氨的固定对土壤微生物氮的测定的影响

The effect of ammonium fixation on the estimation of soil microbial biomass N was studied by the standard fumigation-incubation(FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods,NO3-N content of fumigated soil changed little during incubation,while the fixed NH4^ in soils capable of fixing NH4^ increased with the increase of K2SO4-extractable NH4-N.one day fumigation increased both extractable NH4^ and fixed NH4^ ,However,prolonged fumigation gave no further increase.One day fumigation caused significant loss of NO3-N,while prolonged fumigation caused no further loss.For soils tested,the net increases of fixed NH4^ in fumigated soil equaled to 0-94% of NH4-N flush measured by the FI metod,and 1-74% of extractable N measured by the FE method.depending on different soils.It is concluded that the ammonium fixation was one of the processes taking place in soils during fumigation as well as incubation ofter fumigation and should not be neglected in the estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by either FI or FE method.     

磺胺嘧啶对土壤氮矿化及相关微生物参数的影响

兽用抗生素进入土壤,已经带来了新的土壤污染生态学问题,并已引起广泛关注。本文研究了不同浓度磺胺嘧啶残留对土壤氮矿化量及相关微生物参数的影响。结果表明,磺胺嘧啶对土壤氮矿化产生抑制作用,且抑制作用在低浓度比高浓度更为敏感。通过主成分分析和多元回归分析可知,在各相关微生物参数中,土壤微生物群落功能多样性可作为预测磺胺嘧啶残留时土壤氮矿化强度变化的指标。     

土壤微生物量和土壤固定态铵的变化及水稻对残留N的利用

在小麦盆栽试验后的^15N标记土壤上,研究了水稻生长过程中土壤微生物量C、N和土壤固定态铵的变化及其有机无机肥料残留N的有效性,结果表明,土壤微生物量C随着水稻生长而逐渐增加,到收获时达到1378．6－1790．5mg/kg土;土壤微生物量N的变化与水稻吸收N素有关,开始时由于淹水使得土壤微生物N有所下降,但随后又有所增加;随着水稻的N的吸收增加,生物量N又下降,直到水稻成熟期又有所恢复。在整个水稻生长季节中,土壤固定态铵的含量变化不大,但其中的一些^15N仍与外界土壤中矿质N发生了交换,表明 些固定态铵对水稻仍有较高的有效性。     

冬小麦生长期土壤固定态铵与微生物氮的动态研究

田间试验研究冬小麦生长期土壤固定态铵和微生物N动态变化结果表明 ,施入基肥后土壤固定态铵显著上升 ,春季后固定态铵显著下降 ,至扬花期降至最低点。作物生长后期随吸N量的降低 ,各施肥处理固定态铵含量约升至播前水平。冬小麦全生育期土壤微生物N呈明显季节变化 ,施基肥后短期内有所升高 ,且春季施肥后出现第 2次升高 ,至扬花期土壤微生物N降至最低点 ,至生长后期重新回升。     

模拟石灰添加对雷竹林土壤氮矿化的影响

土壤酸化是临安雷竹林竹笋生产的主要障碍因子之一。为了提高雷竹笋的产量,改良酸性土壤,提高土壤供氮能力极为重要。本研究以不同种植年限的雷竹林土壤为研究对象,通过模拟试验分析了石灰添加对土壤供氮能力的影响。试验采用Stanford间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究不同石灰添加量处理的土壤氮矿化动力学特征。结果表明,雷竹林土壤随着种植年限增加,pH显著降低,表层有机质和氮素显著积累。不同石灰添加量处理的雷竹林土壤119 天氮矿化过程符合一级反应动力学方程。与对照相比,施用石灰后,土壤氮供应综合指数均有不同程度的提高,说明添加石灰可显著提高土壤氮的有效性。经估算,当前雷竹林每千克土壤施用石灰4 ~ 8 g较适宜,石灰施用过多,会导致土壤矿质氮的过量积累,进而增加氮素损失。因此,通过合理施用石灰,可以缓解雷竹林土壤酸化和提高土壤供氮潜力,增强雷竹的可持续经营。     

土壤微生物生物量氮研究综述

简述了土壤微生物生物量N的含量及其影响因素、土壤微生物量N的生物有效性、影响土壤无机氮生物固定的因素及土壤微生物量N的测定，明确了土壤微生物量N在土壤N素循环转化过程中的重要作用。土壤微生物量N是土壤N素转化的重要环节，也是土壤有效氮活性库的主要部分。土壤微生物量N对作物N素的供应起着重要调节作用。土壤无机氮的生物固定对减少N素损失，提高N肥利用效率和保护环境具有积极的作用。     

不同施肥措施对稻田土壤氮矿化的影响

采集田间通过不同施肥处理的水稻土为研究对象,在室内采用淹水培养方法,研究不同施肥措施对水稻土氮矿化的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,施加氮肥和饼肥能提高土壤的氮矿化能力;与常规施氮处理相比,采用新型施肥措施,氮肥+木质素、一次施用的水稻缓释肥、氮肥+有机碳源均降低土壤的氮矿化作用,其中氮肥+有机碳源处理与常规施氮处理相比,土壤全氮增加了16.7%,但淹水培养期间土壤的氮矿化量却减少了18.5%,这一结果说明,采用这些新型施肥措施有利于增加土壤对氮的固持,降低氮素向环境损失的风险。     

