基于基因表达式编程算法的参考作物腾发量模拟计算

选取都安气象站5年(2008—2012年)的逐日气象数据,包括日最高气温、最低气温、平均风速、日照时数以及相对湿度5个气象要素的不同组合作为输入,并以FAO-56 Penman-Monteith法(FAO P-M)的计算结果作为标准值,采用基因表达式编程算法(GEP)及径向基函数网络算法(RBFNN)对参考作物腾发量ETo进行模拟计算,并将模拟结果与Hargreaves模型的计算结果进行比较,用决定系数R2和均方根误差RMSE作为评价指标。结果表明,GEP模型能够捕捉到ETo的变化,具有较强的适用性,与FAO P-M公式的计算值有很高的一致性。引入关键气象因子(气温和相对湿度)后,模型的决定系数R2达到0.914,均方根误差RMSE为0.240 mm/d。在相同输入情况下GEP模型计算精度高于RBFNN模型和Hargreaves模型,并建立了可以替代Hargreaves模型的GEP模型及缺少相对湿度RH时的GEP模型。结果表明,在缺乏相关气象因子时,可以利用GEP模型模拟ETo。     

基于MEA-BPNN的中国西北旱区参考作物蒸散量预报模型

为有效提高西北旱区参考作物蒸散量(Reference crop evapotranspiration,ET_0)预报精度,在西北旱区选择5个代表性气象站点,构建10种基于思维进化算法(Mind evolutionary algorithm,MEA)优化的误差反向传波神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)ET_0预报模型,并将其与Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型等3种在西北旱区ET_0计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明:在不同输入的情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度具有相对较高水平,其中MEA-BPNN1(输入最高气温T_(max)、最低气温T_(min)、相对湿度R_H、日照时数n和距地面两米高处的风速u_2)、MEABPNN2(输入T_(max)、T_(min)、n和u_2)及MEA-BPNN3(输入T_(max)、T_(min)、R_H和u_2)模型的R~2、NSE均大于0.96,RMSE、MAE也分别小于0.34、0.25 mm/d,以上3种MEA-BPNN模型的整体评价指标(Global performance indicator,GPI)排名分别为1、2、3;MEA-BPNN7(输入T_(max)、T_(min)和u_2)的R~2、NSE分别为0.966 2、0.962 2,RMSE、MAE分别为0.3610、0.276 1 mm/d,模拟精度较高;MEA-BPNN模型可移植性的分析表明:MEA-BPNN模型在西北旱区具有较强的泛化能力,基于不同站点数据构建的预报模型也有较高精度;在相同输入的情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度均高于Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型。因此,在气象资料缺乏情景下MEA-BPNN模型可作为西北旱区ET_0计算的推荐模型,可为实时精准灌溉预报的实现提供科学依据。     

基于不同ELM的西北旱区参考作物蒸散量模拟模型

参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的精准模拟是智慧灌溉、农田水分高效利用及水资源优化调度的重要依据。为有效提高气象资料缺乏情况下对西北旱区ET0的模拟精度,在西北旱区选取4个代表性站点,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型的ET0计算结果为标准值,基于"sin"、"radbas"和"hardlim"3种激活函数构建27种极限学习机模型(extreme learning machine,ELM,分别记为ELM-sini、ELM-radj、ELM-hardk),并将其模拟结果与Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)、Makkink(MK)、Irmark-Allen(I-A)模型进行比较。结果表明:ELM-sin7(输入u2、Tmax和Tmin)的R2和NSE均大于0.96,RMSE小于0.35 mm/d,其GPI排名第4,模型模拟精度较高; ELM-rad5(输入Tmax、Tmin和n)和ELM-sin8(输入Tmax和Tmin)的R2和NSE分别大于0.78和0.76,RMSE小于0.93 mm/d; H-S、MK和I-A模型的R2和NSE分别小于0.77和0.63,RMSE大于1.00 mm/d,可见ELM-rad5和ELM-sin8模型精度明显高于相同输入下的其他物理模型;基于ELM-sin7探究隐含层节点数对模型精度的影响发现隐含层节点数为60～100时模型精度最高;基于ELMsin7模型进行可移植性分析发现,ELM-sin7在西北旱区内各训练站点和模拟站点组合下模拟精度较高。因此,在相同气象因子组合输入下,ELM-sini和ELM-radj模型模拟精度明显高于ELM-hardk,其中ELM-sin7模拟精度较高适用于西北旱区气象因子较少时的ET0模拟;而较传统物理模型,仅有温度和日照时数时ELM-rad5模型在西北旱区适用性更好,仅有温度时ELM-sin8模型在西北旱区适用性更强。     

