不同前茬对烤烟根际土壤微生物的影响

以烤烟‘K326’为材料,在石林和寻甸2个不同气候生态烟区,通过田间试验研究1年2熟条件下油菜、小麦、大麦、绿肥和冬闲5种前茬对植烟土壤根际微生物量的影响。研究结果表明：在2个生态区不同前茬对烟株根际土壤微生物的影响各不相同;前茬绿肥、小麦能增加烤烟根际土壤中后期细菌、放线菌数量,降低根际真菌量;大麦、冬闲前茬到烟株打顶时,根际土壤真菌数量明显大于油菜、小麦及绿肥前茬;在2个生态气候区,前茬种植油菜对烟田根际土壤真菌群落影响不明显,大麦与绿肥前茬下植烟土壤根际微生物量明显大于其他几种前茬类型,其中又以绿肥好于大麦。     

光叶紫花苕子不同翻压期对烤烟生长发育的影响

为了合理利用绿肥轮作改良烟田土壤、提高烤烟产质,在湖北恩施烟区采用田间试验研究了烤烟复种光叶紫花苕子作绿肥时不同翻压期对烤烟生长、产量和品质的影响。连续2年的定位试验表明,在减少化肥施用量15%、翻压绿肥15000 kg/hm2情况下,于烤烟移栽前15~25天翻压绿肥效果较好,烤烟株高、最大叶面积等农艺性状,根、茎、叶及整株干物质量,烟叶产量和产值接近于或高于常规施肥措施,但是移栽前35天翻压等量光叶紫花苕子作绿肥,烤烟生长明显较差,产量和产值显著降低。减少化肥用量15%基础上不同时期翻压绿肥,有利于烤烟上部叶发育,使其单叶重量增加4.5%~18.5%,还可使中上等烟比例提高2.7~8.6个百分点。     

翻压绿肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟产值效益的影响

为探索发展低碳烟草农业、构建资源节约型和环境友好型农业,促进特色烟叶开发和烟叶产业的可持续发展,通过田间试验,以绿肥黑麦草不同翻压量为基础,具体研究了翻压绿肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟产量和产值效益的影响。结果表明,烟田翻压绿肥能够明显调节烟株大田期的生长发育,促进烟株对矿质元素吸收、利用和储存。从烟株生长发育综合指标来看,以翻压量在22500~30000 kg/hm²时烟株生长较好,单株干物质积累、单株氮、磷、钾积累量最高。与对照相比,单株干物质积累量、单株氮、磷、钾积累量量最高增幅分别为19.84%、59.34%、34.94%、43.55%;同时,翻压绿肥能够明显提升烤后烟叶产量和产值效益相关指标,上中等烟比例、产量和产值最高分别增加16.13%、203.56 kg/hm²、3519.01元/hm²。     

寒地绿肥与烤烟套种对烤烟生长及经济性状的影响

探索发展低碳烟草农业、构建资源节约型和环境友好型农业,促进特色烟叶开发和烟叶产业的可持续发展。本研究通过田间定位试验,以绿肥紫花苜蓿、草木犀（一年生）、黑麦草、小麦与烤烟套种为基础,具体研究不同种类绿肥套种并配以减氮施肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟叶经济性状的影响。结果表明,烟田套种绿肥能够明显调节烤烟大田期的生长发育,有助于干物质积累,提高光合特性,进而提高烤烟的经济效益。从烟株生长的农艺性状、干物质积累方面看,烤烟套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%(Y3)时烟株生长状况好于不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)和套种其他种类绿肥的处理(Y1、Y2、Y4),与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)相比,套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%处理最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积和干物质积累分别提高了11.67%、12.95%、26.25%和22.05%。与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)相比,烤烟套种不同种类绿肥对SPAD值和光合特性具有一定的提升效果,并且套种绿肥+减氮30%施肥后不会影响烤烟的正常成熟和落黄时间。同时,套种绿肥+减氮30%后能够明显提升烤后烟叶经济效益的相关指标,烤烟套种黑麦草+减氮30%(Y1)对上等烟比例提高效果最好,烤烟套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%(Y3)上中等烟比例、均价、产量和产值提高效果最好。与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)处理相比,Y1处理上等烟比例提高了9.86个百分点,Y3处理上中等烟比例、均价、产量和产值分别增加7.88个百分点、1.9元/kg、99.15 kg/hm ²、7584.91元/hm ²。综合来看,紫花苜蓿是黑龙江地区培肥改土效果最佳的绿肥品种。     

