氮素追肥后移对小麦籽粒产量和旗叶光合特性的影响

用4个小麦品种，研究了高产水平下氮素追肥后移对小麦群体结构、籽粒产量和旗叶光合特性的影响，在基肥量相同的情况下，每公顷追施氮素150kg，追肥由越冬至返青期（N1），延迟到返青至拔节期（N2）和拔节至孕穗期增加籽粒产量的作用，其效果N3处理优于N2处理。     

氮肥基追比和追氮时期对超高产冬小麦生育及产量形成的影响

为明确氮肥运筹对超高产冬小麦生育特性和产量形成的影响,2010-2011年度在河北省藁城市以冬小麦品种‘石新828,为材料,在总施N 240 kg/hm2条件下进行了氮肥基追比(3∶7、5∶5和7∶3)和春季追氮叶龄(春4、5和6叶期)的二因素裂区试验.结果表明:小麦各生育时期的LAI均随氮肥基追比增大而增大,尤其是拔节期不同基追比的LAI差异显著.随春季追氮时期后延,拔节到开花期的LAI减小,而开花20 d以后的LAI显著增大.小麦旗时总物质生产力在灌浆前期随氮肥基追比的减小和追氮时期的后延而下降,但在灌浆后期却随追氮时期的后延而增大.氮肥基追比对小麦产量和产量构成因素的影响均不显著.每公顷穗数随追氮时期后延显著减少,而每穗粒数和千粒重随追氮时期后延显著增加.籽粒产量也随追氮时期后延显著提高.综合研究结果,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm2左右的条件下,河北省超高产冬小麦(9 000 kg/hm2以上)的氮肥运筹以基追比5∶5～7∶3,春生6叶期追施氮肥最为适宜.     

氮肥运筹对冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

本试验以济麦22和鲁麦21为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对小麦光合特性,群体透光率和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,在本试验的施氮量范围内,小麦叶面积指数、旗叶光合速率随施氮量增加而增加,而群体透光率、气孔导度及胞间CO2浓度则随施氮量的增加而降低;追氮时期后移有利于减缓后期群体叶面积的下降速度,但对气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及光合速率等的影响较小。两个品种的籽粒产量均随施氮量的增加而增加。施氮量为225kg/hm2的3个处理中,拔节期追氮处理的产量高于其它两个追氮处理。在本试验条件下,获得高产的适宜施氮量为300kg/hm2,高产主要是通过较多的单位面积穗数和穗粒数,且追氮时期后移对籽粒产量所带来的影响较小。     

水氮组合对不同筋力小麦产量和植株性状的影响

采用裂区设计,以水氮组合设置为主处理、品种设置为副处理,研究了不同水氮组合对不同筋力的优质小麦品种石新733、冀5385、藁8901及高产品系冀2003的产量和植株性状的影响.结果表明:小麦拔节期浇1水或拔节期和开花灌浆期浇2水均能获得较高产量,但春季浇5水的小麦产量却表现减产;浇水次数增加,小麦的功能叶叶长、叶面积增大,比叶重降低;施N量增加,小麦籽粒产量、旗叶长、比叶重和叶面积均增加;施肥量相同时,春季追施1次氮肥处理的小麦产量高于2次分施处理,春季追施2次氮肥处理的小麦比叶重下降、叶面积增加;高产品系冀2003的小麦产量、叶面积和比叶重均高于优质麦品种,优质麦品种间差异不明显.     

密度及追氮时期对大穗型小麦旗叶及子粒碳水化合物代谢的影响

以豫麦66号为材料，研究了密度及追氮时期对大穗型小麦旗叶和子粒碳氮代谢的调节效应．结果表明，随着密度增加。旗叶的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性下降，导致标志源端供应能力的可溶性糖(WSC)减少．推迟追氮时期可使SPS活性及WSC含量增加．密度增大导致子粒中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性及淀粉积累速率降低，推迟追氮时期则使SS活性和淀粉积累速率提高．密度及追氮时期对产量性状有明显的互作效应，增加种植密度可使单位面积成穗数有所提高，但密度过高穗数的增益难以抵偿穗粒数和粒重下降的损失．适当增加密度，配合后期追氮是大穗型小麦实现超高产的有效途径。     

An economic and viable approach to improve wheat quality in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,China

Wheat flour products are the main dietary component of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) population in China.However, the high altitude restricts the local wheat quality and quantity, and the applied nitrogen rate is higher than the optimal rate for wheat planting. In this study, we considered whether reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and introducing the superior varieties from the North China Plain(NCP) are viable ways to increase the wheat quality and quantity in the QTP. Three and fou...     

