楸树育苗技术

楸树为紫葳科落叶大乔木，树高可达30m，胸径1m多，材质优良，纹理直，不翘不裂，耐腐、耐湿，为建筑、家具、造船、桥梁、雕刻、乐器等用材。叶、树皮、种子均为中药材，嫩叶可食，花可炒食和浸提芳香油。楸树树姿雄伟，树干通直，花美观。对二氧化碳、氯气等有毒气体有较强的抗性，是良好的用材树和园林绿化树种。     

别有情趣的采花节

采花节，又称女儿节，是甘肃博峪地区藏族人民的传统佳节，每年农历五月初四、初五举行。 博峪地区山峦起伏，森林茂密。五月时节，漫山遍野盛开着野花，有杜鹃、芍药、枸杞、草莓、贝母、酒曲等百余种，黄白交错，红蓝相间，把大地打扮得五彩缤纷，如诗似画。     

春花的栽培管理

春花，种名石斑木，学名Rhapniolepis　indica，为蔷薇科石斑木属，别名春花、报春花、车轮梅。有大叶、圆叶、柳叶、厚叶之分。常绿灌木，高达4M。叶片互生，革质，卵形或矩圆形。制作盆景以圆叶、柳叶的小灌木变种为好，园林绿化以厚叶种较好。主产于亚洲地区，我国安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖南等省均有分布。     

花色绚丽的猴面花

猴面花（Mimulus spp．）为玄参科沟酸浆属多年生草本，常作一、二年生栽培。茎粗壮，中空，叶对生，阔卵形至心形，全缘或具齿。花单生于叶腋内或为顶生的总状花序，花萼筒状或钟状，花冠二唇形，上唇2裂，直立或反曲，下唇3裂，常开展，花色繁多，有乳白色、黄色、橙色、粉红色、红色等。蒴果，种子多数。花期一般为春、夏、秋三季。本属约有150种，广布全球，以美洲西北部为多，我国产5种，主要分布于西南各省。     

上海·5月果市回顾及6月预测

5月中旬开始，上海果市在郊区甜瓜一个接一个上市高峰的簇拥下，再加之丰亡果、樱桃番茄、桑葚、枇杷、樱桃、油桃、荔枝等时令鲜果争先上市的氛围中，喜气洋洋，销售一派火热，成交量有一定增长，销售额上升明显。5月受上海郊区地产甜瓜上市的拉动，果市销量逐渐增加。最典型的上海山华果品市场、上海农产品中心批发市场等地受益于甜瓜销售，销量比上月增长2％。上海果品配送有限公司、上海果王食品有限公司等配送企业也是生意兴隆。加之海南、云南、山东等地西瓜，福建、浙江、江苏、四川等地枇杷，海南荔枝，以及福建、浙江等地杨梅，山东樱桃，新疆哈密瓜等放量上市，活跃了果市气氛，     

黄瓜的养生保健食谱

清热解暑的黄瓜雪梨粥：糯米100克，雪梨1个，黄瓜1根,山楂糕1块，枸杞子少许。糯米淘洗净，用清水浸泡6小时；雪梨去皮、核，洗净切块；黄瓜洗净，切条；山楂糕切条,备用。糯米入锅中，加水,大火煮开，转小火煮，注意搅拌，不要煳底，煮成稀粥。将雪梨、黄瓜、山楂条下入粥锅中，拌匀，用中火烧沸，加冰糖、枸杞子调味即可。此菜脆嫩鲜香、酸甜适口具有生津止渴、清热解暑、利尿消肿的功效，是夏天的饮食佳品。     

桑椹

原料：桑椹10克，猪肝250克，鸡蛋清2个，熟地、杞子、桑椹酒、炒女贞子、姜片各10克，熟鸡肉8克，车前子、菟丝子、肉苁蓉各6克，胡椒粉、鸡精各1克，葱节15克，上汤700毫升。制作：熟地、桑椹、女贞子、肉苁蓉、菟丝子、车前子烘干研成细末，枸杞子温水泡发；猪肝去白筋，洗净，用刀背捶成茸，盛入碗中，加清水150毫升调匀，     