移栽时间与方式对烤烟生长发育及产量、品质的影响

为明确山东中部烟区烤烟适宜移栽时间与移栽方式,采用田间对比试验,研究3个不同移栽时间（4月30日、5月10日和5月20日）及3种不同移栽方式（常规覆膜移栽、小苗膜下移栽和井窖式移栽）对烟株生长发育及烟叶产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随移栽期推迟,烤烟生育前期时间缩短,生育进程加快,烟株和叶片变大,烤后烟叶等级结构提升,化学协调性提高,经济产量和感官评吸质量先增加后微降;不同移栽方式在不同移栽期下对烤烟影响不同,早栽时,小苗膜下移栽和井窖式移栽可改善根系土壤温湿度环境,促进烟苗早生快发,提高烟叶评吸质量,但晚栽时,小苗膜下移栽由于地温过高对烟苗生长产生负面影响,进而影响烟叶产量和品质。移栽期主要通过生育期内温度条件的变化对烟株产生影响,为主要影响因素;移栽方式通过改变生长前期微环境对烟株生长起到微调作用。以5月10日的井窖式移栽处理综合表现最好,可作为鲁中烟区适宜的移栽时间和方式进行示范应用。     

成熟期控水对烤烟生长及产量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟株生长及烟叶产量的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟株物质积累及烟叶产量的变化。结果表明：成熟期土壤长期干旱不利于烟叶生长,干旱后复水对烟叶生长无明显影响,且土壤水分对烤烟茎围和根系体积的影响均不显著;长期干旱不利于烤烟根、茎和叶等器官生物量提高,旱后增加复水量有利于根系生长;长期干旱显著降低烟株干物质积累,复水提高干物质积累量,但仍低于充分灌溉处理;长期干旱烟叶产量降低9.70%,旱后复水2次烟叶产量仅降低1.80%,且上中等烟叶比例比对照处理（相对土壤含水率70%~75%）提高2.88%,而单位面积产值仅减少1.09%。烤烟成熟期干旱胁迫后复水一定程度限制了烟株生长,但烟叶产量下降较少,上中等烟叶比重提高,单位面积产值略微降低。     

绿肥-烟-稻轮作与烟叶产量品质及后茬晚稻产量效应

摘要 连续三年采用绿肥-烟-稻轮作田间定位试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究绿肥还田对提高土壤肥力和烟叶产量、品质及后茬作物晚稻产量的作用,取得良好效果。绿肥还田其养分释放可明显提高土壤速效氮磷钾养分含量,促进烤烟植株对土壤养分的吸收利用,显著提高烟叶产量。且改善烟叶品质,其烟叶外观表现为结构疏松,成熟度好,光泽强,颜色均匀,杂色少。三年结果统计,黑麦草区烟叶平均产量为2644kg/hm 2,油菜区烟叶平均产量为2626kg/hm 2,分别比对照增产14.6%、14.1%。上、中等烟叶比例分别为92.1％、93.6％,烟叶内在化学成分接近或达到优质烟叶标准。后茬作物晚稻分别比对照增产43.2%、29.6%。     