追氮时期对不同类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

[目的]为冬小麦的高产优质栽培提供理论依据。[方法]以超高产中筋品种鲁麦22和高产优质强筋品种烟农15为试材,研究了追氮时期对不同类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。[结果]拔节雌雄蕊原基形成期和挑旗(四分体)期追施氮肥能显著增加穗粒数、收获指数和籽粒产量,极显著地提高粒重;追氮时期过早(起身期)或过迟(开花期)均对冬小麦籽粒产量的提高产生不利影响。超高产中筋品种鲁麦22拔节期追氮效果显著优于挑旗期,而高产优质强筋品种烟农15拔节期与挑旗期调控效果差异不显著。挑旗期和拔节期追施氮肥,均能提高籽粒容重、出粉率和面粉的湿面筋含量、沉淀值,显著延长面团形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间,降低公差指数,提高评价值,但高产优质强筋品种烟农15较超高产中筋品种鲁麦22对追肥时期更敏感,挑旗期追施氮肥效果最佳,拔节期次之,而鲁麦22拔节期和挑旗期追施氮肥效果基本一致。[结论]拔节期或挑旗期是小麦高产优质兼顾的追氮时期。     

Tiller fertility is critical for improving grain yield,photosynthesis, and nitrogen efficiency in wheat

Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during the past decades. Therefore, the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin, China since the 2000s. However, the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown. This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’ increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019. Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years. The cultivars were grouped into high (HH), medium (MM), and low (LL) grain yield and NUE groups. The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE. High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing post-anthesis single-stem biomass. Compared to other groups, the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis. It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis, which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem, including stem and leaf sheath, leaf blade, and unit leaf area at pre-anthesis, and promoting N uptake efficiency, the main contribution of high NUE. Moreover, tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem, N accumulation per unit leaf area, leaf stay-green ability, and flag leaf photosynthetic rate, which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake, leaf N accumulation, and photosynthetic ability, thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE. Therefore, tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.     

氮肥运筹对优质小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶活性的影响

选择不同追肥量和追肥时期 ,研究了氮肥运筹对优质小麦旗叶展开后NR活性和光合速率的影响。结果表明 ,旗叶全展后 ,2个品种NR活性变化趋势基本一致 ,开花期达到高峰 ,以后逐渐下降 ;拔节期施肥的NR活性显著高于开花期施肥处理 ,且开花期施肥的NR活性在开花以后下降缓慢 ;拔节期施肥可明显促进开花期的光合速率。泰山 2 1号拔节期施中肥和高肥 ,可保持整个生育期的光合速率处于较高水平 ,而泰山 2 2号中肥量处理 ( 9z1 ,9z2 )的光合速率则处于较高水平。Yg1、Yz1、 9z1、 9z2处理不仅NR活性高 ,而且光合速率高且平稳。     

