生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥排放臭气效果的中试

为研究生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥发酵处理过程产生臭气以及挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的可行性,开展了死猪和猪粪混合堆肥试验,分析了死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度特性和VOCs组分特征,对生物过滤法去除臭气中VOCs的工艺关键参数-停留时间进行优化试验。死猪堆肥过程中排放VOCs种类达37种,其中主要致臭组分为三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫;以腐熟猪粪堆肥作为滤料(添加3%活性污泥),在停留时间为30~100 s的条件下,生物过滤法对死猪堆肥排放臭气去除率达90%以上;停留时间60~100 s的条件下对VOCs中主要致臭组分的去除效率达82.2%~100%,生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度和VOCs的优化停留时间为60 s。研究结果能为死猪堆肥发酵过程排放臭气的处理和控制技术进一步研发提供科学依据。     

猪粪好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物组分分析及致臭因子的确定

为了控制猪粪好氧发酵中产生的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds)及主要致臭物质,开展了猪粪好氧发酵试验,通过连续监测猪粪好氧发酵过程中所排放的挥发性气体,研究猪粪好氧发酵中产生的VOCs组分及其致臭因子。研究表明,在猪粪好氧发酵过程中共产生33种挥发性物质,除氨气和硫化氢外,共有31种VOCs,包括芳香烃12种,醛类8种,硫醇硫醚类4种,卤代烃4种,酮类2种,胺类1种;猪粪好氧发酵中主要致臭物质为:二甲二硫、甲硫醚、二甲三硫、乙醛和硫化氢,并建议将甲硫醚作为猪粪好氧发酵中产生的恶臭污染指示物。该研究可为猪粪堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考。     

猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物的产生规律与影响因素

堆肥是畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,然而堆肥过程中极易产生挥发性有机物(VOCs,volatile organic compounds),引发恶臭问题,并对人体健康带来危害。该研究以猪粪和秸秆为原料,通过堆肥试验,研究了含水率、碳氮比和通风速率等工艺参数对猪粪堆肥过程中主要VOCs产生的影响。研究结果表明:堆肥过程中TVOCs的最高体积分数可达2 000×10~(-6)以上,主要在堆肥升温期产生。二甲二硫、二甲三硫是主要的致臭VOCs,其中,影响二甲二硫排放的主要因素为物料初始含水率,影响二甲三硫排放的主要因素为通风速率。极差及方差分析结果表明,堆肥过程中采用含水率65%,碳氮比30,通风速率0.1 m~3/(min·m~3)可以有效控制VOCs的排放。     

猪场沼渣与玉米芯混合槽式堆肥氨气排放特征

堆肥既是粪便资源化利用处理的主要方式之一,也是重要的农业氨气排放源。针对猪粪沼渣堆肥的现场研究较少,实际生产过程中氨气排放数据缺乏,排放特征不明确的问题,开展了猪粪沼渣与玉米芯混合堆肥氨气排放特征的现场试验研究。本研究在实际槽式堆肥车间构建实时在线气体监测系统,对生猪养殖场沼渣槽式好氧堆肥车间氨气浓度变化进行连续监测,测算堆体氨气排放通量,分析氨气排放特征。结果显示:堆肥38d内槽式好氧堆肥车间氨气浓度变化范围为0.85～22.40mg·m~(-3),平均3.63mg·m~(-3)。由于翻堆对氨气扩散的促进作用,白天堆肥氨气浓度高于夜间,12:00-16:00氨气排放浓度最高(6.77±4.37mg·m~(-3)),其次为16:00-20:00(4.26±2.07mg·m~(-3))和8:00-12:00(3.62±1.46mg·m~(-3));堆肥车间单位体积堆肥原料的氨气排放通量为50.25～196.59mg·m~(-3)·h~(-1),平均103.99mg·m~(-3)·h~(-1),整个38d堆肥过程的氨气排放量为94.84g·m~(-3)。研究结果将为猪粪堆肥过程氨气的控制及减排措施的制定提供科学依据。     

风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响

该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。     

牛粪好氧发酵挥发性物质排放特征及恶臭物质分析

不同原料好氧发酵产生的臭气物质组分和浓度存在差异。以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料研究好氧发酵过程挥发性有机物（Volatile Organic Compound，VOCs）的产排特征及主要致臭物质，开展牛粪好氧发酵试验，采用气相色谱-质谱法分析测定发酵升温期、高温期、降温期及腐熟期等不同发酵阶段的VOCs组分和浓度，硼酸溶液吸收，盐酸滴定法测定NH3，便携式检测器（Tion NH3-H2S 300 G）测定H2S，3点比较式臭袋法测定不同发酵阶段臭气浓度。结果表明，牛粪好氧发酵过程中共检出31种VOCs，其中含硫化合物42种，醇类1种，酯类1种，酮类1种，卤代烃4种，苯系物9种，烷烃类8种，烯烃3种；在好氧发酵高温期臭气浓度最高为724（无量纲），VOCs产生与排放主要在高温期。基于恶臭污染排放标准和恶臭物质气味活度值，并结合各物质检出率、GS-MS图谱及相关性分析，发现NH3、H2S、甲硫醚是牛粪好氧发酵过程的主要致臭物质；其次芳香族化合物对臭气浓度贡献也相对较大，应进行重点监测与控制。该研究可为牛粪好氧发酵过程臭气物质减控提供理论支撑。     

