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1.
G. Menciotti M. Borgarelli M. Aherne S. Wesselowski J. Häggström I. Ljungvall S.M. Lahmers J.A. Abbott 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):113-123
Objective
To assess differences in morphology of the mitral valve (MV) between healthy dogs and dogs affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) using real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE).Animals
Thirty-four were normal dogs and 79 dogs were affected by MMVD.Methods
Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography mitral datasets were digitally recorded and analyzed using dedicated software. The following variables were obtained and compared between healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD at different stages: antero-posterior annulus diameter, anterolateral-posteromedial annulus diameter, commissural diameter, annulus height, annulus circumference, annulus area, anterior leaflet length, anterior leaflet area, posterior leaflet length, posterior leaflet area, non-planar angle, annulus sphericity index, tenting height, tenting area, tenting volume, the ratio of annulus height and commissural diameter.Results
Dogs with MMVD had a more circular MV annulus compared to healthy dogs as demonstrated by an increased annulus sphericity index (p=0.0179). Affected dogs had a less saddle-shaped MV manifest as a decreased annulus height to commissural width ratio (p=0.0004). Tenting height (p<0.0001), area (p<0.0001), and volume (p<0.0001) were less in affected dogs.Conclusions
Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography analysis demonstrated that dogs affected by MMVD had a more circular and less saddle-shaped MV annulus, as well as reduced tenting height area and volume, compared to healthy dogs. Multiple variables differed between dogs at different stages of MMVD. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of these variables, and the significance of these changes in the pathogenesis and natural history of MMVD, require further attention. 相似文献2.
David Dickson Domenico Caivano Jose Novo Matos Nuala Summerfield Mark Rishniw 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):469-479
Objectives
To provide reference intervals for 2-dimensional linear and area-based estimates of left atrial (LA) function in healthy dogs and to evaluate the ability of estimates of LA function to differentiate dogs with subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and similarly affected dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF).Animals
Fifty-two healthy adult dogs, 88 dogs with MMVD of varying severity.Methods
Linear and area measurements from 2-dimensional echocardiographs in both right parasternal long and short axis views optimized for the left atrium were used to derive estimates of LA active emptying fraction, passive emptying fraction, expansion index, and total fractional emptying. Differences for each estimate were compared between healthy and MMVD dogs (based on ACVIM classification), and between MMVD dogs with subclinical disease and CHF that had similar LA dimensions. Diagnostic utility at identifying CHF was examined for dogs with subclinical MMVD and CHF. Relationships with bodyweight were assessed.Results
All estimates of LA function decreased with increasing ACVIM stage of mitral valve disease (p<0.05) and showed negative relationships with increasing LA size (all r2 values < 0.2), except for LA passive emptying fraction, which did not differ or correlate with LA size (p=0.4). However, no index of LA function identified CHF better than measurements of LA size. Total LA fractional emptying and expansion index showed modest negative correlations with bodyweight.Conclusions
Estimates of LA function worsen with worsening MMVD but fail to discriminate dogs with CHF from those with subclinical MMVD any better than simple estimates of LA size. 相似文献3.
D. Caivano M. Rishniw F. Birettoni V. Patata M.E. Giorgi K. Dei F. Porciello 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):354-363
Objectives
To create reference intervals for right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening (RVOT-FS) in healthy dogs and examine diagnostic performance of this index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). In addition, we examine the impact of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) without PH on RVOT-FS.Animals, materials and methods
The study population included 52 healthy adult dogs, 51 dogs with MMVD but without PH, and 51 dogs with PH. This is a prospective study. Complete echocardiographic evaluations were performed on all dogs. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was obtained by two-dimensional guided M-mode recordings from the right parasternal short axis view. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was evaluated in healthy dogs of various breeds, and reference intervals were generated. We examined the effect of PH on RVOT-FS with receiver operating characteristic analysis and evaluated the effect of MMVD on RVOT-FS in dogs without PH. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was calculated.Results
Healthy dogs had RVOT-FS > 44%. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening values of healthy dogs and MMVD dogs without PH did not differ (p=0.84). In dogs with PH, RVOT-FS decreased with increasing tricuspid regurgitation velocity (p<0.0001). Pimobendan use in dogs with PH increased RVOT-FS as PH worsened. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was acquired with clinically acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.Conclusions
Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening is a novel, easy applicable, and repeatable index for evaluating RV systolic function. Studies comparing this index with common echocardiographic indices used to assess RV function in dogs are needed. 相似文献4.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in asymptomatic Swedish Norfolk terriers.Animals
Seventy-nine privately owned Norfolk terriers.Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted where dogs were recruited via the Swedish Norfolk terrier club. All dogs were examined using the same protocol including physical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results
Fifteen dogs (19%) had a murmur at the time of the examination. A total of 35 dogs (44%) had MR, including 23 dogs (29%) with both MR and tricuspid valve regurgitation and 12 dogs (15%) with MR only, identified on Doppler echocardiography. In addition, 7 dogs (9%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation only. The prevalence of MR increased with increasing age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mitral valve regurgitation is common in asymptomatic Norfolk terriers with and without murmurs and the prevalence increases with age. The impact of MR in this breed on survival remains to be elucidated by a longitudinal study. 相似文献5.