稻茬小麦不同氮效率群体花后物质生产与衰老特性差异分析

【目的】探讨稻茬小麦高氮肥利用率条件下群体花后衰老特征。【方法】2010-2012年,在稻麦两熟制条件下,以扬麦20为材料,采用三因素裂区设计,以施氮量（纯N）为主区,设210.0 kg·hm^-2、262.5 kg·hm^-2两个水平;以施氮比例为副区,设基肥﹕壮蘖肥﹕拔节肥﹕穗肥分别为3﹕1﹕3﹕3、5﹕1﹕2﹕2两个水平;以穗肥追氮时期为裂区,设剑叶露尖、孕穗期、抽穗期和开花期四个水平。通过试验构建不同氮肥利用率（NUR）群体,研究其产量、物质生产、氮素吸收及花后剑叶衰老特性的变化特征。【结果】不同群体NUR变幅在31.18%-72.23%,NUR≥60%群体（氮高效群体）籽粒产量8 500 kg·hm^-2以上,比NUR40%-60%群体（氮中效群体）和NUR≤40%群体（氮低效群体）籽粒产量分别高6.84%和21.36%,群体间差异均达显著水平。NUR与籽粒产量呈极显著线性正相关。不同群体间花前干物质积累量和氮素积累量差异未达显著水平。但随NUR增高,花后及总的干物质积累量、开花期植株氮素含量和成熟期群体氮素积累量增加,NUR≥60%群体花后和总的干物质积累量分别达6 000和17 500 kg·hm^-2以上,开花期植株氮素含量和成熟期群体氮素积累量分别达1.50%和215 kg·hm^-2以上。此外,随NUR的提高,花后群体光合面积衰减逐渐减缓,净同化率逐渐增加;植株花后剑叶光合能力和抗衰老能力逐步增强,在籽粒灌浆后期表现更为明显,促进了花后光合物质生产。NUR≥60%群体花后叶面积衰减率、光合势和净同化率分别在0.14 LAI·d^-1、105×10⁴ m²·d·hm^-2和9.50 g·m^-2·d^-1左右。综合两年结果,在氮肥适当后移（3﹕1﹕3﹕3）条件下,穗肥适当早施（剑叶露尖、孕穗期）,产量及氮肥利用率较高;高施氮量（262.5 kg·hm^-2）的增产效果不明显,且氮肥利用效率较低。在施氮量210.0 kg·hm^-2、氮肥运筹3﹕1﹕3﹕3、剑叶露尖追氮处理下两年产量均高于9 000 kg·hm^-2,氮肥利用率为各处理最高。【结论】稻茬小麦高氮肥利用率条件下群体在生育中后期具有较高植株氮素营养水平,氮素吸收与积累增加,有利于促进氮素向籽粒的运转;有利于延缓花后光合面积衰减及叶片衰老、增强光合物质生产能力,实现氮肥利用率与籽粒产量的同步提升。     

施氮和栽培模式对半湿润农田生态系统冬小麦源特征的影响

为了探讨不同施氮水平及不同栽培模式下小麦源特征的变化,在黄土高原南部年降水量632 mm左右的半湿润区,以小偃22为供试品种,研究不同施氮水平(不施氮和施纯氮120 kg/hm2)及不同栽培模式(常规栽培、地膜覆盖、垄沟栽培、垄播覆膜)对小麦源特征的影响。结果表明,施氮能够极显著地增加小麦各生育期旗叶氮含量,其中以拔节期的影响效果最为明显;不同栽培模式对旗叶氮含量的影响效果较小;在灌浆期和成熟期,垄播覆膜和地膜覆盖两种栽培模式下旗叶氮含量均高于其他处理,其中以垄播覆膜效果较为明显,分别较常规栽培增加12%和29%。施氮条件下,冬小麦各生育期旗叶叶绿素含量均高于不施氮处理;不同栽培模式下以垄沟栽培模式下旗叶叶绿素含量最高,常规栽培最低。返青期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期,施氮处理单株绿叶面积较不施氮处理分别增加23.4%,20.7%,15.3%和8.9%,施氮对单株绿叶面积的影响以返青期最为显著;地膜覆盖、垄沟栽培和垄播覆膜栽培模式下,单株绿叶面积明显高于常规栽培,以垄播覆膜栽培模式下单株绿叶面积最大。施氮能够显著增加开花期、灌浆旗和成熟期旗叶净光合速率(P<0.05),各栽培模式间旗叶净光合速率存在极显著差异(P<0.01),其中以垄播覆膜栽培条件下旗叶净光合速率最大。相关分析发现,增加功能叶氮含量,特别是生育后期氮含量,对籽粒产量具有重要作用。说明施氮有利于增加功能叶氮含量,提高净光合速率,进而有利于提高籽粒产量,从这一角度出发,地膜覆盖和垄播覆膜栽培应为首选栽培模式。     