不同播栽期对 ‘云烟 87’ 烤后烟叶质量与风格的影响

通过田间小区试验、农户示范试验以及化学分析等方法,研究‘云烟87’不同播栽期与烟叶质量风格的关系。结果表明,随播栽期的推迟,烟株生长速度加快,烟株株型明显增大,烤烟生育期明显缩短,生育期的缩短主要是伸根期的缩短;推迟播栽期后,烤后烟叶产量、产值明显上升,但对均价影响较小;随播栽期的推迟,烤后烟叶相同等级的烟碱和总氮/烟碱比值表现为下降的趋势,对其余化学成分指标的影响没有表现出规律性变化;随播栽期推迟,烟叶风格特征由清香变为浓香,评吸质量下降。适当早栽可以显著改善烟叶评吸品质,但应改进栽培技术保证烟叶的产量和产值。     

耕作深度对烤烟生长、养分吸收及产量、质量的影响

通过田间试验研究了移栽前不同耕作深度(20、30和40 cm)对烟株农艺性状、根系发育及分布、干物质累积和养分吸收以及烟叶产量、产值和品质的影响。结果表明,不同耕作深度处理烟株前期生长无明显差异,但到打顶时烟株根系发育和分布则有显著差异。在0~10 cm土层内, 根系数量及根干重均随耕作深度增加而下降;而10~20 cm、20~30 cm两土层内根系数量及干重与耕作深度间的关系则与0~10 cm相反,20 cm处理与其余两处理间差异显著,耕作深度为40 cm处理明显有更多的根系。各处理烟株烟叶叶面积系数及最大叶面积、整株干物质累积和氮磷钾养分吸收均随耕作深度增加而增大, 且这种趋势随生育期发展而愈加明显。烤后烟叶产量、产值以耕作深度为40 cm处理最高, 30 cm处理次之, 20 cm处理最低, 前者与后两者间有显著差异;而评吸质量以耕作深度为30 cm处理各部位和40 cm处理上部叶相对更好。综合考虑, 建议烤烟生产中土壤耕作深度以30~40 cm为宜。     

灌水与钾用量及其互作对烤烟产量和品质的影响

采用大田试验研究了灌水和钾肥用量及其互作对烤烟产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随钾肥用量增加,烟叶产量、产值和上等烟比例都有增大的趋势,灌水和增大钾肥用量都可以不同程度提高烟叶产量、产值和上等烟比例,以施钾的效应较为明显,灌水和施钾对提高烟叶上等烟比例有明显的互作效应。回归分析结果,烤烟产量、产值和上等烟比例的钾肥效应模型均为呈二次曲线,说明在钾肥用量较高时,肥料的增产增质效应趋于降低。从不同钾用量处理烟叶经济性状、化学成分和评吸质量综合分析,湘西烤烟适宜的钾肥用量为240kg/hm2。     

Effect of preceding crop combination and N fertilization on yield of six oil-seed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L.)

Information about the effect of the cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape is extremely scarce. In 1992/93 and 1994/95, the effects of different preceding crop combinations (winter barley and winter wheat as preceding crops, oil-seed rape and wheat as pre-preceding crops) on the yield of six double low oil-seed rape cultivars were examined in a field trial at Hohenschulen Experimental Farm, north-west Germany. In addition, eight nitrogen treatments (different amounts and distribution patterns) were tested for their potential to reduce negative effects of the preceding crops. Following the cropping sequence of oil-seed rape then wheat, oil-seed rape yielded only 3.12 t ha⁻¹; after oil-seed rape then barley, the yield was 3.43 t ha⁻¹ compared with 3.77 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then barley and 3.71 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then wheat. The number of seeds per m² showed a similar pattern, whereas the thousand-seed weight partly compensated for the reduced seed number. It was highest if oil-seed rape was grown 2 years previously. The cultivars differed significantly in their yield potential. Express (3.79 t ha⁻¹) yielded 0.6 t ha⁻¹ more than Falcon (3.18 t ha⁻¹). Increasing amounts of fertilizer-N (80–200 kg N ha⁻¹) increased the seed yield from 3.21 t ha⁻¹ to 3.84 t ha⁻¹. Changes in the distribution pattern within one fertilizer amount had no effect on seed yield. In addition, no interactions between preceding crop combination and the different cultivars or N treatments occurred. It is concluded that crop management cannot totally eliminate the negative effects of an unfavourable cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape.     