R.M. Cervenec C.D. Stauthammer D.M. Fine H.B. Kellihan B.A. Scansen 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):240-246
Objectives
To evaluate survival time in dogs with persistent atrial standstill after pacemaker implantation and to compare the survival times for cardiac-related vs. non-cardiac deaths. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of breed and the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) at the time of diagnosis on survival time.Animals
Twenty dogs with persistent atrial standstill and pacemaker implantation.Methods
Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with persistent atrial standstill based on electrocardiogram that underwent pacemaker implantation. Survival after pacemaker implantation was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results
The median survival time after pacemaker implantation for all-cause mortality was 866 days. There was no significant difference (p=0.573) in median survival time for cardiac (506 days) vs. non-cardiac deaths (400 days). The presence of CHF at the time of diagnosis did not affect the survival time (P=0.854). No difference in median survival time was noted between breeds (P=0.126).Conclusions
Dogs with persistent atrial standstill have a median survival time of 866 days with pacemaker implantation, though a wide range of survival times was observed. There was no difference in the median survival time for dogs with cardiac-related deaths and those without. Patient breed and the presence of CHF before pacemaker implantation did not affect median survival time. 相似文献6.
7.
Melissa D. Smith Michele Barletta Kathryn A. Diehl Erik H. Hofmeister Samuel P. Franklin 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):36-42
Objective
To compare the effect of propofol and ketamine/diazepam for induction following premedication on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy dogs.Study design
Prospective, quasi-experimental, unmasked, longitudinal.Animals
A total of 61 client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized twice with a 4 week washout period. Premedication with dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg–1) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg–1) intramuscularly was followed by either propofol (4 mg kg–1) or ketamine (5 mg kg–1) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg–1) intravenously for induction and inhaled isoflurane for maintenance. IOP was measured by applanation tonometry using TonoPen-XL before premedication and after 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. IOP was measured again immediately after induction and after 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way repeated measures ANOVA.Results
No difference was found between right and left IOP (p = 0.45), and data from both the eyes of each dog were averaged and considered as one set of data. Following premedication, IOP was significantly lower at all time points than at baseline when animals were grouped together, mean difference –1.6 ± 0.2 mmHg (p < 0.05). IOP increased immediately (12.2 ± 2.4 mmHg before versus 17.1 ± 3.8 mmHg after) and at 3, 5 (p < 0.001), 10 and 40 minutes (p = 0.009 and 0.045, respectively) after propofol administration. For ketamine/diazepam, IOP was increased immediately post-induction (13.0 ± 2.7 mmHg before versus 14.7 ± 2.8 mmHg after) and at 3, 5 (p < 0.001), 30 and 40 minutes (p = 0.010 and 0.037, respectively).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Sedation with hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine significantly decreased IOP in normal dogs and may be an appropriate choice for dogs that cannot tolerate acute increases in IOP. However, IOP increased significantly after both induction protocols, abolishing the effect of premedication. 相似文献8.
