The Precursor of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clays at Stevns Klint, Denmark, and DSDP Hole 465A

Results of detailed mineralogical, chemical, and oxygen isotope analyses of the clay minerals and zeolites from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary regions, Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 465A in the north central Pacific Ocean, are presented. In the central part of the Stevns Klint K/T boundary layer, the only clay mineral detected by x-ray diffraction is a pure smectite with > 95 percent expandable layers. No detrital clay minerals or quartz were observed in the clay size fraction in these beds, whereas the clay minerals above and below the boundary layer are illite and mixed-layer smectite-illite of detrital origin as well as quartz. The mineralogical purity of the clay fraction, the presence of smectite only at the boundary, and the delta(18)O value of the smectite (27.2 +/- 0.2 per mil) suggest that it formed in situ by alteration of glass. Formation from impact rather than from volcanic glass is supported by its major element chemistry. The high content of iridium and other siderophile elements is not due to the cessation of calcium carbonate deposition and resulting slow sedimentation rates. At DSDP Hole 465A, the principal clay mineral in the boundary zone (80 to 143 centimeters) is a mixed-layer smectite-illite with >/=90 percent expandable layers, accompanied by some detrital quartz and small amounts of a euhedral authigenic zeolite (clinoptilolite). The mixed-layer smectite-illite from the interval 118 to 120 centimeters in the zone of high iridium abundance has a very low rare earth element content; the negative cerium anomaly indicates formation in the marine environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the delta(18)O value of this clay mineral (27.1 +/- 0.2 per mil). Thus, this mixed-layer smectite-illite formed possibly from the same glass as the K/T boundary smectite at Stevns Klint, Denmark.     

A major meteorite impact on the Earth 65 million years ago: evidence from the cretaceous-tertiary boundary clay

Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago is shown by the presence of meteoritic debris in the "fish clay" from Denmark representing the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Noble metals (iridium, osmium, gold, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, and cobalt), which are sensitive indicators of meteorites and are normally depleted on the terrestrial surface by factors of 10(4) to 10(2) relative to cosmic abundances, are enriched in this boundary clay by factors of 5 to 100 over the expected abundances. With the exception of rhenium, all the enriched noble metals in the clay are present in cosmic proportions, indicating that the impacting celestial body had not undergone gross chemical differentiation. The major extinction of life on the earth at the end of the Cretaceous Period may be related to the meteorite impact.     

Conodont survival and low iridium abundances across the permian-triassic boundary in South china

The Permian-Triassic sedimentary sequence of China includes one of the most complete and fossiliferous Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundaries known. Closely spaced sampling across the boundary, which is an important extinction event for most organisms, has produced good conodont faunas that show little diversity change. A drop in conodont abundance is the only apparent response to the extinction event. A low concentration of iridium in the boundary clay (0.002 part per billion +/-20 percent), as well as in samples immediately below and above, that range from 0.004 to 0.034 part per billion do not support the proposal of an extraterrestrial impact event at this boundary in China.     

Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary, Western interior

The palynologically defined Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the western interior of North America occurs at the top of an iridium-rich clay layer. The boundary is characterized by the abrupt disappearance of certain pollen species, immediately followed by a pronounced, geologically brief change in the ratio of fern spores to angiosperm pollen. The occurrence of these changes at two widely separated sites implies continentwide disruption of the terrestrial ecosystem, probably caused by a major catastrophic event at the end of the period.     

End-cretaceous brachiopod extinctions in the chalk of denmark

The results of a detailed study of the brachiopods of the most complete Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Denmark, Nye Klslashed circlev, show an extinction pattern for this marine invertebrate group compatible with that reported for pelagic foraminifera and coccoliths and with the impact scenario. The extinction is abrupt, coinciding with the Maastrichtian-Danian boundary. There is no warning in the form of decreasing density, decreasing diversity, or early extinction of specialized groups. The basal few meters of the Danian are almost devoid of brachiopods, and a Danian brachiopod fauna starts almost as abruptly as the Maastrichtian fauna disappeared. The new fauna is similar to the Maastrichtian as regards density and diversity, and at maximum six species are common to both stages. The northwest European Masstrichtian chalk is composed mainly of the remains of coccoliths and pelagic foraminifera. The mass extinction of these groups led to a total cessation of chalk production. The chalk is overlain by a thin clay bed deposited partly under anoxic conditions. This combination of anoxia and clay deposition coupled with a cessation of productivity led to the extinction of specialized groups such as the chalk brachiopods. The surviving species included forms that could survive in well-aerated shallow marine waters on substrates other than chalk.     

