用二类调查样地建立落叶松单木直径生长模型

根据来自吉林省汪清林业局二类调查的１４个落叶松固定样地的３４６株复测林木数据,建立了与我关的落叶松木平方直径生长最模型。它包含了单木直径生长模型所需考虑的林木大小,立地条件和林木竞争这３个因素,并具有与年龄、地位指数无关的特点,便于实践中应用,逐步回归的结果表明,落叶松单木平方直径生长最模型需要考虑的主要因子是林木直径值、林分断面积和坡度。     

兰考泡桐林分结构规律研究

通过对１１７块兰考泡桐地资料的分析，发现兰考桐一接干的高度与立地和苗木质量间存在着正相关，二次接干的高度与一接干的高度存在负相关，不同立地和不同年龄林分各径阶树高变化规律可用建立的兰桐标准树高曲线表达，兰考泡桐林分的直径结构可用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ密度函数或Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ生物种群模型恰当描述，但从预测的角度出发Ｌ－ＰＲＭ（Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ）较之ＰＲＭ（Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ）效果更好。     

云南松近年来研究进展

云南松作为我国西南地区造林和用材的主要树种,近年来由于受到粗放经营管理及不良遗传效应的影响,林分的衰退问题已经日益严重。为此,从遗传变异、苗木生长影响因素、种质资源等方面综述了云南松近年来的研究进展。针对其林分质量衰退问题,建议采用分子生物、基因工程等生物技术,结合生态学方法,培育优良种苗,改造低效林分等方法或措施,以提高林分质量和整体效益。     

结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用

介绍了结构化森林经营的基本理论与主要技术,包括数据调查、林分状态特征分析、经营设计以及经营效果评价等,并以东北阔叶红松林经营实践为例,具体介绍了结构化森林经营方法的应用。应用结构化森林经营方法分析表明,经营阔叶红松林林分为次生林状态,经营类型为抚育间伐型,经营迫切性评价等级为比较迫切,经营方向为提高林分的健康水平和顶极树种的优势程度。本次经营调整顶极树种竞争势及树种混交76株,采伐不健康林木122株。经营后效果评价表明:经营强度属于轻度干扰,顶极树种和主要伴生树种红松、杉松、黄波罗、椴树、核桃楸等的优势度较经营前明显上升,林分中健康林木比例明显上升。本次经营达到了经营目标。     

The effects of species mixture on the growth and yield of mid-rotation mixed stands of Scots pine and silver birch

The effect of tree species mixture on stand volume yield and on tree-species-specific diameter and height growth rates were analysed in managed mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Ehrn.).Data were obtained from 14 repeatedly measured stands located in Southern Finland on mineral soil sites with varying admixture of Scots pine and silver birch. Statistical analysis was carried out for studying the effect of species mixture on the development of stand characteristics. For the analysis, the plots were categorised into three groups (plot types) according to the species dominance. In order to analyse species-specific growth rates, individual-tree mixed linear growth models for tree diameter and height growth were developed for both tree species.The results clearly show that the yield of the managed mid-rotation, mixed stands was greater for stands dominated by Scots pine than for stands dominated by birch, and the stand volume increment decreased with an increasing proportion of silver birch. Analysis of diameter and height growth by tree species revealed that the main reason for this pattern is the negative impact of birch competition on the growth of pine trees. The increase in diameter of pine was clearly hampered if the proportion of birch was high. An abundance of birch also slightly decreased the growth in height of Scots pine, although the effect was less than on diameter growth. Species mixture did not affect the diameter growth of birch but did have a significant effect on height development. Height growth of birch was considerably greater in pine-dominated stands than in birch-dominated stands. In pine-dominated mixed stands, the height growth of birch was quite close to that of dominant pine trees, and birches can endure in competition with pines for light.The results apply for even-aged and single-storey managed stands, where stocking density and structure are controlled with pre-commercial and commercial thinnings. The results are not applicable to unmanaged mixed stands undergoing self-thinning. This study provides new information on mixed stands from a silvicultural perspective, which can be applied in decisions involving the management of mixed stands.     

Effects of root trenching of overstorey Norway spruce (Piceaabies) on growth and biomass of underplanted beech (Fagussylvatica) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) saplings

In Central Europe, the conversion of pure Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) into mixed stands with beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and other species like e.g. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is accomplished mainly by underplanting of seedlings beneath the canopy of overstorey spruce trees after partial cutting treatments what means exposure to shade and below-ground root competition by the overstorey to the seedlings. Particularly about the second factor, our knowledge is limited. Therefore, we carried out a below-ground competition exclusion experiment by root trenching and investigated the effects on soil resources, growth, and biomass partitioning of underplanted beech and Douglas fir saplings under target diameter and strip cutting treatments. The exclusion of overstorey root competition by trenching increased the soil water potential in the second year that had a fairly dry growing season and led to significantly higher foliar concentrations of most nutrients, particularly in Douglas fir, indicating an amended nutrient supply. Both improvements were accompanied by an increase in length and diameter increment of the underplanted saplings, appearing in both species only after having surpassed a species-specific threshold light value (Douglas fir 16% of above canopy radiation, beech 22%). We also found significant interactions between trenching and light for specific fine root length and further biomass and morphological parameters. Judged by the much steeper increase in height and diameter growth with increasing light after release from below-ground competition, Douglas fir saplings appeared to be more sensitive to root competition than beech saplings what conforms to older findings for beech. According to our results, a strip cutting seems to be more appropriate than a target diameter cutting treatment to replace a pure spruce stand by a mixed stand with beech and Douglas fir.     