Objective
To describe a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block in dogs and compare it with a traditional approach.Study design
Prospective, randomized controlled study.Animals
Heads from 17 euthanized dogs (10 Greyhounds, three Border Collies and four of mixed breed).Methods
A volume of 1 mL of methylene blue dye was injected by each of two techniques, a traditional percutaneous approach and a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block. Both techniques were used on each head, alternating the left and right sides after random assignment to the first head. The heads were dissected to reveal the maxillary nerve and the length of nerve stained was measured.Results
There was no significant difference (p = 0.67) in the proportion of nerves stained for a length >6 mm by either technique (88.2% transorbital versus 82.3% percutaneous). The mean length of nerve stained did not differ significantly between the techniques (p = 0.26).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block described here presents a viable alternative to the traditional percutaneous approach. Further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety under clinical conditions. 相似文献9.
H. Poser M. Berlanda M. Monacolli B. Contiero A. Coltro C. Guglielmini 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):228-239
Objectives
To evaluate tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH) and to study the correlations with clinical and echocardiographic parameters.Animals
The study population included 99 dogs with MMVD and tricuspid regurgitation.Methods
This is a prospective clinical study. All dogs received a transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation, including 2D, M-mode, echo-Doppler, and tissue Doppler measurements. The TAPSE was measured from the left apical four-chamber view and normalized for the effect of body weight (nTAPSE). The dogs were grouped according to the severity of MMVD (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines) and presence/absence and severity of PH. Significant differences between TAPSE or nTAPSE and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed among the MMVD and PH severity groups. Correlations between TAPSE or nTAPSE and echocardiographic parameters were calculated.Results
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion or nTAPSE were not significantly different among dogs of the MMVD or PH severity groups. Significant correlations were obtained between TAPSE and body weight, left ventricular and atrial dimensions, early diastolic septal and early diastolic and systolic tricuspid annulus velocity (p<0.001); nTAPSE was significantly correlated with normalized end-diastolic left ventricular dimension and fractional shortening (p<0.001).Conclusions
The results show that neither TAPSE nor nTAPSE are reduced in dogs with MMVD with or without PH. It remains unclear if the right ventricle function is not reduced or if a reduced right ventricle function is masked by the contraction of the left ventricle through ventricular interdependence. 相似文献10.
L.E. Strohm L.C. Visser E.H. Chapel W.T. Drost J.D. Bonagura 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):330-342
Introduction
Left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) enlargement affect management and outcome of dogs with cardiac disease. Short-axis, two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) images, indexed to the aorta (Ao), are frequently used to identify cardiomegaly. Long-axis images offer complementary views of the left heart.Animals
Eighty healthy dogs and 25 dogs with MMVD.Methods
Healthy dogs were prospectively recruited to determine reference intervals (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute methodology) for long-axis ratios. Measurement variability and repeatability were quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation. Mean long-axis ratios from dogs with MMVD were compared with healthy dogs (unpaired t-test). In addition, the proportion of MMVD dogs exceeding the 97.5 percentile by LV/Ao and a conventional, allometric method were compared (McNemar’s test).Results
Two-dimensional echocardiographic long-axis reference intervals were as follows: left ventricular to aortic dimension (LV/Ao) 1.8–2.5; left atrial to aortic dimension (LA/Ao) 1.8–2.4, and left atrial to left ventricular dimension (LA/LV) 0.9–1.1. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement agreement was good-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥0.84), and day-to-day variability was low (coefficient of variations <4%). Left ventricular to aortic dimension, LA/Ao, and LA/LV were significantly greater in canine MMVD compared with healthy dogs (p<0.001). The percentages of MMVD dogs demonstrating LV dilatation by LV/Ao and conventional method were 68% and 36%, respectively (p=0.043, 95% confidence interval for difference 7.9%, 56.1%).Conclusions
Simple 2DE long-axis ratios of LV/Ao, LA/Ao, and LA/LV are repeatable and demonstrate clinical utility for identifying LV and LA enlargement in dogs with MMVD. 相似文献11.