土壤碱解氮测定中固定态铵的释放

对采自江苏省镇江市的下蜀黄土母质发育的土样进行氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾碱解氮的测定比较，土壤固定太铵的测定，以及玉米幼苗盆栽试验，得到如下结果；碱解氮不仅包括水溶性氮，交换性氮和易水解性有机氮，还庆包括部分固定态铵，作物生长过程中氮素营养包括碱解中来自固定态铵的部分，尤其在土壤碱解氮被大量耗蝎后这部分太铵的释放意义更大。     

不同碳氮比有机肥对有机农业土壤微生物生物量的影响

有机肥能提高土壤微生物活性, 改善土壤品质。碳氮比是影响有机肥肥效的重要因素。本试验以无肥处理为对照(CK), 设置4个有机肥碳氮比处理(20︰1、15︰1、10︰1、5︰1), 在温室中进行茄子盆栽试验, 定期采集土壤样品, 用熏蒸提取法测定土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN), 研究等氮条件下不同碳氮比有机肥料对土壤生物活性的影响。试验结果表明, 不同碳氮比的有机肥均能提高土壤的SMBC和SMBN含量, 具体表现为SMBC: 20︰1>10︰1≈15︰1>5︰1>CK, SMBN: 15︰1>10︰1>20︰1>5︰1>CK。SMBC/SMBN的比率反映土壤氮素生物活性, 其值越低, 生物活性越大, 氮素损失越少, 本试验SMBC/SMBN表现为: 15︰1<10︰1<20︰1≈5︰1相似文献   

长期稻秆还田对土壤微生物量及C、N动力学的影响

A study was performed on the long-term effect of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass C contents, C and N dynamics in both Rothamsted and Woburn soils. The results showed that for both soils, the microbial biomass C contents were significantly different among all the treatments, and followed the sequence in treatments of straw chopped and incorporated into 10 cm (CI10) > straw burnt and incorporated into 10 cm (BI10) > straw chopped and incorporated into 20 cm (CI20) > straw burnt and incorporated into 20 cm (BI20). Laboratory incubation of soils showed that the cumulative CO₂ evolution was closely related to the soil microbial biomass C content. Carbon dioxide evolution rates (CO₂-C, μg (g•d)^-1) decreased rapidly in the first two weeks' incubation, then decreased more slowly. The initial K₂SO₄-extractable NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents were low and similar in all the treatments, and all increased gradually with the incubation time. However, net N immobilization was observed in chopped treatments for Rothamsted soils during the first 4 weeks. Nevertheless, more N mineralization occurred in Treatment CI10 than any other treatment at the end of incubation for both soils. The Woburn soils could more easily suffer from the leaching of nitrate because the soils were more permeable and more N was mineralized during the incubation compared to the Rothamsted soils.     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

Correlation among microbial biomass s,soil properties,and other biomass nutrients

The soil physicochemical characteristics and amounts of microbial biomass C, N, and S in 19 soils (10 grassland, 2 forest, and 7 arable soils) were investigated to clarify the S status in granitic regosols in Japan, in order to determine the relationships between biomass S and other soil characteristics and to estimate approximately the annual Sand N flux through the microbial biomass. Across the sites, the amount of biomass C ranged from 46 to 1,054, biomass N from 6 to 158, and biomass S from 0.81 to 13.44 mg kg_-1 soil with mean values of 438.8, 85.8, and 6.15 mg kg_-1 soil, respectively. Microbial biomass Nand S accounted for 3.4–7.7% and 1.1–4.0% of soil total Nand S, respectively. The biomass C: N, C : S, and N : S ratios varied considerably across the sites and ranged from 3.0–10.4, 32.5–87.7, and 5.0–18.8, respectively. Microbial biomass S was linearly related to biomass C and biomass N. The regression accounted for 96.6% for biomass C and 92.9% for biomass N of the variance in the data. The amounts of biomass C, N, and S were positively correlated with a number of soil properties, particularly with the contents of organic C, total N, SO₄-S, and electrical conductivity and among themselves. The soil properties, in various linear combinations showed a variability of 84–97% in the biomass nutrients. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that biomass C, N, and S were also dependent on SO₄-S as a second factor of significance which could limit microbial growth under the conditions prevailing at the study sites. Annual flux of Nand S was estimated through the biomass using the turnover rates of 0.67 for Nand 0.70 for S to be approximately 129 kg Nand 9.7 kg S ha^-1 y^-l, respectively, and was almost two times higher in grassland than arable soils.     