Effects of Nitrogen Management on the Yield of WinterWheat in Cold Area of Northeastern China

A plot experiment including four treatments, CK (N 105 kg ha-1 as urea, including a basal N application of 35 kg ha-1 and a topdressing N 70 kg ha-1 at turned green stage) and optimized N management (OPT1, OPT2 and OPT3, applied two-thirds, one-third and two-fifths N at jointing stage, respectively, total N 60 kg ha-1), was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen management on growth and N uptake of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), Dongnong 1, which is the first highly cold tolerant winter wheat in China. Index of population quality, N uptake and yield were determined. The ear-bearing tiller rate was increased by above 12%, and the leaf area index, biomass and N uptake were significantly decreased (P<0.05) at jointing stage. OPT treatments increased the grain to leaf area ratio at heading stage, the dry matter weight and N uptake after heading by 14.3-27.9%, 11.6-28.7% and 118.1-161.8 %, respectively. The yield of the OPT treatments was increased by 14.2-37.5% compared with CK, and there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between CK and OPT1 treatments. Harvest index and N partial factor productivity (PFP, kg grain yield per kg N applied) was clearly enhanced from 0.4 and 35.6 kg, respectively for CK to an average of 0.48 (P<0.05) and 77.6 kg (P<0.05) in the OPT treatments. These results indicated that the optimized N management increased the harvest index, yield and N use efficiency by decreasing the N application rate and postponing N application time, improved wheat population quality, controlled excessive growth in the vegetative stages and increased dry matter and N accumulation rates after heading.     

追氮时期对优质小麦氮素吸收·运转和籽粒产量的影响

[目的]揭示小麦不同追氮时期的氮素利用机制。[方法]采用同位素示踪技术,研究了不同时期追施氮肥对优质小麦氮素吸收、分布、运转和产量的影响。[结果]结果表明:在该试验条件下,小麦吸收的氮素中,来自土壤的占73.36%~78.58%,来自肥料的占21.42%~26.64%。拔节期和挑旗期追施氮肥可促进植株对氮素的吸收,尤其是对肥料氮的吸收,提高氮素开花期穗器官和成熟期籽粒的分配量和分配比例,促使开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转移。小麦籽粒氮素的74.08%~80.28%是开花前营养体氮的调运,各营养器官对籽粒的贡献大小为叶片>茎>穗轴+颖壳>叶鞘>根。适期追氮增加了穗粒数,提高了收获指数和产量。[结论]不同时期追氮对小麦的氮素代谢、产量和品质具有明显的调节作用。     

稻田套播和氮素对中筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

采用稻田套播与传统条播两种栽培方式系统比较的方法,研究不同氮肥运筹下稻田套播方式对中筋小麦扬麦10号籽粒产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明:稻田套播方式对中筋小麦籽粒产量和品质影响显著。与传统条播方式相比,在同一氮肥运筹下套播方式中筋小麦除籽粒总淀粉及其组分含量显著高于条播方式外,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、磨粉品质和面粉品质以及淀粉糊化特性的主要指标低于传统条播,且差异显著。稻田套播方式不利于中筋小麦扬麦10号优质的形成,在江苏淮南地区中筋专用小麦采用稻田套播方式宜适当增加施氮量且追氮适度后移。     

不同穗型小麦品种(系)粒叶比及其与产量性状的相关性研究

对河南省当前生产上推广的12个不同穗型的高产小麦品种(系)在密植条件下的粒叶比及 其与产量性状的相关性进行了研究.结果表明,不同穗型的高产小麦品种,其粒叶比存在显著或极 显著的差异.穗粒质量/旗叶面积、穗粒数/旗叶面积与产量均呈正相关,且对产量的正向作用明显 高于穗粒质量/上二叶面积和穗粒数/上二叶面积.用穗粒数...     