萝卜上市：“怀才不遇”式尴尬

萝卜，属十字花科作物，根肉质，半耐寒性蔬菜，生长适温为20~25℃，中国各地普遍栽培。其营养丰富，富含碳水化合物和多种维生素，其中维生素 C 的含量比梨高8~10倍。除此，中医认为，萝卜性凉，味辛甘，具有很强的行气功能，对止咳化痰、除燥生津、清热解毒、利便等皆有功效。最重要的是，萝卜还具有明显的防癌抗癌作用。因此，萝卜也理所当然地成为了千家万户餐桌上的常客，煨汤、清炒、红烧、醋腌、泡制等做法，风味各式，口感多样，营养多多。当下，已是萝卜蜂拥上市的旺季，为跟踪萝卜的市场行情，《长江蔬菜》记者来到武汉白沙洲农副产品大市场，采访萝卜批发商--天助商行老板鲁久利。     

五月花事

五月花事提醒 （一）一、二年生花卉二年生花卉及室内盆播的一年生花卉，如石竹、一串红、雏菊、福禄考等已陆续开花，要根据气温、雨量的变化来浇水，气温高多浇水，气温低少浇水，雨后要注意排水。同时，要按时喷药，减轻病虫危害，做到“防重于治”，这样才能延长观赏时间。春播半支莲、百日菊、长春花、麦秆菊等幼苗，除了正常的间苗、移苗、施肥之外，还需及时摘心，促使多分枝，达到株矮、花多的效果。室内摆放的一、二年生盆花，要提供光照充足和通风的条件，如果光照不足、通风不畅，容易遭受病虫危害和落叶、落花，观赏期缩短。     

国家蔬菜工程技术研究中心 北京京研益农科技发展中心

本中心新育成的中熟白菜一代杂种，生长期75天，比北京新三号提前上市5-7天，整齐度高，叶面稍皱，开展度较小，叶球中桩叠抱，后期壮心速度陕，紧实，单球净重4kg左右。抗三大病害，口感佳，品质优，耐贮运，667m^2（1亩）产净菜7000-8000kg。适于北京、河北、天津、辽宁、吉林、内蒙古、山东、新疆等地种植。华北地区立秋前后3—4天播种，行距60cm，株距40cm，667m^2（1亩）种植2600株左右。     

The microstructure of the suture in the pecan endocarp

The endocarp of pecan is hard to split before the seed germinates. Little is known about the tissue involved in splitting and if seed germination and dormancy affect the process. The endocarp usually splits along the suture when the seed germinates, but may split in other places when dry seeds are pressured. Regardless of the loading direction and the strength, the endocarp does not crack along the suture. We investigated the structure of the suture region of the endocarp using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and evaluated whether water in the endocarp affects the bonding force of the suture and germination. Six main types of cells were identified. The endocarp consists of isodiametric sclereids, flat sclereids and crenated oblatoid cork cells. Vascular bundles, ellipsoidal sclereids and dumbbell- or kidney-shaped sclereids are found close to the suture. Ellipsoidal sclereids arranged alternately strengthen the region adjacent to the suture, and ensure that the endocarp cracks precisely along the suture when the seed germinates. The two edges of carpels are bonded together by secondary metabolites and this bond is broken by water necessary for germination. Identification of the metabolites, which can be affected by the moisture content, may reduce natural cracking before or after harvest in commercial orchards.     

核桃内果皮硬化期生长素动态变化及差异表达基因分析

为研究核桃内果皮硬化主要涉及的生物过程及生长素在硬化过程中的作用,以‘新露’核桃为研究试材,形态学观察及木质素沉积分析表明,内果皮硬化与其表面维管束分布具有密切关系,靠近维管组织附近的内果皮硬化先于远离维管的区域。IAA含量在内果皮硬化过程中呈V字形变化;IAA在5个时期平均含量最高(16.467 ng·g-1),约为IBA、ICA和ME-IAA总和的6.8倍。木质素合成中间代谢物分析显示,木质素单体对香豆醇在内果皮硬化区的含量是未硬化区的16倍,芥子醇在内果皮硬化区的含量极高,但在未硬化区未检测到存在,且随着硬化进程这两种物质在内果皮硬化区的含量总体呈上升趋势。转录组与蛋白组关联分析获得了内果皮硬化相关的差异表达基因369条,在转录水平和蛋白质水平同时存在差异的基因关联结果较好,相关系数最低为0.48124;但差异表达基因整体关联结果较差,相关系数最高为0.22112。利用Metascape构建了差异表达基因显著富集的前20个生物学功能之间的关系网络,发现内果皮硬化主要涉及苯丙烷类代谢、氧胁迫响应、细胞壁组织与生物合成和氨基糖与核酸糖代谢4个生物过程。荧光定量结果表明,AUX/IAA...     

