Factors affecting development of Septoria tritici in winter wheat and its effect on yield

Severe infection with Septoria tritici occurred in four of five experiments designed to create a series of different disease epidemics. These experiments successfully identified periods suitable for infection. They also indicated the effect of sprays, timed before and after these periods, on disease development and yield.
Analysis of disease progress and weather records suggested that critical conditions for initial development of S. tritici occurred during early May at four sites. Heavy rain giving at least 10 mm on 1 day or a total of 10 mm or more on 2 or 3 successive days occurred at all four sites prior to the appearance of symptoms on a particular leaf layer, though less heavy rain may suffice to splash inoculum onto upper leaves in shorter, immature canopies where stem elongation is incomplete. At the fifth site, infection occurred later in May and disease failed to develop to a significant degree. At all sites, the length of the incubation period on any of the top three leaves was found to be between 396 and 496 degree days.
Control of winter epidemics of S. tritici had little effect on yield, whereas spray sequences commencing later than growth stage (GS) 31 but immediately prior to the critical periods provided the best disease control and yield benefit. Regression models incorporating, as independent variables, area under the S. tritici disease progress curve for any of the top three leaves from their emergence (GS 32-37) satisfactorily explained yield loss at the four sites where disease was severe. Consideration of leaf 2 or leaf 3 alone accounted for more than 82% of the variance at each site and a yield loss from infection of leaf 2 related to thermal time is suggested as 0.00265% per C per day from the appearance of symptoms.     

Wheat Leaf Rust Uredospore Production on Adult Plants: Influence of Leaf Nitrogen Content and Septoria tritici Blotch

ABSTRACT Leaf rust uredospore production and lesion size were measured on flag leaves of adult wheat plants in a glasshouse for different lesion densities. We estimated the spore weight produced per square centimeter of infected leaf, per lesion, and per unit of sporulating area. Three levels of fertilization were applied to the plants to obtain different nitrogen content for the inoculated leaves. In a fourth treatment, we evaluated the effect of Septoria tritici blotch on leaf rust uredospore production. The nitrogen and carbon content of the spores was unaffected or marginally affected by lesion density, host leaf nitrogen content, or the presence of Mycosphaerella graminicola on the same leaf. In leaves with a low-nitrogen content, spore production per lesion was reduced, but lesion size was unaffected. A threshold effect of leaf nitrogen content in spore production was however, evident, since production was similar in the medium- and high-fertilizer treatments. In leaves inoculated with M. graminicola and Puccinia triticina, the rust lesions were smaller and produced fewer spores. The relationships among rust lesion density, lesion size, and uredospore production were fitted to a model. We determined that the density effect on spore production resulted mainly from a reduction in lesion size, the spore production per unit of sporulating surface being largely independent of lesion density. These results are consistent with those obtained previously on wheat seedlings. The main difference was that the sporulation period lasted longer in adult leaves.     

PSR(Puccinia Striiformis Repeat)序列的基因组特异性和指纹遗传稳定性研究

 以PSR331S₃(Puccinia striiformis repeat)为探针,对感染小麦条锈菌P. striiformis f. sp. tritici模式菌系的叶片和常用繁殖寄主健康叶片总DNA进行Southern分析,结果显示PSR331S₃具有良好的指纹分辨力和基因组特异性。对系列单孢系的指纹分析表明,PSR位点在有丝分裂中是稳定遗传的,可以用于条锈菌的遗传分析。     

Influence of crop growth and structure on the risk of epidemics by Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici) in winter wheat

Generally, it is recognized that inocula of Septoria tritici present on the basal leaves of winter wheat crops are spread towards the top of the canopy by splashy rainfall. This mechanism of inoculum dispersal is commonly accepted to be a key limit on disease progression. Therefore, attempts to forecast epidemics of S. tritici often quantify rainfall by some means, but largely ignore measurement of pathogen and host variables. In the present study, we show that new wheat leaves emerge initially at a height below established leaves that can contain sporulating lesions of S. tritici . This presents the possibility of horizontal inoculum transfer, even without splashy rainfall. The extent and duration of overlap between emergent and established leaves was found to differ considerably with cultivar and sowing date. Nitrogen application had little effect on overlap, because differences in crop phenology, e.g. leaf area and nodal length, were relative. However, estimates of raindrop penetration to the base of crop canopies suggested that vertical movement of inoculum is affected by nitrogen application. Crops receiving more nitrogen are denser, and therefore less rainfall reaches the base of the canopy. The interactions between crop and pathogen development are discussed with reference to the implications for predicting disease risk. In particular, cultivar traits that promote disease escape are quantified.     

