干旱胁迫对夏腊梅叶片脂质过氧化及抗氧化系统的影响

以盆栽2年生夏腊梅实生苗为材料,分对照、轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫和深度胁迫5组,研究土壤干旱对夏腊梅叶片脂质过氧化及保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:中度干旱胁迫下夏腊梅抗氧化能力增强,膜脂过氧化程度几乎不变;重度干旱胁迫下,脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD活性升高,还原型谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸、类胡萝卜素含量和CAT活性下降,超氧阴离子产生速率和H2O2含量升高,导致丙二醛含量升高,膜透性增大,净光合速率、最大光化学效率、表观量子效率降低.重度干旱胁迫引起膜脂严重过氧化,对夏腊梅造成一定伤害.     

干旱胁迫及复水对绿竹容器苗生理特征的影响

[目的]探究模拟干旱环境下水分亏缺对绿竹容器苗主要营养器官生理特性的影响,为绿竹规模化育苗栽培制定适宜的经营管理及节水灌溉技术方案提供理论依据。[方法]以绿竹组培苗为试验材料,采用盆栽苗控水方式,测定分析不同干旱胁迫条件下绿竹叶片及根系抗氧化酶、膜脂渗透性、叶片光合色素含量、以及根系活力等生理指标。[结果]表明:随着干旱胁迫加重,绿竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量明显下降,各处理间均达到差异显著(P0.05),复水后叶绿素a、叶绿素b、及类胡萝卜素含量均明显升高,其中叶绿素a、叶绿素b达到差异显著(P0.05),但类胡萝卜素差异不显著(P0.05);干旱胁迫下,根系活力呈明显下降趋势,中度干旱胁迫(MS)和重度干旱胁迫(SS)根系活力分别比对照(CK)下降14.35%、33.31%,均达到差异显著(P0.05),复水后,根系活力均明显升高,分别达到了CK处理根系活力的96.75%、73.84%;干旱胁迫下,根系及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,且在复水后均呈现一定下降趋势,表现为中度干旱胁迫后复水(MS-CK)降低程度高于重度干旱胁迫后复水(SS-CK),各处理间均达到差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]模拟干旱环境下,增加干旱胁迫程度,绿竹的根系活力及叶片色素含量呈显著降低,MDA含量及SOD、CAT、POD活性均升高。复水后,根系活力及叶片色素含量较干旱胁迫时有所提高,MDA含量及SOD、CAT、POD活性有明显下降,不同干旱程度补偿能力不同,表现为中度干旱胁迫后复水高于重度干旱胁迫后复水,且不同营养器官对于解除干旱后消除活性氧及修复适应能力也不尽相同。绿竹根系活力和叶绿素含量与干旱胁迫程度呈负相关,而保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性以及MDA含量均与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关。     

渗透胁迫下河北杨叶片的生理响应及相关分析

对PEG渗透胁迫下河北杨叶片的生理响应及其内在关系进行研究.结果表明:在PEG溶液的渗透胁迫下,河北杨叶片相对含水量逐渐下降,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)积累,细胞膜相对透性破坏;在胁迫24 h时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著下降,并伴随着O2-产生速率的大幅度增加;但在胁迫18 h时,SOD、POD活性及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的显著升高可以起到一定的减轻伤害的作用.相关分析结果表明:MDA含量及O2-产生速率与相对含水量均呈极显著负相关;而SOD、POD活性与相对含水量相关性不显著;SOD活性与O2-产生速率相关性显著,而POD活性与O2-产生速率相关性不显著.上述指标间相关性说明河北杨对水分胁迫的响应是多种生理生化过程综合作用的结果,各生理指标间存在着一定的内在联系.     

不同光强对曼地亚红豆杉扦插苗叶片膜脂过氧化和膜保护酶活性的影响

以不同光强下的5年生曼地亚红豆杉为研究对象,以不作遮荫的自然光强作为对照,探讨了光强对其苗木叶片膜脂过氧化和膜保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,一层遮荫(70 %的透光率)的T1光强处理提高了其苗叶膜保护酶SOD、POD、CAT、APX的活性和抗氧化物质ASA的含量,降低了其O2·-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量,从而使其苗木膜脂过氧化维持在一定水平.而二层遮荫光强处理的苗木叶片CAT活性较对照增强,但苗叶的SOD活性随其遮荫时间的延长而降低,其POD、APX活性及ASA含量均较对照低,而使其O2·-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量先低后高.三层遮荫光强处理的苗木叶片保护酶活性及ASA含量均较对照降低,其O2·-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量上升.由此表明,一层遮荫的光强处理提高了曼地亚红豆杉扦插苗叶片清除活性氧的能力,是曼地亚红豆杉扦插苗在重庆低海拔地区培育的最适光环境.     