桃果实维管束的分布及解剖研究

 为了解桃果实输导组织分布及结构特征, 以‘大久保’桃果实为试材, 观察了维管束系统的分支体系和分布状况, 并用石蜡切片技术对维管束组织的解剖结构进行了系统观察。结果表明, 桃果实中的维管束分为骨干、分支和毛细3级, 其中骨干维管束又分为种胚维管束、内果皮维管束和中果皮维管束(腹维管束、背维管束及分布在内果皮两侧着生于果柄的维管束) , 分别为种仁、内果皮、中果皮的物质运输通道。种胚维管束韧皮部极其发达, 并伴有三生结构; 内果皮中分布的维管束韧皮部发达; 腹维管束、背维管束粗大且分支较多, 兼具发达的韧皮部及木质部。分支维管束和毛细微管束主要分布在中果皮中。毛细维管束的特点是韧皮部处有腔, 腔体随着果实的发育不断扩大。形态和结构上的不同是与其功能相适应的, 由此推测种仁和内果皮发育需要的营养物质以有机营养为主, 中果皮发育需要的营养物质则涵括有机物、无机物、水分。     

Cellulose synthesis during endocarp hardening of peach fruit

Summary

Changes in cellulose content and the accumulation of PpCesA1 mRNA, putatively encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase (CesA), were analysed in endocarp and mesocarp during endocarp hardening in peach fruit. The cellulose content of the endocarp was undetectable or very low [< 0.1 mg g^–1 fresh weight (FW) of endocarp] until 48 d after full bloom (DAFB), but began to increase rapidly at 55 DAFB, when the endocarp had attained its maximum size, and reached 4.4 mg g^–1 FW of endocarp at 85 DAFB. In contrast, the cellulose content of the mesocarp reached a detectable level (1.5 mg g^–1 FW of mesocarp) at 34 DAFB, stayed at this level until 85 DAFB, but then was lower at 107 DAFB. PpCesA1 mRNA was detected in the endocarp throughout the hardening, but was undetectable in the mesocarp. It is suggested that PpCesA1 has a role in the rapid synthesis of cellulose in the secondary cell walls of endocarp tissue during hardening.     

龙眼果皮发育解剖学观察

以储良龙眼品种为试材,观察了果皮的解剖结构发育特点。果皮发育早期(花后10d前),细胞体积小,排列紧密,细胞分裂活跃,外果皮有凸起的皱褶结构,有大量的表皮毛分化。果皮发育中期(花后10～52d),细胞体积变大,表皮毛开始脱落,外果皮逐渐平滑,中果皮处有石细胞群和海绵状组织的分化。果实发育后期(花后52d后,假种皮快速膨大阶段),有木栓形成层出现,形成周皮代替表皮起保护作用,随着果实生长,木栓层出现局部破裂。龙眼果皮可划分为外、中、内3层。中外果皮在发生次生木栓化前,由外表皮细胞及其附属物和角质层组成;在形成木栓形成层产生次生结构后,外果皮则由周皮组成。内果皮来源于子房内壁的几层细胞,由一层内表皮细胞和与之紧密相连的几层薄壁细胞组成。中果皮根据其组织特点可进一步分为上中果皮和下中果皮,上中果皮包括石细胞群、外层维管束和外果皮之内的薄壁细胞;下中果皮则主要包括海绵组织和其中的维管束。     

Cultivar-based fruit size in olive depends on different tissue and cellular processes throughout growth

In drupe fruits, in addition to fruit size, the proportions of mesocarp and endocarp tissues are critical objectives for fruit quality, crop production and management. The olive fruit is a typical drupe, with cultivars which show a wide range in both fruit size and the proportions of mesocarp and endocarp. Characterizing the roles of tissue and cellular processes in producing genetically based fruit size variability is necessary for crop improvement, as well as deepening our understanding of fruit developmental physiology. This study used microscope image analysis to evaluate cell number and size, the growth of mesocarp and endocarp tissues, and their developmental timing in producing fruit size among six olive cultivars with a large range of fruit size. We found that cultivar mesocarp and endocarp size increased linearly with fruit size, with larger sizes favoring an increasingly greater mesocarp/endocarp ratio. Within the mesocarp, cultivar-based fruit size related directly to cell number and was established soon after bloom by cell division rate. In spite of different cell division rates, all cultivars showed similar timing of cell division activity, with the majority of cells produced in the two months after bloom but, surprisingly, a substantial number of cells formed during the following 6 months. Cell expansion was high throughout fruit growth and an important factor in achieving final fruit size, but cell size did not differ among cultivars at any time. We can conclude that fruit size differences among olive cultivars are due at the tissue level to both mesocarp and endocarp sizes and at the cellular level to cell division throughout fruit growth. Furthermore, since cell size is consistent among cultivars in spite of variable cell division, it is likely that cultivar differences in cell expansion accompany those in cell division.     