Species Interactions in the Dynamics of Even- and Uneven-Aged Boreal Forests

Many boreal tree stands are neither clearly even-aged nor clearly uneven-aged. The stands may undergo a series of stages, during which an even-aged stand is transformed into two-storied mixed stand, and finally to multistoried or uneven-aged stand structure. The species composition often changes during the succession of stand stages. This study developed models for stand dynamics that can be used in different stand structures and species compositions. The model set consists of species-specific individual-tree diameter increment and survival models, and models for ingrowth. Separate models were developed for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and hardwood species. The models were used in a growth simulator, to give illustrative examples on species influences and stand dynamics. Methods to simulate residual variation around diameter increment and ingrowth models are also presented. The results suggest that mixed stands are more productive than one-species stands. Spruce in particular benefits from an admixture of other species. Mixed species improve diameter increment, decrease mortality, and increase ingrowth. Pine is a more beneficial admixture than birch. Simulations showed that uneven-aged management of spruce forests is sustainable and productive, and even-aged conifer stands growing on medium sites can be converted into uneven-aged mixed stands by a series of strong high thinnings.     

Adapting a model for even-aged Pinus pinea L. stands to complex multi-aged structures

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands have been usually managed as even-aged stands. Main objectives in management combine two main commercial productions, timber and pine nuts with other social aspects: soil protection, recreational use and biodiversity conservation. Multifunctional management, together with the occurrence of successive events affecting regeneration have oriented managers to propose a management schedule based on the establishment and preservation of a low-stocking multi-aged complex structure on favourable locations. Despite the recent effort on modelling growth and yield on even-aged stands of stone pine, no studies focusing on modelling dynamics for uneven-aged stands have yet been developed up to present.In this study, a proposal is presented for adapting and calibrating an existing tree-level model, originally developed for even-aged stands of stone pine (model PINEA2), to multi-aged complex stands. Data from four multi-aged trials and 61 plots from the National Forest Inventory were used to adapt the whole set of functions included in the original model. In our study, four different methods have been proposed to adapt the original equations: (1) direct validation and re-parameterization; (2) size class modelling; (3) refit of functions after removing typical even-aged covariates; and (4) multilevel calibration. Adaptation is based on assuming that a multi-aged stand of stone pine can be seen as the sum of independent, smaller, even-aged groups. The low densities of the stands, the early liberation of the most vigorous trees in all size classes and the major importance of root-level competition for water in Mediterranean forests are the main factors explaining these particular dynamics. Results show the suitability of the proposed method, attaining unbiased estimates with a degree of accuracy similar to that achieved in applying the original model to even-aged stands. The adapted model (PINEA_IRR) constitutes a flexible tool for the management and maintenance of stone pine stands, covering a wide range of within stand structural complexity, including forests in transition.     

Do individual-tree growth models correctly represent height:diameter ratios of Norway spruce and Scots pine?

Height:diameter ratios are an important measure of stand stability. Because of the importance of height:diameter ratios for forest management, individual-tree growth models should correctly depict height:diameter ratios. In particular, (i) height:diameter ratios should not exceed that of very dense stands, (ii) height:diameter ratios should not fall below that of open-grown trees, (iii) height:diameter ratios should decrease with increasing spacing, (iv) height:diameter ratios for suppressed trees should be higher than ratios for dominant trees. We evaluated the prediction of height:diameter ratios by running four commonly used individual-tree growth models in central Europe: BWIN, Moses, Silva and Prognaus. They represent different subtypes of individual-tree growth models, namely models with and without an explicit growth potential and models that are either distance-dependent (spatial) or distance-independent (non-spatial). Note that none of these simulators predict height:diameter ratios directly. We began by building a generic simulator that contained the relevant equations for diameter increment, height increment, and crown size for each of the four simulators. The relevant measures of competition, site characteristics, and stand statistics were also coded. The advantage of this simulator was that it ensured that no additional constraint was being imposed on the growth equations, and that initial conditions were identical. We then simulated growth for a 15- and 30-year period for Austrian permanent research plots in Arnoldstein and in Litschau, which represent stands at different age-classes and densities. We also simulated growth of open-grown trees and compared the results to the literature. We found that the general pattern of height:diameter ratios was correctly predicted by all four individual-tree growth models, with height:diameter ratios above that of open-grown trees and below that of very dense stands. All models showed a decrease of height:diameter ratios with age and an increase with stand density. Also, the height:diameter ratios of dominant trees were always lower than that of mean trees. Although in some cases the observed and predicted height:diameter ratios matched well, there were cases where discrepancies between observed and predicted height:diameter ratios would be unacceptable for practical management predictions.     

竹木混交林改为毛竹纯林经营后的林分生长动态

对分别在１９７４年和１９８４年实施清除混交乔、灌木，把原竹木混交林改为毛竹纯林经营的两片毛竹林分内，于１９８５年各设立固定标准地２０块，自１９８５年至１９９５年对改造后处于自然肥力条件下的林分不同生长阶段的毛竹纯林的生长指标，进行为期１１ａ的观测，结果表明：在竹木混交林改成毛竹纯林后的较长经营期中，各生长因子的变化过程表现出明显的阶段性，即：新 竹个体数量增长和粗度下降期（１－４ａ），主要特征是林