干旱胁迫对真桦苗木抗氧化系统及脂质过氧化的影响

以不同土壤水分处理真桦苗木,测定丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫处理组叶片MDA含量始终高于对照,3周时重度干旱组MDA含量达到对照的2.1倍;轻度胁迫处理组,真桦叶片内SOD和CAT活性升高;中度和重度胁迫处理组,...     

NaCl胁迫对构树组培苗抗氧化酶活性及同工酶谱的影响(英文)

构树组培苗在50,75,100,125和150 mmol-L-1 NaCl胁迫下,SOD,POD,CAT活性和这3种抗氧化酶同工酶谱的变化情况,以及不同浓度NaCI对可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:NaCI浓度小于100mmol.L-1时可溶蛋白含量升高,随着NaCl浓度的增加可溶蛋白含量降低.低浓度NaCl使SOD活性略有降低,随着浓度升高活性逐渐增强;SOD同工酶谱在NaCI胁迫后变化明显.POD活性变化趋势与SOD相似,而POD同工酶谱略有变化.CAT活性明显提高,而其同工酶谱变化甚微.此外,NaCl胁迫还导致脯氨酸含量明显升高,而MDA含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势.     

干旱胁迫对光叶珙桐幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

通过研究干旱胁迫对光叶珙桐幼苗抗氧化酶系统相关物质的影响,以探究光叶珙桐幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应能力。设置对照组、5%、10%、15%、20%PEG-6000梯度浓度对3年生光叶珙桐幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理,提取叶片中RWC、SOD、POD和CAT和MDA进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)随着光叶珙桐幼苗遭受干旱胁迫程度加剧与胁迫时间的延长,叶片中RWC急剧减少,SOD、POD与CAT酶活均先上升后下降,MDA含量先下降后上升;(2)SOD变化不显著,在光叶珙桐抗旱机制中发挥的作用最小;而POD活性和CAT活性均变化明显,二者协同作用,在不同程度的胁迫下分别起到清除自由基的作用,以降低自由基对植株造成伤害;(3)POD活性在24h轻度胁迫处理下高出CK组409.14%,CAT在重度胁迫处理下高出CK组191.49%,二者在严重胁迫(20%PEG)处理下又降至接近CK组水平,说明POD在轻度胁迫时POD发挥其保护作用,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,CAT发挥着保护膜脂的主要作用,在严重胁迫下二者活性均降低;(4)MDA含量先下降后上升,说明在干旱胁迫初期,在保护酶协同作用下减少了MDA的生成,在严重胁迫处理时含量积累升高到CK组含量的29.86%,表明随胁迫程度的加剧保护酶活性受到明显抑制。光叶珙桐对干旱胁迫较为敏感,水因子成为光叶珙桐生长的主要限制条件。     

PEG处理对连香树种子萌发与芽苗生长的影响

以连香树种子为试验材料,研究不同质量浓度PEG对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:适宜质量浓度(140～301 g·L-1)的PEG预处理连香树种子,能促进种子萌发和芽苗生长,增加渗透凋节物质如可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量,提高保护性酶SOD,POD和CAT的活性,降低MDA含量,修复膜系统损伤,提高其抗旱性.在干旱胁迫下,伴随PEG质量浓度的增加,连香树种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶SOD和CAT的活性升高及POD活性下降.连香树对干旱胁迫较为敏感,PEG质量浓度≥95 g·L-1对种子萌发、芽苗胚轴和胚根生长产生抑制作用.     

水曲柳苗木不同根序对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应

以1年生水曲柳苗木为试材,在温室土基盆栽,测定干旱胁迫后苗木1级根和2级根细根活力、膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化物酶系(POD、SOD、CAT)活性的变化.结果表明:在干旱胁迫过程中,1,2级根均发生活力下降、膜透性增加、可溶性蛋白含量减少的现象,且1级根变化程度大于2级根.在干旱胁迫过程中1,2级根SOD活性均先上升后下降,CAT和POD活性虽然在胁迫后期(40天)显著高于对照,但与胁迫初期相比(15,30天)也呈显著下降趋势,对照变化不显著.抗氧化酶系还原活性氧分子的能力逐渐减弱,膜质过氧化程度加重,导致细胞膜透性升高,活力下降(r2=0.45～0.58).与2级根相比,1级根对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应更明显.     

干旱胁迫对蔷薇生理活性的影响

干旱胁迫是影响植物生长发育及应用的重要因子。为掌握蔷薇Rosa multiflora的抗旱能力,测定了干旱胁迫下蔷薇的电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白的含量和脯氨酸的含量。结果表明:蔷薇的电导率和脯氨酸含量与胁迫程度成正相关关系;MDA的含量、SOD和POD的活性、可溶性蛋白的含量都在一定范围内随着胁迫强度的增加而先升高后降低;研究表明蔷薇具有较强的抗旱能力。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.