Effects of previous cropping on seed yield and yield components of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Information about the effect of the preceding crop or crop combination on the seed yield of oil-seed rape is extremely scarce. Experiments were carried out in northwest Germany to investigate the effect of different preceding crops on the growth, seed yield and yield components of oil-seed rape. The two directly preceding crops, wheat and oil-seed rape, had only a negligible and non-significant effect on the seed yield of the following oil-seed rape crop. Oil-seed rape grown after wheat had more pods per plant, due to an increase in the number of pods on the higher category branches. In contrast, the seed yield and yield components were more affected by the cropping sequence, i.e. the crops 2 years before. Averaged over two experimental years, the greatest yields were observed in oil-seed rape following the sequence peas-wheat (694 g m⁻²), whereas the smallest seed yield occurred after 2 years of oil-seed rape cropping (371 g m⁻²). The differences in the seed yield were again associated with more pods per plant, which compensated for the lower number of plants m⁻², whereas the number of seeds per pod and the mean seed weight were almost unaffected by the previous cropping. It was not possible to relate the described differences to the crop development, since differences in the biomass caused by the previous cropping were only significant at maturity. Oil-seed rape grown after 2 years of oil-seed rape had the highest ratings of stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) as well as verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae). But the general level of the diseases was low, and therefore other causes for the effects described must be considered.     

Productivity of organic and conventional arable cropping systems in long-term experiments in Denmark

A field experiment comparing different arable crop rotations was conducted in Denmark during 1997–2008 on three sites varying in climatic conditions and soil types, i.e. coarse sand (Jyndevand), loamy sand (Foulum), and sandy loam (Flakkebjerg). The crop rotations followed organic farm management, and from 2005 also conventional management was included for comparison. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: 1) crop rotation (organic crop rotations varying in use of whole-year green manure (O1 and O2 with a whole-year green manure, and O4 without), and a conventional system without green manure (C4)), 2) catch crop (with and without), and 3) manure (with and without). The experiment consisted of three consecutive cycles using four-course rotations with all crops present every year, i.e. 1997–2000 (1st cycle), 2001–2004 (2nd cycle), and 2005–2008 (3rd cycle). In the 3rd cycle at all locations C4 was compared with two organic rotations, i.e. O2 and O4. The O2 rotation in the third cycle included spring barley, grass-clover, potato, and winter wheat, whereas C4 and O4 included spring barley, faba bean, potato, and winter wheat. For the O2 rotation with green manure there was a tendency for increased DM yield over time at all sites, whereas little response was seen in N yield. In the O4 rotation DM and N yields tended to increase at Foulum over time, but there was little change at Flakkebjerg. The DM yield gap between organic and conventional systems in the 3rd cycle varied between sites with 34–66% at Jyndevad, 21–44% at Foulum, and 32–52% at Flakkebjerg. The inclusion of grass-clover resulted in lower cumulated yield over the rotation than the treatment without grass-clover. The use of manure reduced the DM yield gap between conventional and organic systems on an average by 15 and 21%-points in systems with and without grass-clover, respectively, and the use of catch crops reduced the yield gap by 3 and 5%-points in the respective systems. Across all crops the agronomic efficiency of N in manure (yield benefit for each kg of mineral N applied) was greater in O4 compared with O2 for all crops.     

