23味中药对鸡白痢沙门菌地方株体外抑菌试验

为了研究23种中药对鸡白痢沙门菌地方株S1、S2及标准株的体外抑菌试验效果。方法:利用平板琼脂打孔法和试管二倍梯度稀释法分别测定抑菌圈直径大小、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:鸡白痢沙门菌地方株S1、S2对黄芩、连翘、五倍子等8种药物极度敏感;对其他的药物存在不同程度的敏感性。本试验研究为鸡白痢沙门菌地方株中药防治提供理论基础。     

泰州地区鸡白痢血清学调查及中药体外抑菌效果研究

为了解泰州地区鸡白痢血清流行病学现状及中药防治鸡白痢效果,对当地5个鸡场,每个鸡场随机选取30只鸡,采血进行鸡白痢平板凝集试验,共检出阳性样品26份,鸡白痢平均阳性率为17.3%。统计不同养殖模式鸡场的血清学调查情况,结果发现,（1）家林下散养鸡,鸡白痢阳性率为6.7%。2家平养鸡,鸡白痢阳性率31.7%。（2）家笼养鸡,鸡白痢阳性率为8.3%。对5家鸡场中疑似鸡白痢病死鸡采集病料,进行细菌的分离培养、革兰氏染色与镜检、生化鉴定,血清学鉴定,共分离鉴定鸡白痢沙门氏菌5株。选用6种中药对分离的鸡白痢沙门氏菌进行体外抑菌试验,结果发现：鸡白痢沙门氏菌对黄芩、连翘、黄连3种药物高度敏感,抑菌圈直径分别为20.24mm,19.33mm,18.15mm。对夏枯草中度敏感,抑菌圈直径为13.73mm。对金银花、马齿苋不敏感,抑菌圈直径分别为8.20mm、6.55mm。     

黄连解毒汤的体外抑菌试验及拆方研究

为了研究黄连解毒汤的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用平板打孔法和试管二倍稀释法研究黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的体外抑菌作用。平板打孔法试验结果表明,黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的抑菌圈直径依次为7.50mm±0.50mm、14.00mm±0.80mm、10.63mm±0.89mm。试管二倍稀释法试验结果表明,黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)依次为250.0、31.25、250.0g/L;最小杀菌质量浓度(MBC)依次为500.0、250.0、250.0g/L。对黄连解毒汤进行拆方试验研究结果表明,黄芩单味药对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果与黄连解毒汤原方的抑菌效果相接近,黄芩是原方中发挥抑菌作用的主药。黄芩、黄连两药配伍有拮抗作用,使其抑菌作用减弱。本研究为兽医临床上用中药方剂防治细菌性疾病提供理了论依据。     

几种常见单味中草药体外抗菌活性研究

选择16种单味中草药进行鸡白痢沙门氏菌体外抑菌试验.采用水煎煮法制备各单味中草药的水煎剂,通过琼脂扩散法和药敏纸片法测定各煎剂对鸡白痢沙门氏菌标准株和临床分离株的抑菌效果,测量抑菌圈直径.琼脂扩散法测得各单味中药水煎剂对鸡白痢沙门氏菌分离株的抑菌效果由强至弱的顺序为黄连＞鲜白果＞白头翁＞地榆＞石榴皮=黄芩,对鸡白痢沙门氏菌标准株的抑菌效果由强至弱的顺序为黄连＞鲜白果=地榆=石榴皮＞黄芩＞甘草＞白果仁＞刺五加果＞刺五加皮=黄柏.琼脂扩散法好于药敏纸片法.     

5种中药对猪霍乱沙门菌的抑菌作用

为研究黄连、黄芩、五倍子、黄柏和鱼腥草提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的抑菌效果,采用超声波处理,乙醇回流,水浴加热的方法提取5种中药的有效成分,采用2倍稀释法分别测定提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(mini-mum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌质量浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),采用肉汤稀释棋盘法,测定提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的联合抑菌效果。结果显示,黄连单独抑菌时的MIC值较其他中药的MIC值低,且与黄芩、五倍子联合用药时MIC值由7.81×103 mg/L降到3.91×103 mg/L。而黄芩与黄连、黄柏、五倍子、鱼腥草联合用药时MIC值均降低。黄芩与其他4种药联合用药后抑菌效果增强,且与五倍子联合用药时FICI值小于0.5表现为协同作用,并且2种药物的MIC降低明显。结果表明,黄连、黄芩、五倍子对猪霍乱沙门菌有较好的抑菌作用,黄连、黄芩、五倍子联用时,抑菌效果为协同或相加作用;黄芩与鱼腥草联用时抑菌效果为无关作用;黄柏与鱼腥草联用时抑菌效果也为无关作用。     