Patterns of development of Septoria nodorum and S. tritici in some winter wheat crops in Western Europe, 1981-83

In data collected at 19 sites in Western Europe during 1981-83. two patterns of development of Septoria nodorum and S. tritici on foliage of winter wheal were distinguished. In sudden outbreaks, lesions appeared simultaneously on the upper leaf layers of crops, usually after the end of stem extension; these outbreaks were ascribed to short, heavy rain storms in which pycnidiospore inoculum in basal leaves was elevated up to 60 cm through the crop canopy. Gradual epidemics were characterized by disease arising on successive leaf layers as they appeared during sustained periods of weather suitable for inoculum transport and infection.
The data indicate incubation periods of 2-4 weeks for S. nodorum and 3-5 weeks for S. tritici. it is suggested that a leaf layer cannot normally sustain more than one pathogen generation and that its infection arises from inoculum borne on leaves older than in the layer situated immediately below it. The potential level of disease in a crop may relate to the amount of inoculum present in spring. The proportions of disease caused by the two Septoria species varied greatly between sites and years, but the data provided no explanation.
It is concluded that a septoria forecast scheme needs to recognise the importance of sudden disease outbreaks and to include not only weather but also host growth and inoculum factors.     

Effects of growth stage, leaf position and temperature on adult-plant resistance of wheat infected by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici

Growth stage, leaf position and temperature effects on components of resistance to Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) were studied. Inoculation of Era, Glenlea, Sinton and RL6044 plants at five growth stages showed that latent period increased and uredinium numbers decreased as each adult-plant-resistant wheat matured. Growth stage had little effect on latent period in the susceptible cultivar Morocco. No significant differences in latent period determined on the flag, flag -1 and flag -2 leaves of the same plant were observed for Era, Glenlea and RL6044. However, leaf age should be considered in assessing adult-plant resistance because the latent period of P. recondita f.sp. tritici in flag leaves of Sinton was shorter than that determined for the flag-1 and flag -2 leaves. Fewer uredinia developed on the flag -2 leaf of Glenlea than on the flag leaf. The latent period of leaf rust in Era, Glenlea, RL6044 and Morocco was significantly longer at 15°C than at 21°C, but temperature did not affect Sinton to the same degree. Uredinium size was a sensitive criterion of adult-plant resistance. Uredinium development in line RL6044 was significantly restricted at 15°C, but uredinia on Era, Glenlea and Sinton at 15°C were as large as those at 21°C. On the susceptible Morocco uredinia were larger at 15°C than at 21°C.     

辽河流域小麦白粉病综合治理体系

在田间,通过不同时期人工接种小麦条锈病菌和施用杀菌剂三唑酮的组合,测定小麦叶内三唑酮及其代谢产物三唑醇含量对病害相对侵染几率,潜育期,病斑扩展,产孢面积及传染期等组分的定量影响。结果表明,施药后不同批次接种,在一定时间内,麦叶内药剂可降低病害相对侵染几率并延长其潜育期;接种后施药在一个潜育期内,药剂可使病害潜育期提早。     

Host-pathogen relationship of geographically diverse isolates of Septoria tritici and wheat cultivars

Pathogenic variability of 14 Septoria tritici isolates from different locations in the USA (California, Oregon, and Texas) was determined on seedlings of two sets of geographically diverse wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Significant isolate effects, cultivar effects, and isolate × cultivar interactions were found, and a substantial amount of variation was accounted for by the interaction terms compared with the main effects of isolate and cultivar. All isolates were pathogenic on the cultivars tested but the degree of virulence on the individual cultivars varied among isolates. Linear contrasts between all homologous combinations (isolate × cultivar combination of same geographic location) and all heterologous combinations (isolate × cultivar combination of different locations) indicated that homologous combinations produced significantly more disease than heterologous combinations. The results demonstrate location-specific adaptation of S. tritici. Implications of pathogenic variability and local adaptation in S. tritici are discussed.     