Irene Dimopoulou Tilemahos L. Anagnostou Nikitas N. Prassinos Ioannis Savvas Michael Patsikas 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1189-1197
Objective
To test the efficacy of intraoperative intrafragmentary administration of bupivacaine (haematoma block) in controlling postoperative pain in dogs undergoing osteosynthesis of long-bone isolated diaphyseal fractures.Study design
Randomized, ‘blinded’, placebo-controlled, prospective study.Animals
A total of 23 client-owned dogs with isolated long-bone fractures.Methods
Dogs were allocated randomly to two groups: bupivacaine group (B) or placebo group (P). Group B dogs (n = 11) were administered an intraoperative intrafragmentary injection of 0.5% bupivacaine (1.1 mg kg–1) just before fracture fixation, whereas group P dogs (n = 12) were administered normal saline. Postoperative pain evaluations using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and algometer were performed upon arrival to the recovery room and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 20 and 32 hours later. Algometer measurements were performed on: the incision site, a healthy region near the fracture line and the contralateral healthy limb. When the pain score exceeded 14 points in the UMPS, rescue analgesia was administered. The time-standardised area under the curve (AUCst) was used to compare UMPS scores and mechanical pain thresholds between the two groups.Results
None of the group B dogs required rescue analgesia, whereas eight of the 12 group P dogs did (p = 0.001). The pain threshold AUCst at the incision line was higher in group B [16.3 (2.9–41.6) N] than in group P [5.6 (2.5–17.4) N] (p = 0.029). The mean UMPS score AUCst was lower in group B (3.7 ± 1.8) than in group P (9.4 ± 4.6) (p = 0.016). In a small number of animals of both groups that were evaluated radiologically, adequate bone healing was noted.Conclusions and clinical relevance
An intraoperative bupivacaine haematoma block is a simple, quick and effective method that can be used to aid in postoperative pain control in dogs submitted to long-bone osteosynthesis. 相似文献12.
Fabiana Micieli Ludovica Chiavaccini Barbara Lamagna Giancarlo Vesce Bruna Santangelo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):667-672
Objective
To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupillary diameter (PD) following intravenous (IV) administration of dexmedetomidine and acepromazine in dogs.Study design
Prospective, randomized experimental trial.Animals
A group of 16 healthy adult dogs aged (mean ± standard deviation) 4.9 ± 3.3 years and weighing 15.7 ± 9.6 kg, without pre-existing ophthalmic disease.Methods
IV dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (0.002 mg kg–1; DEX) or acepromazine maleate (0.015 mg kg–1; ACE) was administered randomly to 16 dogs (eight per group). The IOP and PD, measured using applanation tonometry and Schirmer's strips mm scale, respectively, and the heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (fR) were recorded at baseline, at time of injection, and then 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes after injection. A single ophthalmologist, unaware of treatment, performed all measurements under consistent light conditions. Values were compared with baseline and among treatments using a multivariate mixed-effects model (p ≤ 0.05).Results
The IOP was significantly lower in the DEX group compared with the ACE group at 10 (p < 0.01) and 15 minutes (p < 0.01) after drug injection. PD was significantly smaller compared to baseline for the entire duration of the study (p < 0.01) in both groups. Dogs in the DEX group had significant lower HR (p < 0.01) and fR (p < 0.01), higher SAP (p < 0.01) and DAP (p < 0.01) at all time points, and higher MAP (p < 0.01) during the first 15 minutes following drug injection in comparison with the ACE group.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our results suggest that premedication with IV dexmedetomidine temporarily decreases IOP when compared with IV acepromazine. Both drugs cause miosis. 相似文献13.
Objective
To assess the reaction of client-owned dogs to intravenous (IV) catheter placement after applying a local anaesthetic (EMLA) or placebo cream for either 30 or 60 minutes.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 202 client-owned dogs of various breeds.Methods
With owner consent, dogs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: EMLA 60 minutes, EMLA 30 minutes, Placebo 60 minutes and Placebo 30 minutes. After the cream was applied for the allocated time, an IV catheter was placed and the behavioural reaction of the dog was scored. The reaction score was analysed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U tests of the multiple pairwise comparisons, with Bonferroni correction.Results
A large number of dogs, even in the placebo groups, did not react to IV catheter placement. However, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed an overall difference between treatment groups (χ2 = 11.029, df = 3, p = 0.012). The pairwise comparisons showed a lower overall reaction score in the EMLA 60 group than in the EMLA 30 and Placebo 60 groups (adjusted p = 0.018 and adjusted p = 0.044, respectively).Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study shows that EMLA cream applied for 60 minutes reduces the behavioural reaction of dogs to IV catheter placement; therefore, this intervention can be advocated for routine use in veterinary medicine to enhance the welfare of dogs undergoing IV catheter placement. 相似文献14.