The cretaceous-tertiary transition

The fossil sequences from cores across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary show a, range of transition times and transition time intervals depending on the fossil indicators and the location of the site. These variations, together with the pattern of iridium distribution with depth at some sites, differences in total amounts of iridium, variations in noble metal abundances normalized to extraterrestrial concentrations, the depositional effects that might be expected in a reducing environment, and the clay mineralogy of the boundary layer clays, put into question the interpretation that an extraterrestrial event was the cause of the faunal changes and the iridium anomaly in the vicinity of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. It seems more likely that an explanation for the changes during the transition will come from continued examination of the great variety of terrestrial events that took place at that time, including extensive volcanism, major regression of the sea from the land, geochemical changes, and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes.     

Desert varnish: the importance of clay minerals

Desert varnish has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. It is a distinct morphological entity having an abrupt boundary with the underlying rock. Clay minerals comprise more than 70 percent of the varnish. Iron and manganese oxides constitute the bulk of the remainder and are dispersed throughout the clay layer.     

Extraterrestrial cause for the cretaceous-tertiary extinction

Platinum metals are depleted in the earth's crust relative to their cosmic abundance; concentrations of these elements in deep-sea sediments may thus indicate influxes of extraterrestrial material. Deep-sea limestones exposed in Italy, Denmark, and New Zealand show iridium increases of about 30, 160, and 20 times, respectively, above the background level at precisely the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions, 65 million years ago. Reasons are given to indicate that this iridium is of extraterrestrial origin, but did not come from a nearby supernova. A hypothesis is suggested which accounts for the extinctions and the iridium observations. Impact of a large earth-crossing asteroid would inject about 60 times the object's mass into the atmosphere as pulverized rock; a fraction of this dust would stay in the stratosphere for several years and be distributed worldwide. The resulting darkness would suppress photosynthesis, and the expected biological consequences match quite closely the extinctions observed in the paleontological record. One prediction of this hypothesis has been verified: the chemical composition of the boundary clay, which is thought to come from the stratospheric dust, is markedly different from that of clay mixed with the Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, which are chemically similar to each other. Four different independent estimates of the diameter of the asteroid give values that lie in the range 10 +/- 4 kilometers.     

A short duration of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event: evidence from extraterrestrial helium-3

Analyses of marine carbonates through the interval 63.9 to 65.4 million years ago indicate a near-constant flux of extraterrestrial helium-3, a tracer of the accretion rate of interplanetary dust to Earth. This observation indicates that the bolide associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event was not accompanied by enhanced solar system dustiness and so could not have been a member of a comet shower. The use of helium-3 as a constant-flux proxy of sedimentation rate implies deposition of the K-T boundary clay in (10 +/- 2) x 10(3) years, precluding the possibility of a long hiatus at the boundary and requiring extremely rapid faunal turnover.     

海南省农业气象自动站土壤水分状况分布特征

利用海南省18个农业气象自动观测站土壤水分状况观测资料，分析了海南省农业气象自动站土壤水分状况特征。结果表明：土壤质地分为粘土、粘壤土和砂土三大类，以粘土、粘壤土为主；凋萎系数的大小与土壤质地、测定作物品种有关，凋萎系数从小到大顺序排列为细砂土、粉砂土、粉壤土、粘壤土、粘土。不同土壤质地间土壤容重差别不大，土壤容重随土壤深度略有增加；粘土田间持水量最大，其次为粘壤土、砂粘土、粉砂土、粉壤土，田间持水量最少的是细砂土。     

苏丹管道沿线膨胀土的危害性分析

介绍了苏丹黑格里格油田至苏丹港长输原油管道沿线自然概况,研究了管道沿线膨胀土的分布规律及工程特性,给出了塑性指数、体积变化、膨胀压力和膨胀潜势的关系及苏丹管道膨胀土的主要物理力学性质指标统计结果,指出要充分认识膨胀土对管道的潜在危害性,并提出了具体设计和施工措施。     

