小果甜柿和牛眼柿作为完全甜柿砧木的应用潜力研究

【目的】探讨源自湖北省大别山区调查发现的两种新砧木类型小果甜柿和牛眼柿的分类学地位及其作为完全甜柿广亲和砧木的可能性。【方法】在应用SSAP分子标记技术分析小果甜柿和牛眼柿植物分类学地位基础上,进一步建立离体嫁接技术以早期判断砧穗嫁接亲和性,同时对多种砧穗组合的田间性状进行多年观测和比较分析。【结果】(1)SSAP分析证明小果甜柿和牛眼柿与柿(Diospyros kaki Thunb.)为同种;(2)愈伤组织靠接和离体茎段嫁接结果均显示以小果甜柿和牛眼柿为砧木与‘次郎’或‘富有’的嫁接亲和性较君迁子为佳,且小果甜柿较牛眼柿更优;(3)以小果甜柿和牛眼柿为砧木时‘次郎’和‘松本早生’成年树田间生长发育均表现正常,砧木为牛眼柿时‘次郎’和‘松本早生’坐果率和单株产量相对较高,其他果实品质指标在不同年份间有差异,但不同砧穗组合间差异不显著。【结论】小果甜柿和牛眼柿可望作为完全甜柿的广亲和砧木。     

‘富有’甜柿砧木种质早期亲和性研究

以25个柿砧木为材料,对‘富有’甜柿进行嫁接亲和力比较试验,通过连续多年观测多项生理生化指标,并辅以数学多元统计的方法,分析比较不同砧木嫁接‘富有’甜柿后生长差异情况,评价不同砧木嫁接‘富有’甜柿的亲和性,初步筛选并获得具有推广潜力的‘富有’系亲和性砧木。结果表明,柿不同近缘种嫁接‘富有’甜柿的嫁接成活率、嫁接保存率、嫁接口愈合情况差异显著,本砧嫁接‘富有’甜柿嫁接亲和性相对稳定,不因本砧品种而异。综合评价结果表明,君迁子824和君迁子848与‘富有’的早期亲和性较好。     

不同砧树高接‘太秋’甜柿的成活率与生长状况

分别用毛柿、野生猴柿、永定迟熟红柿、早熟红柿、恭城月柿、牛心柿6种涩柿和次郎甜柿高接‘太秋’甜柿,研究‘太秋’品种的嫁接成活率和生长情况.结果表明,‘太秋’甜柿采用嵌合芽接法高接于6种涩柿上的平均成活率达75％以上,牛心柿上的成活率最高,为91.43％.次郎甜柿砧树的成活率较低,只有45.45％.‘太秋’嫁接于6种涩柿上萌生的枝梢粗度及摘心后萌生的二次枝的总长度,都极显著高于嫁接于次郎甜柿的,各种涩柿之间的差异表现极显著.     

砧木对甜柿光合效能和生理生化指标的影响

以油柿、栽培柿、野柿和君迁子作砧木嫁接旱生富有及次郎甜柿，研究表明，君迁子砧旱生富有甜柿叶片净光合速率(Pn)及反应生理指标的水溶性糖、还原性糖含量较高，光合产物输出率和植株生长量则较低，叶片中P,B、Mn、Ca、Mg有积累趋势；而次郎4种砧木间各指标差异不显著。除君迁子旱生富有组合不亲和外，其他砧穗组合亲和性良好。     

4个甜柿品种在桂林的引种表现

为探索甜柿品种在桂林地区的适应性,2014～2015年分别引进‘太秋’、‘阳丰’、‘花御所’、‘次郎’4个优良日本甜柿品种,种植于桂林市七星区、恭城县和灵川县等地进行引种观察。结果表明,‘太秋’甜柿在桂林低海拔地区综合表现良好,果实品质最佳;‘阳丰’甜柿以君迁子为砧木,在桂林高海拔地区种植表现良好,在低海拔地区表现不佳;‘花御所’甜柿综合表现良好,与‘恭城月柿’嫁接亲和性强,适宜‘恭城月柿’高接换种;‘次郎’甜柿裂果率高,不适宜在桂林种植。     