Objectives
To determine feasibility and repeatability of measuring the anatomic regurgitant orifice area (AROA) using real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (RT3DE) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and to investigate differences in the AROA of dogs with different disease severity and in different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages.Animals
Sixty privately-owned dogs diagnosed with MMVD.Methods
The echocardiographic database of our institution was retrospectively searched for dogs diagnosed with MMVD and RT3DE data set acquisition. Dogs were classified into mild, moderate, or severe MMVD according to a Mitral Regurgitation Severity Score (MRSS), and into stage B1, B2 or C according to ACVIM staging. The RT3DE data sets were imported into dedicated software and a short axis plane crossing the regurgitant orifice was used to measure the AROA. Feasibility, inter- and intra-observer variability of measuring the AROA was calculated. Differences in the AROA between dogs in different MRSS and ACVIM stages were investigated.Results
The AROA was measurable in 60 data sets of 81 selected to be included in the study (74%). The inter- and intra-observer coefficients of variation were 26% and 21%, respectively. The AROA was significantly greater in dogs with a severe MRSS compared with dogs with mild MRSS (p=0.045). There was no difference between the AROA of dogs in different ACVIM clinical stages.Conclusions
Obtaining the AROA using RT3DE is feasible and might provide additional information to stratify mitral regurgitation severity in dogs with MMVD. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of the AROA deserves further investigation. 相似文献15.
Denise T. Fantoni Keila K. Ida André M. Gimenes Matheus M. Mantovani Jacqueline R. Castro Geni C.F. Patrício Aline M. Ambrósio Denise A. Otsuki 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):710-718
Objective
To investigate whether pulse pressure variation (PPV) can predict fluid responsiveness in healthy dogs during clinical surgery.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
Thirty-three isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with arterial hypotension during orthopedic surgery.Methods
Fluid challenge with lactated Ringer's solution (15 mL kg?1 in 15 minutes) was administered in mechanically ventilated dogs (tidal volume 10 mL kg?1) with hypotension [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg]. The volume expansion was considered effective if cardiac output (CO; transesophageal Doppler) increased by ≥ 15%. Cardiopulmonary data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and Spearman coefficient; p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Effective volume expansion, mean ± standard deviation 42 ± 4% increase in CO (p < 0.0001) was observed in 76% of the dogs, resulting in a decrease in PPV (p < 0.0001) and increase in MAP (p < 0.0001), central venous pressure (CVP; p = 0.02) and ejection fraction (p < 0.0001) compared with before the fluid challenge. None of these changes occurred when volume expansion resulted in a nonsignificant CO increase of 4 ± 5%. No significant differences were observed in blood gas analysis between responsive and nonresponsive dogs. The increase in CO was correlated with the decrease in PPV (r = ?0.65; p < 0.0001) but absolute values of CO and PPV were not correlated. The PPV performance (ROC curve area: 0.89 ± 0.06, p = 0.0011) was better than that of CVP (ROC curve area: 0.54 ± 0.12) and MAP (ROC curve area: 0.59 ± 0.13) to predict fluid responsiveness. The best cut-off for PPV to distinguish responders and nonresponders was 15% (50% sensitivity and 96% specificity).Conclusions and clinical relevance
In mechanically ventilated, healthy, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, PPV predicted fluid responsiveness to volume expansion, and MAP and CVP did not show such applicability. 相似文献16.
S.M. Cunningham B.D. Aona K. Antoon J.E. Rush B.A. Barton 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):343-353
Objectives
To determine whether there are differences in measures of longitudinal right ventricular (RV) systolic function among Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) compared with healthy control Boxer dogs. To explore relationships between markers of RV systolic function and age, body weight, gender, arrhythmia frequency, and markers of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in Boxer dogs.Animals
The study included 50 client-owned Boxer dogs.Methods
This is a retrospective echocardiographic study. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging–derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S') were measured in healthy control Boxers (n = 18), Boxers with ARVC and normal LV systolic function (n = 19), and Boxers with ARVC and reduced LV systolic function (n = 13).Results
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p=0.002) and S' (p=0.001) were significantly different between affected and control groups. Significant correlations were found between measures of left heart size and function and both TAPSE and S'. No correlations were found between RV function parameters and age, gender, or body weight in this fairly homogeneous, single-breed population. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that both TAPSE and S' had an area under the curve of 0.77 in distinguishing healthy Boxers from those with ARVC.Conclusions
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and S' are reduced in Boxers with ARVC. In contrast to prior studies evaluating these parameters in dogs of different breeds and body types, no correlation was found between markers of RV function and body weight in this population of Boxer dogs. 相似文献17.