基于MEA-BPNN的西北旱区参考作物蒸散量预报模型

为有效提高西北旱区参考作物蒸散量(Reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)预报精度,在西北旱区选择5个代表性气象站点,构建10种基于思维进化算法(Mind evolutionary algorithm,MEA)优化的误差反向传波神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)ET0预报模型,并将其与Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型等3种在西北旱区ET0计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明:在不同输入的情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度具有相对较高水平,其中MEA-BPNN1(输入最高气温Tmax、最低气温Tmin、相对湿度RH、日照时数n和距地面2 m高处的风速u2)、MEA-BPNN2(输入Tmax、Tmin、n和u2)及MEA-BPNN3(输入Tmax、Tmin、RH和u2)模型的R2、NSE均大于0.96,RMSE、MAE也分别小于0.34、0.25 mm/d,以上3种MEA-BPNN模型的整体评价指标(Global performance indicator,GPI)排名分别为1、2、3;MEA-BPNN7(输入Tmax、Tmin和u2)的R2、NSE分别为0.966 2、0.962 2,RMSE、MAE分别为0.361 0、0.276 1 mm/d,模拟精度较高;MEA-BPNN模型可移植性的分析表明:MEA-BPNN模型在西北旱区具有较强的泛化能力,基于不同站点数据构建的预报模型也有较高精度;在相同输入情况下MEA-BPNN模型模拟精度均高于Hargreaves-Samani模型、Irmak模型和48-PM模型。因此,在气象资料缺乏情景下MEA-BPNN模型可作为西北旱区ET0计算的推荐模型,可为实时精准灌溉预报的实现提供科学依据。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区多种参考作物需水量模型对比分析

利用米脂地区2000—2005年逐日气象资料,以FAO56-PM方程计算结果为标准,通过线性回归、均方根误差（RMSE）和平均偏差,在日、月及年时间尺度上分析、评价10种ET0计算模型。结果表明,除Hargreaves和Turc模型外,其他8种模型计算的日ET0值与FAO56-PM的R2均大于0.9。不同模型与FAO5...     

Hargreaves公式的改进及其在高寒地区的应用

应用黑龙江省2个气象台的逐日气象资料,引入自由搜索(Free Search)算法求解模型参数,建立了日、旬、月3种时间步长的Hargreaves公式改进式,并对这些改进式的适用性进行了评价。结果表明,以Pehman-Monteith公式计算的ET0为评价标准,Hargreaves公式改进式与FAO推荐的Hargreav...     

基于极限学习机模型的中国西北地区参考作物蒸散量预报

为有效提高西北地区参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)预报精度,在西北地区选择6个代表性气象站点,以P-M模型计算的ET_0作为标准值,利用1993-2016年逐日气象资料构建10种极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)ET_0预报模型,用k-折交叉验证估计模型泛化误差,并将其与Hargreaves-Samani、Chen、EI-Sebail和Bristow等4种在西北地区计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明:ELM_1(输入T_(max)、T_(min)、RH、n和u_2)、ELM_2(输入T_(max)、T_(min)、n和u_2)、ELM_4(输入T_(max)、T_(min)、RH和u_2)及ELM_7(输入T_(max)、T_(min)和u~2)模型均具有较高模拟精度,其MAE分别为0.199、0.209、0.250、0.273 mm/d,RMSE分别为0.270、0.285、0.341、0.422 mm/d,NSE分别为0.983、0.981、0.973、0.987,R~2分别为0.984、0.982、0.975、0.960,整体评价指标(global performance indicator,GPI)排名分别为1、2、3、4;模型可移植性分析表明,ELM模型具有较强的泛化能力,除了ELM_7在喀什站、敦煌站的模拟精度相对较低之外,其余ELM模型在西北地区各站点模拟结果的MAE均在0.40 mm/d以下、RMSE均在0.49以下、NSE均在0.95以上、R~2均在0.96以上;在相同输入的情况下ELM模型模拟精度均高于HargreavesSamani、Chen、EI-Sebail和Bristow。因此,在气象资料缺乏情景下ELM模型可作为西北地区ET_0计算的推荐模型。     