影响野生杏种子萌发的相关因素研究初报

试验以新疆野生杏的单株种子为材料,通过低温层积、机械去壳、去种皮及赤霉素处理等方法,研究不同处理对野生杏种子休眠及萌发的影响.结果表明:野生杏种子经过低温层积处理后,在一定时间内,随着层积时间的延长,发芽率也随之提高;低温层积处理40 d后野生杏种子开始萌发,100 d后发芽率可达90%;野生杏种子的种壳和种皮不同程度的抑制了种子萌发,去除种壳可使种子萌发提前,同时提高其发芽率;未层积的种子在去除种皮后用清水处理24 h,在25℃条件下,种子的萌发率达到80%以上,说明去除种皮能基本解除种子的休眠;一定浓度的GA3对野生杏种子的萌发具有促进作用.6号带壳种子与去壳种子的最适GA3浓度均为100mg/L,发芽率分别为86.7%、100%.而7号带壳种子的最适GA3浓度为300 mg/L,发芽率为70%.     

Developmental problems in over-winter off-season longan fruit. II: Development of pericarp structure

Fruit development was investigated in field and changes in pericarp structure were comparatively studied in over-winter off-season and on-season longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Chuliang). The results showed developmental problems including small fruit size, severe fruit cracking and heavy fruit drop in the off-season fruit, although their seed size was not significantly affected compared to the on-season fruit. Anatomical studies showed that off-season longan fruit had a poorly developed pericarp, which was reflected by smaller fresh weight as well as thinner pericarp thickness, thinner spongy tissue, fewer cell layers in the periderm, smaller cell size and fewer cell numbers in the parenchyma tissue at the upper mesocarp, and fewer cell layers in the endocarp. In contrast, the recovery of the sclereids in the mesocarp was higher in the pericarp of the off-season fruit. The poor development of the pericarp in off-season fruit probably caused the small fruit size and severe fruit cracking. It was suggested that the adverse climatic conditions encountered by fruit development in the over-winter off-season longan suppressed cell division and expansion in the pericarp but did not affect sclereid formation.     

桃果实缝合线软化过程中内源激素的变化

为了明确桃果实缝合线过早软化的原因,以大久保桃为试材,利用气质联用和高效液相色谱的方法,对缝合线软化果(障碍果)和正常果的种仁、缝合线处果肉和其它部位果肉中的生长素(IAA)、玉米素(Z)、脱落酸(ABA)、茉莉酸(JA)的浓度进行了测定分析。结果表明,果肉ABA浓度是种仁的8～9倍,并随着果实的发育逐渐增加,接近成熟时达到最高,主要表现出对果肉成熟的调控作用。障碍果中Z的浓度在内果皮硬化初期明显高于正常果,与其缝合线异常生长(凸起)吻合;障碍果种仁的IAA浓度在内果皮硬化初期明显低于正常果,果肉中IAA浓度在内果皮硬化后上升,且障碍果高于正常果,说明IAA对中果皮细胞的扩大与成熟软化起调控作用。JA在种仁中的浓度是果肉的3～6倍,在硬核初期障碍果明显低于正常果,到硬核结束时则高于正常果,推测可能JA与内果皮发育有关。     

桃果实内果皮发育过程中糖积累与木质素沉积的变化

 以中熟桃‘京玉’和‘大久保’果实为材料, 测定桃果实内果皮在细胞分裂和硬核期糖的含量, 分析糖积累的变化情况; 通过间苯三酚—HCl对‘大久保’桃果实内果皮进行染色, 观察木质素沉积的进程; 应用常规戊二醛—锇酸双固定法在透射电镜下观察内果皮细胞壁的发育进程。结果表明, 桃果实内果皮在花后40 d前, 细胞不断分裂增生, 初生细胞壁不断膨大, 糖的积累快速增长, 大约40 d时葡萄糖和果糖的积累量达到最高; 到40 d后, 糖含量及山梨醇代谢迅速下降。此时内果皮开始木质化, 内部逐渐呈现红色, 大约半个月后, 整个内果皮都变红, 木质素从内到外基本沉积完毕, 说明木质素沉积发生在糖积累高峰之后, 糖的大量积累为木质素前体的合成奠定了物质基础, 糖积累量的多少直接影响内果皮发育的好坏。