Sandra Sanchis-Mora Yu-Mei Chang Siobhan Abeyesinghe Amy Fisher Holger A. Volk Ludovic Pelligand 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):600-614
Objective
To study the feasibility and test–retest repeatability of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) and report the quantitative sensory threshold distributions in healthy dogs.Study design
Prospective, observational, cohort study.Animals
Twenty-five healthy client-owned dogs.Methods
Tactile sensitivity test (TST) (von Frey filaments), mechanical thresholds (MT with 2, 4 and 8 mm probes), heat thresholds (HT) and responsiveness to cold stimulus (CT at 0 °C) were quantitatively assessed for five body areas (BAs; tibias, humeri, neck, thoracolumbar region and abdomen) in a randomized order on three different occasions. Linear mixed model and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of body weight category, age, sex, BA, occasion, feasibility score and investigator experience. Test–retest repeatability was evaluated with the intra-class correlation coefficient.Results
The STEP lasted 90 minutes without side effects. The BA affected most tests (p ≤ 0.001). Higher thresholds and longer cold latencies were scored in the neck (p ≤ 0.024) compared to other BAs. Weight category affected all thresholds (p ≤ 0.037). Small dogs had lower MT (～1.4 N mean difference) and HT (1.1 °C mean difference) than other dogs (p ≤ 0.029). Young dogs had higher HT than adults (2.2 °C mean difference) (p = 0.035). Gender also affected TST, MT and HT (p < 0.05) (females versus males: TST odds ratio = 0.5, MT = 1.3 N mean difference, HT = 2.2 °C mean difference). Repeatability was substantial to moderate for all tests, but poor for TST. There was no difference in thresholds between occasions, except for CT. Test–retest repeatability was slightly better with the 2 mm MT probe compared to other diameters and improved with operator experience.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The STEP was feasible, was well tolerated and showed substantial test–retest repeatability in healthy dogs. Further validation is needed in dogs suffering pain. 相似文献18.
James Bowden Ngaio J. Beausoleil Kevin J. Stafford Michael A. Gieseg Janis Bridges 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):82-91
Objective
To compare the thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) of dogs from three working/sport breeds.Study design
Experimental prospective study.Animals
Thirty healthy adult dogs of mixed age, sex and reproductive status, 10 of each of three breeds: Harrier Hound, Greyhound and New Zealand Huntaway.Methods
On one day of each week for 4 weeks, unrestrained dogs were tested six times. TNTs were measured using a remotely activated device comprising a thermode attached to the thoracic limb, controlled by a microprocessor attached to the animal. Latency to exhibit behaviour indicative of nociception after initiation of heating and the temperature of the thermode at the point of behavioural response were measured. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to the data, with dog included as a random effect, initial thermode temperature as a covariate and day, week and breed as fixed effects.Results
Initial thermode temperature significantly affected dogs’ latency to respond (p < 0.001). Breed had a significant effect on both latency to respond and response temperature. Huntaways took longer to respond than Harriers or Greyhounds. For example, when the initial thermode temperature was 30 °C, Huntaways took 39.0 seconds to respond compared with 35.8 seconds for Harriers and 36.8 seconds for Greyhounds. Huntaways also responded at higher temperatures (mean ± standard deviation: Huntaways 49.7 ± 1.3 °C, Harriers 48.4 ± 1.6 °C and Greyhounds 48.7 ± 1.6 °C).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Huntaways appeared to be less sensitive to thermal pain than the other breeds. Such information could be used by researchers and clinicians to better understand the generalizability of data gathered from a specific breed to the wider canine population or to tailor more effective pharmacological approaches to pain management in dogs. 相似文献19.
E.T. Hostnik B.A. Scansen A.M. Habing G.A. Chiappone R.R. Layman R.D. White 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):480-491