12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌效果

考察12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌作用。采用水煎法制备中草药水提液,分别通过平板打孔法、二倍稀释法和平板接种法对沙门菌进行体外抑菌试验,测定中药的敏感性及最小抑菌浓度。结果表明,在12种中药中,沙门菌对乌梅、黄连、女贞子、丁香呈高度敏感,对栀子、木香、金樱子、龙胆草呈中度敏感,对贯众、薏苡仁、鹿衔草、知母不敏感。乌梅、黄连、女贞子对沙门菌抑制作用较好,最小抑菌浓度分别为15.6 mg/mL、31.25 mg/mL、62.50 mg/mL;栀子、丁香和金樱子抑菌效果次之,最小抑菌浓度为250 mg/mL;木香、知母和龙胆草抑菌效果较弱,最小抑菌浓度均为500 mg/mL。从12种中药对沙门菌的体外抑菌效果来看,在临床上可用乌梅、黄连、女贞子治疗猪源沙门菌感染。     

18种中药水煎剂及其提取物浓缩粉对貂源肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抑菌作用研究

为研究连翘、白头翁、丹皮等18种中药水煎剂及其提取物浓缩粉对貂源肺炎克雷伯菌的抑菌作用,试验采用琼脂平板打孔法测定抑菌圈直径观察药物的体外抑菌作用。结果表明:中药水煎剂中,黄连、黄芩和薄荷对肺炎克雷伯分离株的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达10 mm以上,属于中度敏感。中药提取物浓缩粉中,丹皮酚对肺炎克雷菌的抑制作用最强,达到高度敏感。黄连、连翘、山豆根、白芍、薄荷和黄芪多糖6种中药提取物浓缩粉对肺炎克雷伯菌也具有较强的抑菌作用,抑菌圈直径达10 mm以上,属于中度敏感。说明18种中药水煎剂及其提取物浓缩粉对肺炎克雷伯菌有不同程度抑菌作用。     

中药对猪源大肠杆菌O_8体外抑菌试验研究

为了探讨猪源大肠杆菌O8对黄连等10种中药的体外敏感性,采用琼脂扩散法和微量二倍稀释法对10种中药水提物进行体外抑菌试验,测定抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:黄连对大肠杆菌O8呈高度敏感,抑菌圈直径为21.3 mm,其MIC值为7.813mg/mL,抑菌效果最好;黄芩、五倍子呈中度敏感,其MIC值为31.25mg/mL;而苦参不敏感,其MIC值为500mg/mL,抑菌效果差。     

中药对鸡致病性大肠埃希菌的体外抑菌试验

为研究25种中药对秦皇岛地区鸡致病性大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)地方流行株QH1(O78)、QH2(O89)、QH4(O1)的体外抑菌效果,以E.coli标准株ATCC25922作为质控菌株。利用水提法制备中药药液,使终浓度为1g/mL;用平板琼脂打孔法和改良微量二倍稀释-平板法分别测定25种中药的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,金银花、黄连、乌梅、五味子4种中药对鸡致病性E.coli地方株极度敏感,抑菌圈直径在20.3mm~22.7mm之间,其MIC在15.65mg/mL~31.25mg/mL之间;其他药物对鸡致病性E.coli地方株有不同程度的敏感性,为鸡致病性E.coli地方株中药防治提供理论基础。     

防治家禽腹泻的复方中药筛选及其提取工艺研究

为筛选能够有防治家禽腹泻的复方中药,选择对大肠杆菌有抑菌效果的单味中药,配置14种复方,结合对金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性沙门菌的抑菌能力,筛选出一个复方中药,通过正交试验确定该复方中药最佳提取工艺。结果显示:筛选的复方中药乙醇提取物(1 g/mL,200μL)对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鸡大肠杆菌、鸭大肠杆菌、鸡致病性沙门菌、鸭致病性沙门菌(指示菌浓度1×10^8cfu/mL)的抑菌圈直径分别为24.21mm、31.36mm、25.19mm、24.12mm、25.00 mm、25.49 mm;硫酸新霉素对上述致病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为23.61 mm、26.52 mm、14.69 mm、16.00 mm、24.11 mm、25.49 mm。经正交试验优化的最佳提取工艺为:15倍溶剂、提取时间60 mim、乙醇浓度90%、提取2次。优化后提取物体外抑菌试验(O78)的抑菌圈均值为26.65 mm。研究表明:筛选的复方中药对引起家禽腹泻的主要致病菌具有良好抑菌、杀菌作用,正交试验确定的提取工艺稳定可行。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.