紫色土无机胶体与土壤肥力

对云南、贵州和安徽等地的紫色土无机胶体 (<0 0 0 2mm粘粒 )的含量状况和矿物学组成特征作了初步探讨 ,它们的共同特点是 :紫色土 <0 0 0 2mm胶粒含量均小于贵州的对照土壤———黄壤的胶体含量 ;紫色土含较多 2∶1型黏土矿物和间层型矿物质、含较少的 1∶1型黏土矿物和胶粒中含较多石英。对照土壤———黄壤则主要含 1∶1型黏土矿物和石英。并且分析了无机胶体与土壤肥力的关系。     

山东暗色粘性土的特性及发生学研究

本文对山东省主要暗色粘性土进行了形态学、粘土矿物学、物理化学特性以及发生学的研究。结果表明,大部分粘质砂姜黑土和暗色粘质湿潮土具有明显的变性特征,表现为干时开裂、湿时膨胀,剖面上部土体中有大量的滑擦面和明显的土壤翻转现象。土壤微形态以具有因强烈胀缩而产生的光性定向粘粒和裂纹裂隙为主要特征,并有较多铁锰和碳酸盐的浓聚物。土壤粘粒的硅铁铝率较高,粘土矿物以蒙脱石为主,蒙脱石的发生与其所处的地球化学环境密切相关。耕层之下的黑土层粘粒含量最高,且以蒙脱石占绝对优势,因此胀缩性最强,是具有变性特征最明显的层次。土壤的强烈胀缩性是这些暗色粘性土形态发生的内在原因,干湿交替的土壤水分状况则是其形态发生的必要条件。     

紫色土的粘土矿物组成与粘粒活性

比较研究了云南、贵州、四川和安徽等地的石灰性紫色土粘粒的粘土矿物组成和类型,它们的共同的特点是粘土矿物组成较黄壤丰富;紫色土含多量水云母和石英。不同土壤分别还含有高岭石、蒙脱石、蛭石等。黄壤则主要含高岭石和石英。还研究了紫色土的粘粒活性;分析了其与粘土矿物组成类型的关系以及对土壤肥力的意义。     

金属离子界面反应对粘粒水流迁移强度的影响

土壤颗粒随水迁移常引发水土流失、农田面源污染等一系列环境问题的发生,且雨滴打击等外部作用被普遍认为是降水引发土粒迁移的主导作用,但土粒迁移的内在作用机制仍不十分清楚.本研究从一个新的角度探讨离子界面反应产生的粘粒间的内在作用力对粘粒水迁移的影响.为了能够准确计算粘粒间的作用力强度,以纯的蒙脱石粘土团聚体为材料,用Na~+和K~+两种一价阳离子来表征界面反应特征的差异.结果表明:1)Na~+体系中粘土颗粒迁移强度远远大于同浓度下的K~+体系;2)K~+体系下的电场强度远低于同浓度下的Na~+体系,相应地,Na~+体系中粘粒间静电排斥力远强于K~+体系;3)蒙脱石团聚体内部的静电场强度越强,颗粒间的静电排斥压越高,粘粒水迁移强度就越大.研究发现,团聚体中的电场强度主要通过颗粒间的静电排斥力影响粘粒水迁移,但在低电解质浓度下,这个电场还可能通过对水合斥力的影响来影响粘粒的水流迁移强度.本研究提出了在流水运动的外力作用下,引发粘粒迁移的内因驱动力:粘土团聚体中静电场产生的静电效应.由于本研究只考虑了流水的作用而没有考虑雨滴撞击力作用,所以本文并未否定雨滴击打对土壤迁移的重要作用.     

Accretion rate of extraterrestrial matter: iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago

Iridium measured in 149 samples of a continuous 9-meter section of Pacific abyssal clay covering the time span 33 to 67 million years ago shows a well-defined peak only at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. In the rest of the section iridium ranges from a minimum concentration near 0.35 nanograms per gram in the Paleocene to a maximum near 1.7 in the Eocene; between 63 and 33 million years ago the mean iridium accumulation rate is approximately 13 nanograms per square centimeter per million years. Correction for terrestrial iridium leads to an extraterrestrial flux of9 +/- 3 nanograms of iridium per square centimeter per million years, and an estimated annual global influx of 78 billion grams of chondritic matter, consistent with recent estimates of the influx of dust, meteorites, and crater-producing bodies with masses ranging from 10(-13) to 10(18 )grams. Combining the recent flux of objects ranging in mass from 10(6) to 10(7) grams with the flux of 10(14) - to 10(15) -gram objects indicates that the number of objects is equal to 0.54 divided by the radius (in kilometers) to the 2.1 power. Periodic comet showers should increase the cometary iridium flux by a factor of 200 to 600 on a time scale of 1 to 3 million years; the predicted iridium maxima (more than 30 times background) are not present in the intervals associated with the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary or the tektiteproducing late Eocene events.     