Effects of green manure herbage management and its digestate from biogas production on barley yield,N recovery,soil structure and earthworm populations

In repeatedly mown and mulched green manure leys, the mulched herbage contains substantial amounts of nitrogen (N), which may only slightly contribute to the following crops’ nutrient demand. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of alternative strategies for green manure management on the yield and N recovery of a subsequent spring barley crop, and their short term effects on soil structure and earthworm populations. A field trial was run from 2008 to 2011 at four sites with contrasting soils under cold climate conditions. We compared several options for on-site herbage management and the application of anaerobically digested green manure herbage. Depending on the site, removal of green manure herbage reduced the barley grain yield by 0% to 33% compared to leaving it on-site. Applying digestate, containing 45% of the N in harvested herbage, as fertilizer for barley gave the same yields as when all herbage was mulched the preceding season. Overall, the apparent N recovery was enhanced from 7% when all herbage was mulched, to 16% when returned as digestate. A positive effect on earthworm density and biomass was seen after one season of retaining mulch material, rather than removing it. Digestate did not affect the earthworm population, but contributed to higher soil aggregate stability. In conclusion, for spring barley production after green manure ley, the digestate strategy increased N recovery and reduced the risk of N losses. The yield of the succeeding barley crop yield was reduced when N in herbage was not returned as mulch or digestate.     

Ertragsbildung von getreidereichen Fruchtfolgen und Getreide-monokulturen in einem extensiven und intensiven Anbausystem

Yield formation in cereal-rich crop rotations and monocultures in an extensive and intensive crop-management system
In a long duration trial, conducted from 1979/80 to 1992 at TU-Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the performance of monocultures of winter wheat, winter barley and winter rye, as well as numerous cereal-crop rotations were compared in an extensive and intensive crop-management system. The results obtained can be summarized as follows.
Over the course of 13 years, the influence of the immediately preceding crop on the yield of the main crops was of much greater significance than the rotation as a whole. With winter wheat, no yield differences could be observed between monoculture and cereal crop rotation (if the rotation did not include oats). Oats, rape, field bean, pea, potato and maize as preceding crops, however, in crop management systems, led to, on average, an increase in yield of 13 dt/ha from the following wheat. Winter barley yields were not significantly different in monoculture, cereal crop rotations and crop rotations containing 66% cereals. Furthermore, winter rye yields were the same in monocultures and cereal crop rotations. With all cereals, intensification of fertilizing and chemical plant protection led to a considerable increase in yield, but did not diminish the effects of the preceding crop. Hence, even with the use of modern agronomical techniques it is impossible to compensate for yield losses due to crop rotation.     

应用15N研究前作施用有机肥对烤烟氮肥效应的影响

为进一步促进烤烟轮作周期内有机肥和氮肥的合理施用,采用田间微区试验和田间小区试验相结合的方法,应用稳定性同位素15N示踪技术,研究了前作施用有机肥（秸杆、油枯、腐熟猪粪）对烤烟氮肥效应的影响。结果显示：与对照相比,前作施用有机肥可以促进烤烟的生长,影响烤烟对氮肥的利用;有机肥的种类不同,对烟株各部位叶片中的氮含量的影响不同;前作施用油枯和腐熟猪粪后,烟株不同部位的氮来自肥料的比例增加,提高了烤烟对氮肥的利用率;有机肥前作施用可以提高上部叶的可用性,对中部叶的品质有利。试验的结果表明：前作施用油枯和腐熟猪粪较好     

烤烟-绿肥轮作对烤烟产量和品质的影响

为评价并筛选出适宜与烤烟轮作的最佳绿肥品种,采用田间定位试验设4个处理,分别为烤烟-冬闲、烤烟-光叶紫花苕、烤烟-肥田萝卜、烤烟-黑麦草,探讨4种轮作模式下的烟叶产量、产值、农艺性状、化学成分及植烟土壤的养分变化情况。结果表明,不同绿肥轮作显著提升了烟叶均价和产值,其中光叶紫花苕、肥田萝卜和黑麦草轮作处理的烟叶均价分别相对冬闲处理提高15.37%、20.04%和17.72%,产值分别提高23.6%、24.1%和18.3%,光叶紫花苕处理增加了中上等烟比例。光叶紫花苕和肥田萝卜轮作处理烟叶的烟碱含量、两糖差和非烟碱氮/总氮达到了优质烟叶的水平。综上,种植光叶紫花苕和肥田萝卜能够显著提高烤烟的均价和产值,并能使烟叶的化学成分更加协调,多项化学品质达到优质烟叶的标准,是云南烟区值得推广的冬绿肥轮作模式。     