The Occurrence of Mycosphaerella graminicola and its Anamorph Septoria tritici in Winter Wheat during the Growing Season

The disease septoria tritici blotch of wheat is initiated by ascospores of the teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola or pycnidiospores of the anamorph Septoria tritici. We report for the first time the presence of the teleomorph, M. graminicola, in Denmark. With the objective of elucidating the importance of the teleomorph for the development of septoria tritici blotch, data on the occurrence of fruit bodies of the anamorph (pycnidia) and the teleomorph (pseudothecia) stages were collected over three growing seasons. Pseudothecia were present in the springs, however, high numbers of pseudothecia compared to pycnidia were not observed until July, too late to influence the epidemic. On an individual leaf layer, pycnidia were observed well before pseudothecia. As the leaves aged, progressively higher proportions of fruit bodies were observed to be pseudothecia. The period from the appearance of pycnidia to detection of pseudothecia was estimated as 29–53 days. At harvest, high proportions of sporulating fruit bodies in the crop were pseudothecia, suggesting that the primary source of inoculum for new emerging wheat crops in autumn is likely to be ascospores.     

小麦类病变LSD基因全基因组鉴定与转录组分析

类病变(lesion simulating disease, LSD)基因编码锌指蛋白家族, 在细胞程序性死亡(PCD)和其他生物过程中发挥作用。本研究鉴定了普通小麦Triticum aestivum和其3种亚基因组供体乌拉尔图小麦T.urartu、野生二粒小麦T.dicoccoides和节节麦Aegilops tauschii中LSD基因家族。结果表明, 普通小麦、乌拉尔图小麦、野生二粒小麦和节节麦中分别含有24、4、10个和5个LSD基因; 同源性分析表明, 普通小麦相关的同源物共70对, 有38对旁系同源物(54%)。蛋白质特征显示, 13个(54%)TaLSD基因含有3个zf-LSD1结构域, 大部分TaLSD为碱性蛋白质、不稳定蛋白质和非亲水蛋白质; 转录组分析表明, 小麦LSD基因的表达量与禾谷镰刀菌、白粉菌和条锈菌的侵染紧密相连。     

Comparative pathogenicity of sexual and asexual spores of Zymoseptoria tritici (septoria tritici blotch) on wheat leaves

Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and pycnidiospores are considered the main forms of primary and secondary inoculum, respectively, in septoria tritici blotch epidemics. The pathogenicity of the two types of spores of the same genotypic origin were compared through a two‐stage inoculation procedure in controlled conditions. Adult wheat leaves were inoculated with ascospores collected from field sources, yielding 119 lesions; pycnidiospores collected from 12 lesions resulting from these ascospore infections were then used for inoculation. Lesion development was assessed for 5 weeks; latent period, lesion size, and pycnidium density were estimated for different isolates. The latent period was calculated as the maximum likely time elapsed between inoculation and either the appearance of the majority of the sporulating lesions (leaf scale) or the appearance of the first pycnidia (lesion scale). The latent period was significantly longer (c. 60 degree‐days, i.e. 3–4 days) after infection with ascospores than with pycnidiospores. No difference was established for lesion size and density of pycnidia. A comparison with other ascomycete fungi suggested that the difference in latent period might be related to the volume of spores and their ability to cause infection. Fungal growth before the appearance of lesions may be slower after inoculation with an ascospore than with a pycnidiospore. The mean latent period during the very beginning of epidemics, when first lesions are mainly caused by ascospores, may be longer than during spring, when secondary infections are caused by pycnidiospores. Disease models would be improved if these differences were considered.     

