可能通过改变入侵地土壤的微环境, 形成利于其自身生长扩散的微生态环境从而实现其成功入侵。     

银杏凋落叶对生菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过向土壤中施加不同量(0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 g/kg)的银杏凋落叶,研究银杏凋落叶对生菜生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:在土壤中施用银杏凋落叶后显著抑制了生菜的生长,其根长、茎粗和株高均显著下降,地上部鲜物质量较对照分别减少了11.38%、22.54%、32.37%、34.82%;各处理生菜叶片中叶绿素含量较对照均显著减少,且随凋落叶施用量的增多呈现降低趋势,10.0g/kg银杏凋落叶处理下的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素以及类胡萝卜素含量分别比对照减少45.24%、56.25%、47.72%以及38.08%;生菜叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较对照均有所增强,且各处理中后两者酶活性均显著高于对照;各处理生菜叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均小于对照,且随凋落叶施用量增多呈增加趋势。研究认为,银杏凋落叶对生菜生长及抗性生理产生化感作用,综合表现为抑制作用。     

Alleviation of drought stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium tropici

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the influence of Rhizobium when co-inoculated with each of two Paenibacillus polymyxa strains, singly and in mixture on growth, nitrogen content, phytohormone levels and nodulation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under three levels of drought stress. Stress was applied continuously by the control of matric potential (ψ_m) through a porous cup. Bean plants cv. Tenderlake were grown in pots with Fluvic Neosol eutrophic soil under three different ψ_m (S₁ −7.0; S₂ −70.0 and S₃ < −85 kPa). The seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici (CIAT 899) and each of P. polymyxa (DSM 36) and P. polymyxa Loutit (L) singly and in mixture (CIAT 899 + DSM36 + Loutit). Co-inoculation of bean with Rhizobium and both Paenibacillus strains resulted increased plant growth, nitrogen content and nodulation compared to inoculation with Rhizobium alone. This was particularly evident at the most negative ψ_m (S₃ < −85 kPa) we used. Drought stress triggered a change in phytohormonal balance, including an increase in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content, a small decline in indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) and a sharp fall in zeatin content in bean leaves. The content of endogenous Cks decreased under water stress, possibly amplifying the response of shoots to increasing ABA content. We hypothesize that co-inoculation of bean with R. tropici (CIAT 899) and P. polymyxa strains (DSM 36) and Loutit (L) mitigates some of the negative effects of drought stress on bean.     

藻(Ziziphus spina-christi)体内外无性繁殖的方法

Christ‘s thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi L. Desf.) is ecologically and economically important in Iran. Since it is a crosspollinated plant with a wide range of genetic variability, an investigation was carried out to determine the best method for mass and clonal propagation. Three vegetative methods were examined, including 1) cutting, where shoots with a 22-25 cm length and three shoot diameters were treated with two culture media; 2) layering, where air layering and trench layering treatments consisted of three growth regulators at three levels of concentration; and 3) tissue culture with nodal segments bearing axillary buds that were removed from shoots of mature trees at different seasons. Several experiments were carried out to determine the best disinfectant chemical, the best culture method, the best season, the appropriate explant characteristics and media type. Rooting was successful only on the sandy beds for cuttings with more than 8.0 mm diameter. For the trench layering method, only one specimen in one replicate rooted a very small root, while for the air layering method, only seedlings with growth regulator treatments rooted successfully. The best season for explant harvesting was determined as mid summer, and among the disinfecting treatments, Ca(OCI)2 at a concentration of 0.5g kg^-1 for 20 minutes was the best. There were no significant differences for shoot weight and length with a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with and without a hormone.