木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响

针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。     

通风方式对猪粪堆肥主要臭气物质控制的影响研究

为控制堆肥过程中产生的臭气,开展了3种不同通风方式下的猪粪和秸秆堆肥试验,通过连续监测堆肥过程中氨气、硫化氢、总挥发性有机物(total volatile organic compounds,TVOCs)和二甲二硫、二甲三硫排放浓度的变化,优化堆肥通风方式。研究表明,在鼓风5 min间隔30 min、鼓风5 min间隔15 min和连续通风下,硫化氢和TVOCs的最大排放质量浓度和体积分数分别为29.4、18.9和10.3 mg/m~3以及420.3×10~(-6)、382.7×10~(-6)和326.5×10~(-6),每千克干物料硫化氢和TVOCs累积排放量分别为14.3、13.5、31.5 mg/kg以及1.26、2.00和6.08 L/kg;二甲二硫和二甲三硫的最大排放质量浓度分别为1 730.1、3 646.2和3 971.8 ng/L以及991.4、6 678.8和1 883.4 ng/L,每千克干物料中二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量分别为1.5、4.3和10.6 mg/kg以及0.37、4.37和4.94 mg/kg,增加通风频次有助于降低硫化氢和TVOCs的最高排放浓度,但会增加堆肥过程中硫化氢、TVOCs以及二甲二硫和二甲三硫的累积排放量,增加环境危害程度。该试验以降低臭气累积排放量为工艺优化目标,发现通风5min,间隔30min是最佳通风方式。研究结果可为有机肥生产过程中臭气的控制提供参考依据。     

蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵挥发性有机物排放特征

为研究蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程产生的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compound,VOCs)及主要致臭物质,开展了蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法和三点比较式臭袋法分析了好氧发酵升温、高温和降温阶段产生的VOCs种类和浓度及臭气浓度。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程共检出34种VOCs,其中芳香烃类化合物11种、烷烃7种、含硫化合物4种、酮类4种、卤烃类化合物3种、醇类2种、酯类2种、醛类1种;发酵升温期臭气浓度最大,达72 443,而在降温期产生的VOCs种类最多为29;在联合好氧发酵过程中主要致臭物质为甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、二硫化碳、NH3和H2S,羰基硫、乙醛和苯乙烯仅在高温期产生且浓度较高;根据嗅阈值比值大小与最大浓度,需重点监测和控制恶臭物质的顺序是二甲二硫醚H2SNH3甲硫醚。该研究结果为蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程中恶臭物质的监测和控制策略研究提供理论依据。     

二氧化锰对微好氧堆肥腐熟、温室气体及臭气排放的影响

为探究锰矿物添加对微好氧堆肥过程腐熟、温室气体和臭气排放的影响,以由厨余垃圾、水稻秸秆、羊粪和尾菜组成的多元混合物料堆肥为研究对象,共设3个处理,采用间歇通风方式,将通风速率为0.14 L/（kg·min）设置为好氧堆肥对照（CK）,速率为0.06 L/（kg·min）为微好氧处理（T1）,添加二氧化锰（MnO₂）的微好氧处理为T2。结果表明：多元废弃物好氧或微好氧堆肥在堆制70 d后均能腐熟,但T2处理腐熟度显著高于T1。微好氧处理T1、T2减少了26.47%～30.29%的NH₃和33.19%～38.60%的N₂O的排放,总温室效应减少了29.26%～31.38%。臭气的排放集中在前14 d,T1、T2处理的H₂S和VOCs的释放量显著增加了320.35%～501.04%和39.82%～53.63%。因此,微好氧堆肥可达到减排目的,但却加剧臭气的排放;MnO₂可提高促进堆肥腐熟,降低温室气体和臭气的排放。     

A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Greenroof Runoff Retention, Detention, and Quality

The aggregate potential health impact due to ambient volatile organic compounds on the population living in the area nearby the petrochemical industrial complex in Thailand was evaluated using measured air contaminants concentration. Airborne volatile organic compounds were collected using canisters and were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer following the US.EPA TO 15 procedure. Composite samples taken over a 24-h period were collected monthly. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed for a suite of 24 compounds covering both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances. Results were determined and analyzed in order to evaluate their spatial variability and their potential health risk. Comparison of data from each monitoring site indicated that patterns of VOCs across sites were different from their major species and their concentrations which might be influenced by nearest potential emission sources. Carcinogenic VOCs such as benzene, 1,3butadiene, and 1,2 dichloroethane were found to be higher than their annual national standards. A potential cancer risk map was drawn based on benzene concentration in order to illustrate the zone of impact and the number in the population likely to be exposed. Results indicated that 82% of the total area, and 89.6% of the total population were within the impact area. It was suspected that high concentrations of benzene and 1,3 butadiene might be attributed by both the mobile source and the point source of emissions while 1,2 dichloroethane was suspected to be emitted from factories located upwind from the monitoring sites. Hazard quotients and hazard indexes were applied to determine chronic health effects with non-cancer endpoints. Calculated values of hazard indexes for each of the target organ systems were lower than 1, which indicated that the non-cancer chronic risk due to level of volatile organic compounds in the study area was less.     