桂林甜柿生产现状及建议

为了解桂林市甜柿生产现状,2018～2019年对该市96个甜柿园及38份样果进行了调查分析。结果表明,太秋甜柿面积最大、品质最好,其次是阳丰甜柿和花御所甜柿,次郎甜柿面积最少;太秋与月柿高接不亲和、与野柿亲和性良好;阳丰高海拔(500 m以上)表现良好、低海拔(200 m以下)表现欠佳;花御所用月柿高接亲和性良好、品质产量具佳;次郎裂果多、口感差。建议桂林以太秋为主且以野柿为砧木新植建园,阳丰在高海拔地区种植,花御所适合用月柿高接建园。     

中国甜柿‘鄂柿1号’偶开雄花现象及其杂交后代早期鉴定

【目的】绝大多数柿品种仅开雌花,但中国甜柿‘鄂柿1号’可偶尔开雄花,探讨该现象与DNA变异有无关系及其育种学意义。【方法】利用荧光AFLP技术探讨‘鄂柿1号’雄花枝梢与其母株间的基因组是否存在变异;通过检测其花粉生物学特性以及F1是否存在与中国甜柿自然脱涩连锁的RO2标记和与雄性性别紧密连锁的Dl Sx-AF4S标记,探讨其作为中国甜柿育种亲本的可能性。【结果】(1)AFLP分析表明已知遗传关系的‘前川次郎’和‘次郎’(前者为后者的早熟芽变类型)的相似系数0.88,而‘鄂柿1号’雄枝与母株的相似系数为1.00,说明‘鄂柿1号’偶开雄花性状可能与DNA序列变异无关;(2)‘鄂柿1号’雄枝花粉离体萌发率较低,但其与‘太秋’和‘早秋’柱头亲和性较强;(3)‘鄂柿1号’作父本与‘太秋’和‘早秋’杂交,以及作母本与‘太秋’杂交,均可获得携带RO2标记的F1代单株,且在其作父本的部分F1代单株中检测不到Dl Sx-AF4S标记。【结论】‘鄂柿1号’偶开雄花现象可能不涉及遗传物质DNA序列的改变,其变异原因有待进一步探讨;其作杂交父本时F1单株中均携带与中国甜柿自然脱涩性状连锁的RO2标记,且部分单株不含与雄性性状连锁的Dl Sx-AF4S标记,说明其在选育仅开雌花的完全甜柿新品种中具应用潜力。     

优质大果甜柿新品种‘川甜柿1号’

‘川甜柿1号’系从日本引进品种‘次郎’优选单株培育出的优质大果型甜柿新品种．在四川盆地多点栽培表现良好。该品种树体长势较旺盛．与君迁子嫁接亲和力强，单性结实能力强，丰产，综合性状优良。是适合山地和丘陵种植的优良树种，2003年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

‘太秋’甜柿在淮安地区引种栽培初报

‘太秋’甜柿(‘富有’×Ⅱi G-16)原产日本,为完全甜柿,肉质酥脆,品质极佳,是公认的高档鲜食甜柿品种。江苏省气候资源与日本优质甜柿的主产区接近,有利于优质甜柿的发展。因此,在江苏发展‘太秋’甜柿,具有重要意义。2004年,江苏省新沂市林特产科技服务中心从陕西国家柿种质资源圃引进‘太秋’甜柿,在江苏省内进行试栽,发现江苏省内没有适宜嫁接‘太秋’甜柿的砧木.     

优质大果甜柿新品种‘川甜柿1号’

 ‘川甜柿1号’系从日本引进品种‘次郎’优选单株培育出的优良甜柿新品种, 果实大, 质优, 色艳, 甜脆爽口, 保脆期长, 耐贮运; 与‘君迁子’嫁接亲和力强, 生长势较旺, 早果, 丰产; 抗病虫; 不易裂果; 较耐瘠薄和粗放管理, 适宜山地和丘陵地区种植。     

Screening of cold-resistant seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of eastern Gansu province,China, as rootstocks

Seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of Eastern Gansu province, China, were evaluated to screen cold-resistant rootstocks in Lanzhou area. After 14-year investigation two selections of LDP-191and LDP-294 were screened as rootstocks for two table grape cultivars, ‘Fujiminori’ and ‘Red Globe’, respectively. The two graft unions demonstrated very high cold-resistance as well as good graft compatibility. Furthermore, they could survive through low temperatures in winter without soil coverage together with good fruit quality of the cultivars grafted.     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

Determination of Graft Compatibility of Pear Cultivars Grafted on Different Rootstocks by Carbohydrate Analyses

In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks.