肥密运筹对晋中晚播小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响

以重穗型品种040121-135为供试材料,研究氮肥追施时期与群体密度对晋中晚播小麦籽粒产量与品质的影响。结果表明,晋中晚播小麦合理的肥密运筹可以获得8.6t.hm-2的高产;前期重施拔节肥促源,后期重施孕穗肥促库,且有利于提高籽粒品质。合理的群体密度应在450万.hm-2以上。     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

绿洲灌区绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

针对西北干旱绿洲灌区小麦长期连作、生产过程中化学氮肥依赖程度高等问题,探讨绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦干物质积累特征及产量的影响,以期为区域小麦施氮制度优化及产量提升提供理论依据。2020至2021年,在河西绿洲灌区设置绿肥还田量和施氮水平的不同组合,即G1N1、G2N1、G3N1、G4N1、G1N2、G2N2、G3N2、G4N2,其中G1、G2、G3、G4分别代表绿肥还田7 500 kg/hm²、15 000 kg/hm²、22 500kg/hm²、30 000 kg/hm²,N1、N2分别代表传统施氮减量15%(153 kg/hm²)、减量30%(126 kg/hm²),以传统施氮不复种绿肥为对照(CK),研究了不同绿肥还田量结合化学氮肥减量条件下小麦干物质积累及产量表现。结果表明,绿肥还田量及减氮水平对干物质积累量、群体生长速率均有显著影响,二者的互作效应显著。N1较N2干物质积累量、群体生长速率分别提高8.9%、9.7%;G4较G3、G2、G1干物质...     

Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and the Remobilization of Dry Mass and Nitrogen in Vegetative Organs of Wheat

The photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and the accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis dry mass（DM） and nitrogen（N） in vegetable organs in nine wheat cultivars under different source-sink manipulation treatments including defoliation（DF）, spike shading（SS） and half spikelets removal（SR） were investigated. Results showed that the SS treatment increased the photosynthetic rate（Pn） of flag leaf in source limited cultivar, but had no significant effect on sink limited cultivar. The SR treatment decreased the Pn of flag leaf. Grain DM accumulation was limited by source in some cultivars, in other cultivars, it was limited by sink. Grain N accumulation was mainly limited by source supply. The contribution of pre-anthesis dry mass to grain yield from high to low was stem, leaf and chaff, while the contribution of pre-anthesis N to grain N from high to low was leaf, stem and chaff. Cultivars S7221 and TA9818 can increase the contribution of remobilization of DM and N to grain at the maximum ratio under reducing source treatments, which may be the major reason for these cultivars having lower decrease in grain yield and N content under reducing source treatments.     

不同春季追氮模式对小麦茎秆抗倒性能及木质素积累的影响

【目的】探讨春季不同追氮模式对小麦各节间茎秆抗倒伏能力、木质素积累及籽粒产量的影响,明确高施氮量条件下适宜的春季追氮模式,为小麦高产稳产抗逆应变栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】于2017—2018和2018—2019年2个小麦生长季,以倒伏敏感型品种山农16和抗倒伏品种济麦22为供试材料,在高施氮量300 kg·hm-2基施1/3条件下设置4种春季追肥模式,分别为等量二次性追氮和剩余一次性追氮,即起身期﹕孕穗期1/3﹕1/3(T1),拔节期﹕开花期1/3﹕1/3(T2),孕穗期一次性追施剩余2/3氮(T3)和拔节期一次性追施剩余2/3氮(CK)。深入研究春季不同追氮模式对冬小麦植株茎秆抗折力、木质素积累、木质素合成关键酶基因的表达丰度及籽粒产量的调控效应。【结果】抗倒伏品种济麦22的各节间茎秆抗折力、木质素积累量以及单体含量均高于倒伏敏感型品种山农16,2种类型品种开花期T1、CK处理的抗折力高于T2和T3处理,木质素积累量、单体的含量表现为T1>T3>CK>T2,灌浆期和成熟期各处理间抗折力、木质素积累量以及单体的含量表现为T1>T3>T2>CK。灌浆期...