生物质颗粒燃料成型的黏弹性本构模型

为研究生物质颗粒成型燃料压缩成型机理,该文用玉米秸秆、花生壳、小麦秸秆、大豆秸秆、棉花秸秆、木屑等6种生物质原料,采用生物质颗粒燃料成型机进行压缩成型,研究生物质颗粒燃料压缩成型过程,采用黏弹性理论,建立生物质颗粒成型燃料的本构模型,从力学角度提出生物质颗粒成型燃料的压缩成型机理,并研究对比不同种类生物质原料压缩的最大应力与能耗.结果表明,6种生物质原料中棉杆和木屑的最大应力较高,其余4种原料略低;木屑的压缩能耗最高,其次为棉秆、花生壳和豆秸,小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆较小.该研究结论为解决生物质颗粒成型燃料成型加工能耗高,关键部件受力磨损导致寿命低等问题提供一定参考.     

A Comprehensive Study of Deep Catalytic Oxidation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Acetate, and their Mixtures over Pd/ZSM-5 Catalyst: Mutual Effects and Kinetics

Reaction behaviors and kinetics of catalytic oxidation of benzene, toluene, and ethyl acetate with feed concentrations in the range of 700–5,000 ppm over Pd/ZSM-5 catalyst were investigated. Results for single components show that ethyl acetate (T ₅₀?=?190–200°C) is more easily oxidized than benzene (T ₅₀?=?215–225°C) and toluene (T ₅₀?=?225–235°C). The conversion of ethyl acetate was increased with the increase of its feeding concentration, while the opposite behaviors were observed for benzene and toluene as their conversion rates were decreased with the increase of the inlet concentration. Different behaviors were observed in catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compound (VOC) multi-components, the presence of benzene or toluene inhibits the conversion of ethyl acetate, and the aromatic hydrocarbons inhibit each other in all cases. Ethyl acetate possesses obvious inhibitory effect on benzene oxidation, while it is interesting to note that ethyl acetate has a promotion effect on toluene conversion. The kinetic data were fitted by the Power-law and Mars–van Krevelen kinetic models. The fitting result shows that the Power-law model is more suitable for predicting the conversion of benzene than the other VOCs, and the Mars–van Krevelen model can accurately express the reaction rate of all investigated VOCs.     

Influence of control parameters in VOCs evolution during MSW trimming residues composting

The influence of control parameters (aeration, moisture, and C/N ratio) during composting of a municipal solid waste (MSW)-legume-trimming residue (LTR) mixture was studied at a pilot plant scale. Factors measured included the composition of the main volatile organic carbons (VOCs) emitted including limonene, β-pinene, 2-butanone, undecane, phenol, toluene, and dimethyl disulfide. Polynomial models were found to reproduce the experimental results with errors at less than 10%. The relative influence of the independent variables on temperature and selected VOCs followed the order: aeration > moisture > C/N. A high aeration rate results in higher (strong negative effect) values on selected VOCs emissions (41-71% on emitted VOCs variation). Moisture had a positive and negative effect depending on the selected VOCs. A high C/N ratio caused lower production of VOCs except for undecane and 2-butanone. Providing an aerobic environment (0.05 Lair kg(-1) min(-1)), high C/N ratios (>50), and medium moisture (55%) minimize emitted VOCs during MSW composting, ultimately resulting in less odors in the surrounding environment.     

低碳氮比条件下猪粪堆肥氨气和温室气体排放

针对养殖场粪便产生量大、外加碳源物质成本高,堆肥需要添加大量的碳源物质,并且猪粪堆肥实际生产过程中氨气(NH_3)和温室气体(GHG)排放数据缺乏的问题,开展了低碳氮比(C/N)条件下的猪粪堆肥试验。试验采用箱式堆肥法,使用Innova 1312对氨气(NH_3)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)、甲烷(CH_4)和二氧化碳(CO_2)气体进行24h在线连续监测。结果表明:堆肥箱体内日平均温度超过50℃的持续天数均超过10d,满足国家相关标准的无害化要求;经过31d的好氧发酵,每千克初始原料鲜重的NH_3、N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的累计排放分别为2.27、0.07、0.24、135.72g,NH_3的排放主要集中在堆肥第1周和翻堆后10d,分别占总排放的31.09%和36.15%,GHG排放主要集中在第4周,占总排放的30.9%;在不考虑CO_2时,N_2O是GHG的主要贡献气体,贡献率为72.02%。堆肥过程中物料气体(NH_3、N_2O、CH_4和CO_2)累计排放量均与p H值呈现良好的正相关(P0.01)、与含水率和C/N呈现良好的负相关(P0.01)。建议对猪粪堆肥过程中NH_3的控制应集中在堆肥第1周和翻堆后,GHG减排应重点关注堆肥后期N_2O的排放。