Incidence-density relationship of pear scab (Venturia nashicola) on fruits and leaves

Lesion-count data on fruits/leaves from two regions of China and on leaves from controlled-environment studies were used to investigate incidence-density [incidence of leaves/fruits with lesion(s) and average number of lesions per leaf/fruit] and incidence-incidence [incidences of leaves and shoots with lesion(s)] relationships. Few of the datasets for the number of lesions per fruit/leaf could be fitted satisfactorily by a Poisson distribution. Three two-parameter distributions (negative binominal, Neyman type A and Polya-Aeppli) provided significantly better fit than the Poisson distribution, indicating a degree of aggregation in the number of lesions on a single leaf/fruit. However, many datasets could still not satisfactorily be fitted by these distributions. The dynamics of aggregation of lesions on leaves/fruits was well described by Taylor's power-law model. Regression models provided accurate predictions of the average number of lesions per leaf/fruit from the incidence of leaves or fruits with lesion(s). Nevertheless, the incidence-density relationship varied considerably between regions and between leaf and fruit scab. Field data also indicated that the number of scabbed leaves per shoot showed some degree of aggregation. The incidence of leaves with scab could be predicted accurately from the incidence of shoots with scab. The incidence-density relationships developed in this study could be used in making practical disease-management decisions when incidence of leaves with scab is less than 35%.     

Resistance responses of albino leaves of Triticum timopheevii mutants inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici

Albino chlorophyll mutants induced in Triticum timopheevii by γ-irradiation were used to study the influence of photosynthetic activity on the development of two isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici , and host resistance responses, 72 h after inoculation. The results showed that the percentage of pathogenic units inhibited by papilla response and epidermal cell hypersensitivity was lower on albino primary seedling leaves than on normal green seedling leaves. On albino leaves, the development of pathogenic units which established a successful penetration was either decreased or retarded, depending on the isolate used. This effect could be attributed to the limited supply of assimilates from the albino host due to the lack of photosynthetic activity.     

小麦品种对小麦白粉病菌侵染信号传递初探

 通过测定抗病性不同的小麦品种在接种小麦白粉病菌后钙调素含量的变化发现其存在差异。如抗病品种钙调素含量高峰出现在接种后4 h,即寄主与白粉病菌接触阶段。而感病品种接种后24 h出现钙调素含量高峰。比较测定了不同的钙调素抑制剂对小麦品种抗白粉性的影响,发现10mmol/L TFP和5 mmol/L CPZ处理使抗病品种变为高度感病,50 mmol/L CPZ处理使小麦感染白粉菌后反应型下降,表明钙调素与小麦抗白粉性有关。     

Seasonal abundance of different stages of the citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii, on two mango cultivars in South Africa

The citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a pest of mango in South Africa. The aim of the study was to monitor the different stages ofS. aurantii in mango orchards throughout the year. Populations ofS. aurantii were monitored using different methods,i.e., yellow sticky traps, dispersal/emergence traps, counts on fruit and in flowers. Eggs and emergence holes on the new leaves were recorded. The number of adults increased at the end of flowering (September) and remained at high levels until fruiting (November). Low numbers were present from May to August. Much higher population levels were present during 1995/96 than during the 1996/97 season. There was higher infestation present on the cultivar ‘Sensation’ than on ‘Zill’.S. aurantii was present on the fruit for only a short period (less than 10 weeks) during the season and the population was maintained on flush that was present throughout the year.     

低温对金纹细蛾越冬蛹及蛹后发育的影响

为探索金纹细蛾Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura)最佳保种方法,在室外变温和恒温冷藏两种条件下研究低温对其越冬蛹及蛹后发育的影响。结果显示,室外变温贮藏60 d,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹的发育历期分别为15.3 d和20.5 d,与非冷藏正常发育的对照比较差异显著;恒温冷藏120 d,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹发育历期分别为23.5 d和29.6 d,与对照差异显著。室外变温贮藏60 d时,祼蛹及虫疤叶内蛹的羽化率接近60%;恒温冷藏105 d时,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹的羽化率大于60%。75~120 d内,羽化畸形率依次为室外虫疤叶内蛹>室外祼蛹>冷藏祼蛹>冷藏虫疤叶内蛹。恒温冷藏对雌、雄蛾寿命无明显影响,但雌雄性比随冷藏时间的增加而明显增大,室外变温贮藏75 d以上,羽化的雄蛾平均寿命显著缩短。恒温冷藏对产卵行为无显著影响,随冷藏时间的延长,雌蛾平均产卵量下降,但孵化率增加。研究表明,恒温冷藏虫疤叶是较好的保种方式,以4℃冷藏105 d最佳。     