岷江源区Hargreaves法适用性与未来参考作物蒸散量预测

利用岷江源区1961—2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO 56 Penman-Monteith和Hargreaves公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith为标准对Hargreaves公式适用性进行评价,通过对Hargreaves公式转换系数C0进行修正,建立基于月尺度的参考作物蒸散发公式,结合Reg CM4.0区域模型生成的温度数据,对未来(2011—2099年)研究区参考作物蒸散发量变化进行预测。研究结果表明:通过通径分析发现,在岷江源区气温是影响参考作物蒸散量最重要的气象因子,采用基于温度法的参考作物蒸散发公式具有理论依据;采用未修正的Hargreaves公式明显高估了该区域参考作物蒸散量,特别是在雨季4—10月;修正后的Hargreaves公式绝对偏差与相对偏差显著减小,与FAO 56 Penman-Monteith月值之间均方根误差RMSE为3.76 mm、效率指数EF为0.39、可决系数CD为0.84,吻合系数d为0.8,能够满足研究区参考作物蒸散发估算精度;在未来气候变化情景下岷江源区参考作物蒸散量总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为5.6 mm/(10 a)。     

Hargreaves法在岷江源区适用性及未来参考作物蒸散量预测

本文利用岷江源区1961-2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO 56 Penman-Monteith和Hargreaves公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith为标准对Hargreaves公式适用性进行评价,通过对Hargreaves公式转换系数C_0进行修正,建立基于月尺度的参考作物蒸散发公式,结合RegCM4.0区域模型生成的温度数据,对未来(2011-2099年)研究区参考作物蒸散发量变化进行预测。研究结果表明:通过通径分析发现,在岷江源区气温是影响参考作物蒸散量最重要的气象因子,采用基于温度法的参考作物蒸散发公式具有理论依据;采用未修正的Hargreaves公式明显高估了该区域参考作物蒸散量,特别是在雨季4-10月;修正后的Hargreaves公式绝对偏差与相对偏差显著减小,与FAO 56Penman-Monteith月值之间均方根误差RMSE为3.76mm、效率指数EF为0.39、可决系数CD为0.84,吻合系数d为0.8,能够满足研究区参考作物蒸散发估算精度;在未来气候变化情景下岷江源区参考作物蒸散量总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为5.6mm/(10a)。     

FAO Penman—Monteith及简化方法在西北适用性研究

为了实现气象资料缺失下参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)在西北地区的高精度预测,采用FAO 56 PenmanMonteith(P-M)公式作为对照,与气象资料缺失下P-M公式8种情况以及Pristley-Taylor(P-T)法、Makkink法、Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)法、Irmak法对西北5省区30个辐射站的逐日气象资料进行了统计比较,并对P-T法、Makkink法、H-S法、Irmak法重新进行了参数率定。结果表明,气象资料缺失时,总辐射资料缺失精度下降最小,基于日照资料的ngstrm-Presscott(A-P)法是该地区适宜的替代方法,其各站平均R2为0.983、RMSE小于0.4 mm/d。当相对湿度、风速或日照时数有一项缺失时,使用FAO推荐的P-M替代方法可以使多年平均ET0的RMSE小于0.47 mm/d,R2保持在0.94以上。当气象要素缺少风速和相对湿度时,使用率定后Makkink法是该地区适宜的替代选择,其RMSE为0.68 mm/d,R2为0.94,当仅有气温资料时,改进后的H-S法是该地区适宜的替代选择,其RMSE为0.68 mm/d,R2为0.94。P-T法在该地区精度低于Makkink法,其RMSE为0.71 mm/d,R2为0.88,30个站参数值率定后α值介于1.02~1.64之间。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。