The Effect of Different Preceding Crops on the Development, Growth and Yield of Winter Barley

Reliable estimations of the yield response of winter barley to different preceding crops are necessary for the design of crop rotations.
The grain yield and yield components of winter barley (cv. Tapir ) following either rapeseed, oats, wheat or barley were determined in five years of field experiments on a sandy loam (Luvisol) at the Hohenschulen experimental station near Kiel, Germany, F.R. The growth, development and incidence of take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) was measured in a total of three years. On average over the five years barley grown after oats yielded 0.8 t per ha (11 %) more than barley following wheat which was mainly due to a higher number of ears per m². Barley following either oats or rapeseed produced a higher dry weight and a larger number of tillers per m² compared with barley grown after wheat or barley. This effect was already-present at the sampling date before winter. Take-all ratings were constantly higher in barley following a susceptible crop, but only reached a severe level late in the season and therefore could not explain the observed differences in growth, development and subsequently grain yield. Since no other pathogens affected the development other non-pathogenic causes must be considered as main causes for the described observations and yield differences.     

醚苯磺隆在小麦田的除草效果及其残留对后茬作物的安全性

小麦返青期,在河北省小麦-夏播作物一年两熟地区冬小麦田施用醚苯磺隆,对其除草效果及其在土壤中的残留在不同耕作方式下对后茬作物生长和产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明:10%醚苯磺隆可湿性粉剂对小麦田主要阔叶杂草有较好的防除效果,对小麦产量无影响。10%醚苯磺隆在小麦田的施药剂量为60 g/hm2,对下茬作物玉米、谷子幼苗的生长及产量无影响,对大豆、花生、油菜的药害轻;随用药剂量增加药害加重,480 g/hm2处理对下茬参试作物均有较重的药害,不同作物对醚苯磺隆在土壤中残留量的敏感性有差异,其顺序为:油菜>大豆>花生>谷子>玉米。播种前进行旋耕比免耕对后茬参试作物幼苗生长及大豆和油菜产量影响要轻。     

冬闲期耕作方式对连作花生叶片衰老和产量的影响

大田连作条件下种植大花生品种"山花108",以冬闲期免耕晾晒土地后整地种植(冬闲免耕露地,MGLD)为对照,设置冬闲免耕覆膜(冬闲期免耕晾晒土地后整地覆膜种植, MGFM)、冬闲翻耕露地(冬闲期翻耕晾晒土地后整地种植,FGLD)、冬闲翻耕覆膜(冬闲期翻耕晾晒土地后整地覆膜种植,FGFM)、冬闲压青露地(前茬花生收获后常规种植冬小麦,于花生种植前粉碎还田后整地种植, YQLD)、冬闲压青覆膜(前茬花生收获后常规种植冬小麦,于花生种植前粉碎还田后整地覆膜种植, YQFM)5种处理,探究对连作花生叶片衰老、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,覆膜、冬闲翻耕与压青处理均可提高植株功能叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率,降低胞间CO2浓度;同时提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓叶片衰老,进而增加荚果产量。YQFM、FGFM、MGFM处理的荚果产量较YQLD、FGLD、MGLD处理分别增加5.11%、6.77%、3.70%;与MGFM处理相比, YQFM、FGFM处理分别增产14.83%、8.30%;与MGLD处理相比, YQLD、FGLD处理分别增产13.30%、5.18%,并且增产幅度由高到低依次是YQFM、YQLD、FGFM、FGLD、MGFM处理。冬闲压青覆膜处理的产量和经济效益最佳。