鸡粪与化肥不同配比对杨树苗根际土壤酶和微生物量碳、氮变化的影响

为比较鸡粪有机肥与化肥以不同比例配施对杨树苗根际土壤环境的作用效果,通过盆栽试验,研究了N100（尿素提供100%的氮）、 M10N90（鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、 M30N70（鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮）和M50N50（鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮）等处理对一年生杨树苗根际土壤酶活性、 微生物量碳（SMBC）和微生物量氮（SMBN）的影响。结果表明, 同N100处理相比,M30N70处理的杨树苗根际土壤脲酶、 碱性磷酸酶、 过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高14.41%~26.49%、 13.87%~27.93%、 12.07%~27.08%和29.17%~46.43%; 根际SMBC、 SMBN含量分别提高63.00%~76.62%、 40.01%~90.38%。在杨树苗的年生长过程中,根际土壤脲酶、 碱性磷酸酶、 过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性均在施肥后120 d 最高; 而根际SMBC和SMBN含量分别在施肥后90 d和30 d达到最大值。随着杨树苗的生长发育,SMBN含量逐渐降低,而在落叶期有一定的回升。与M30N70处理相比,M10N90和M50N50处理对杨树苗根际土壤酶和微生物量碳、 氮的影响较小。综合分析认为,鸡粪有机肥与化肥以3∶7比例配施对杨树苗根际区域生态环境的改善效果最佳。     

黄土高原某些耕作土壤中土壤微生物生物量C、N与矿化N的关系

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ansai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg C g^-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g^-1, accounting for 1.36%~6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g^-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g^-1, accounting for 0.20%~5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.     

聚丙烯酸盐类土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤微生物量氮及酶活性的影响

以燕麦田土壤为研究对象,探讨了聚丙烯酸盐类土壤改良剂及其复配(聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺、腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾)对燕麦田土壤微生物量氮及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂均能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,各指标分别比对照增加了8.24%～30.22%、7.60%～19.29%、5.15%～29.45%和27.86%～68.86%;土壤改良剂能促使燕麦全生育期内0～10、10～20和20～40 cm各土层的土壤微生物量氮含量显著提高,聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾复配处理较其各单施效果显著,随土壤深度的增加土壤微生物量氮逐层递减;与对照相比,土壤改良剂能显著提高燕麦全生育期各土层过氧化氢酶活性,在抽穗期活性最高,且以聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾较高;但对于脲酶,聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾和腐植酸钾3个处理在苗期显著低于对照,在抽穗期和成熟期高于对照,两种酶活性均随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。     

两种测定土壤微生物量氮方法的比较初探

用氯仿熏蒸-0.5mol/L的K2SO4直接浸提,280nm紫外比色法和熏蒸-淹水培养法测定了20种有机质、全氮和速效氮差异较大的土样的土壤微生物量N。研究结果表明,两种方法测得20种土样的土壤微生物量N数值呈极显著正相关;280nm紫外比色法操作步骤简单、产生误差的环节少、测定所需时间短、且测定数据比熏蒸-淹水培养法有更好的重现性。初步认为,280nm紫外比色法来反映土壤微生物量的大小。结果还表明,两种方法的测定结果都与土壤的全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与有机碳含量有一定的正相关关系,与速效氮无明显的相关关系;但在不同的土壤类型上,与全氮、有机碳和速效氮的相关性有所不同。用280nm紫外比色法测定两种土壤的新鲜和风干样的微生物生物量的结果说明,可用风干土经预培养后测定土壤微生物生物量。风干土样的预培养时间初步确定为10天。     

土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

以杨陵土垫旱耕人为土(中等肥力红油土)为供试土壤进行田间试验和室内培养试验,研究土壤微生物体氮的动态变化及其土壤含水量和温度的关系。结果表明,田间土壤微生物体氮的变化有明显的季节性;夏季最高,冬季最低,其它时期居中;且与土壤温度有显著或极显著的正相关性,相关系数在0.855以上;试验期间土壤水分含量在10%以上,基本能满足微生物活动所需,因而微生物体氮的变化与水分关系并不密切。应用培养试验结果进一步证明了田间试验结果,即在4～36℃范围内,微生物体氮与温度呈线性相关,而在土壤含水量为6.75%～23.23%范围内,与水分呈指数相关关系,当土壤水分小于10.87%时,水分对微生物体氮有突出结果,当超过10.87%后,几乎没有影响。频繁的干湿交替会使微生物体氮显著减少,但冻融交替却无明显影响。     

Pb-Zn交互作用对红壤微生物生物量的影响

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lead and zinc applied alone or in various combinations on the size of microbial biomass in a red soil. Treatments included the application of lead at six different levels i. e., 0 (background), 100, 200, 300, 450 and 600 g g^-1 soil along with each of the four levels of zinc (0, 50, 150 or 250 g g^-1 soil). Application of lead or zinc alone to soil significantly (P < 0. 001) affected the soil microbial biomass. The microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), biomass nitrogen (N_mic) and biomass phosphorus (P_mic) decreased sharply in soils contaminated with lead or zinc. Combined application of lead and zinc resulted in a greater biocidal effect on soil microbial biomass, which was significantly higher (P < 0. 001) than that when either lead or zinc was applied alone. Consistent increase in the biomass C: N and decline in the biomass C:P ratios were also observed with the increased metal (Pb and Zn) toxicity in the soil.