     

苦瓜嫁接技术的研究与推广

进行了不同丝瓜资源与碧秀苦瓜的嫁接亲和性试验.试验结果表明,不同丝瓜与苦瓜的亲和性是不同的;选育出一个苦瓜砧木新品种"强根苦瓜砧",其嫁接苗的产量比实生苗高33.6%;研究出的嫁接苗网式栽培技术,省工省钱,可进行示范推广.     

柿野生雄性资源调查及其遗传多样性研究

柿（Diospyros kaki Thunb.）雄性种质资源非常稀缺,系统收集和梳理国内外现有雄性资源,阐明其遗传多样性并揭示其与主栽甜、涩柿品种及近缘种的亲缘关系,对雄性种质资源的高效利用有重要意义。在全国范围内开展柿野生种质资源调查,在湖北、广西、江苏等地发现野生雄性种质资源共计90余份。利用15对SSR引物对47份柿完全雄性资源、2份雄全同株资源和11份中国雌雄同株资源进行遗传多样性分析,以67份完全雌性资源、38份日本资源（其中包括25份雌雄同株资源）以及28份近缘种为对照。结果表明：15对引物共获得144个等位基因和316个基因型,平均每个引物获得9.60个等位基因和21.07个基因型,其中位点ssrDK11/DQ097479 遗传变异程度最高。从地理分布来看,柿雄性资源在适生的野外山区普遍存在,其中湖北木兰山来源的雄性资源遗传多样性最高,陕西省来源的雄性资源遗传多样性最低。UPGMA和ME聚类方法分别将193份资源分为16组和12组,两种聚类结果反映的总体规律类似：（1）各来源地间的野生雄性资源存在着一定程度的遗传隔离;（2）湖北木兰山野生雄性资源被分为遗传关系较远的两类,一类与江西、江苏、湖南野柿及‘火晶’等主栽涩柿品种和‘耀县五花柿’等雌雄同株涩柿品种亲缘关系较近,另一类与云架山雄性资源和罗田甜柿（包括‘甜宝盖’）亲缘关系较近;（3）大部分日本来源的柿资源可被单独聚为一类。     

葡萄叶片中生理生化物质含量与嫁接亲和力关系的研究

以华东葡萄、秋葡萄、毛葡萄、掌裂草葡萄4种野生葡萄为砧木，嫁接红富士品种，测定他们的叶片干物重、水势、可溶性糖、氮与钾含量，研究其与亲和力的关系。结果表明：葡萄叶片干物重、含氮及含钾量与嫁接亲和力无关；水势低的接穗嫁接在水势高的野生砧木上，易成活；砧、穗间可溶性糖含量的差异程度越小，亲和力越强。     

大棚嫁接西瓜砧木新品种筛选试验初报

用5个葫芦砧木品种嫁接早佳西瓜,进行嫁接亲和力、抗病性、耐高温性测定,从中筛选出葫砧2号砧木的嫁接西瓜,高抗枯萎病,耐低温,且较耐高温;西瓜产量比目前主栽的日本葫芦砧木嫁接西瓜增产13.0%;西瓜脆甜,口感佳。     

Differentiation of sieve tubes in compatible and incompatible Prunus graftings

Two cultivars of P. avium were grafted on rootstocks of P. cerasus and P. fruticosa, with F 12/1 (P. avium) as “control”. The tissue near the graft unions was investigated histochemically. The number of well differentiated sieve tubes was much lower in graftings with poor compatibility. The slime plugs attached to their sieve plates contained lignin-like deposits.     

四倍体甜樱桃矮化砧木新品种‘矮杰’

甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木‘矮杰’（原代号LBS）是从‘吉塞拉6’（Prunus cerasus × P. canescens）六倍体的实生后代中选育出,与绝大多数甜樱桃品种嫁接亲和性良好,嫁接口光滑,无大小脚现象,平均嫁接成活率87.3%。以其为砧木嫁接的甜樱桃‘萨米脱’定植翌年始花,4年丰产,比乔化砧嫁接树早丰产3 ~ 5年。以‘矮杰’为砧木的‘萨米脱’甜樱桃定植后4年,其分枝数量、树高、干周和冠径均大于‘吉塞拉6’砧的‘萨米脱’,平均株产高24.3%。