盾壳霉控制油菜菌核病菌再侵染及其叶面存活动态的研究

 本文评估了施于油菜(Brassica napus)叶片上的盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)控制油菜菌核病菌再侵染能力,探讨了其作用机理,并测定了盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜叶面上的存活动态。结果如下:叶面上的盾壳霉对油菜菌核病菌的初侵染影响较小,但在高剂量(> 10⁶孢子/ml)时可以控制病斑的扩展。所有供试剂量的盾壳霉均可不同程度地控制再侵染。盾壳霉分生孢子可在叶面病部迅速萌发,48 h和72 h时孢子萌发率分别为51%和95%,而在健康叶面上6 d未能检测到萌发的孢子。自携带盾壳霉的叶面病部不能分离到核盘菌,表明叶面上的盾壳霉已寄生并破坏了核盘菌再侵染菌丝。自油菜叶面上分离到的盾壳霉菌落数随时间延长而降低,但其分生孢子至少可以在叶面上存活28 d。这即表明,在叶面上适时适量地添加盾壳霉可以控制油菜菌核病的为害。     

小麦白粉病菌对温度不同敏感性菌株的寄生适合度研究

 利用离体叶片接种法,将12个对温度不同敏感性的小麦白粉病菌株分别在18℃和22℃条件下的流行组分（潜育期、侵染几率、单病斑累积产孢量和病斑日扩展面积）和寄生适合度进行了测定。结果表明,对温度不同敏感性菌株的流行组分在18℃和22℃条件下均存在显著性差异,且单病斑累积产孢量与病斑日扩展面积的相关性最高。各供试菌株在22℃条件下的寄生适合度均低于18℃条件下的寄生适合度。在两温度条件下,对温度低敏感性菌株平均寄生适合度高于对温度高敏感性菌株,特别是在较高温度下这种趋势更为明显。     

Isolation and characterization of Clavibacter tritici associated with Anguina tritici in wheat from Western Australia

Two infestations of Anguina tritici in Western Australia were investigated for the presence of Clavibacter tritici. Five strains of C tritici were isolated from each site and compared with strains from Egypt, India, Iran and Iraq by allozyme electrophoresis. The Australian strains were genetically homogeneous but distinct from the non-Australian strains. A. tritici galls were found to be colonized by C. tritici , a feature of C. tritici infection not previously reported. C. tritici strains from Australia adhered to A, tritici but not to Anguina funesta. No corynetoxins were detected in C. tritici-infected galls. The potential of non-toxigenic Clavibacter species, such as C. tritici , for biocontrol of Clavibacter toxicus , the species responsible for poisoning livestock, is discussed.     

Suppression of Septoria tritici and Puccinia recondita of wheat by an antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonad

A fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. (strain LEC 1) isolated from soil suppressed Septoria tritici by 88% and Puccinia recondita by 98% when applied to wheat seedlings 3 h prior to inoculation with the pathogens. Fractionation and analysis of two inhibitory compounds from cultures of strain LEC 1 on thin-layer chromatography plates yielded the phenazine antibiotics 1-hydroxyphenazine (phOH) and chlorora-phin. 1-hydroxyphenazine reduced the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. rolfsii on a denned medium, with greatest activity against P. aphanidermatum and least against S. rolfsii. Application of 160 mg/l phOH to wheat seedlings reduced S. tritici by 61% and P. recondita by 75%. Lower concentrations of the antibiotic were less effective. Growth of 5. tritici in liquid medium was reduced by phOH at 5–20 mg/l and prevented at 40 mg/l. When phOH was added to the medium 48 h after inoculation (logarithmic growth phase), growth was interrupted but later recovered with phOH concentrations up to 40 mg/l; there was no recovery at 60 mg/l. Chlororaphin inhibited the growth of S. tritici on malt agar medium.