不同生境的多枝柽柳种群空间分布点格局分析

[目的]研究不同生境的多枝树柳种群空间分布点格局.多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)种群在自然界中主要有4种生境分布类型:风沙土生境类型、草甸土生境类型、吐加依土生境类型和盐土生境类型.[方法]采用点格局分析法分析了不同生境中多枝柽柳在不同尺度下的空间分布格局.[结果]①风沙土生境类型,尺度2～7 m以内, 其为集群分布,当尺度大于7 m时, 则为随机分布;②草甸土生境类型和吐加依土生境类型的柽柳种群,在所有的尺度(t)下,均显著地偏离集群分布,呈随机分布;③盐土生境类型,尺度6～7 m以内, 其为集群分布, 尺度在1～6 m, 显著地呈随机分布;当尺度大于7 m时, 则又为随机分布.[结论]为柽柳专类园建设中确定不同生境多枝柽柳种群水平结构配置模式提供了依据.     

Sulfide Deposits from the East Pacific Rise Near 21{degrees}N

Massive sulfide deposits were discovered from the diving saucer Cyana on the accreting plate boundary region of the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees N. The deposits form conical and tubular structures lying on a basaltic basement. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses showed two main types of intimately associated products: a polymetallic sulfide-rich material composed of pyrite and marcasite in association, zinc-rich phases, and copper-rich compounds, and an iron-rich oxide and hydroxide material (also called gossan) composed largely of goethite and limonite. Silicate phases such as opaline, silica, iron-silicon clay, and trace amounts of mica and zeolite are encountered in both types of material. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise are discussed.     

基于数据挖掘技术的高光谱土壤质地分类研究

【目的】寻找红壤地区不同土壤质地类型的Vis-NIR光谱反射规律,通过光谱对土壤质地类别进行快速、准确的预测。【方法】以江西省奉新县北部为研究区,245个土壤样本为研究对象,在国际制土壤质地4组和12级两种分类标准下,首先分析不同土壤质地类型的光谱反射率,然后采用9种数学变换方法和5种机器学习算法相互组合的数据挖掘模型,进行土壤质地的分类研究,最后对建模准确度最高的混淆矩阵和预测结果三角坐标分布图进行分析。【结果】(1)不同土壤质地之间的光谱反射率存在较多的交叉重叠现象,土壤质地与光谱反射率之间的规律较为复杂;(2)分数阶导数变换是整数阶导数的扩展,有助于土壤质地的分类,但原始光谱数据具有更加丰富的特征信息,更适合进行土壤质地分类建模;(3)在对非均衡数据集建模时,集成学习方法和神经网络方法都是不错的选择;(4)较难通过模型去区分土壤质地分界线附近的类别,其中在4组分类标准下最容易被预测错误成黏壤土组,在12级分类标准下最容易被预测错误成黏壤土和壤质黏土这两种土壤质地类型;(5)在4组分类标准中,进行归一化处理和MLP模型组合取得了0.68的最高预测准确度,其中黏壤土组的预测准确度能达...     

大巴山北坡土壤的粘粒矿物特征

大巴山北坡不同海拨6个土壤类型中,粘粒矿物以2:1型为主,1:1型高岭石很少。硅铝率在3.06～4.34之间,硅铝铁率在2.38～3.23之间。随海拨升高,蛭石及水云母在矿物中所占比重下降,绿泥石逐渐成为主要矿物。亚高山草甸土及山地暗棕壤以绿泥石为主,水云母次之,伴少量蒙脱石;棕色石灰土、山地棕壤、山地黄棕壤以水云母及蛭石为主,伴有蒙脱石及高岭石,其矿物组合各有特点;黄褐土以水云母,蒙脱石为主,伴有蛭石及高岭石。