Expression and characterization of sweet potato invertase in Pichia pastoris

An invertase cDNA (Ibbetafruct1) was cloned from sweet potato leaves and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Ibbetafruct1-encoded protein was closely related to vacuolar invertases and included the WECVD catalytic domain characteristic of them. An expression plasmid containing the coding region of Ibbetafruct1 under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter was used to transform the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The biochemical properties for the expressed recombinant enzyme, which was determined to be the acid beta-fructofuranosidase with an acidic pI value (5.1), were similar to those of vacuolar invertases purified from sweet potato. Periodic acid/Schiff staining and Con A-Sepharose gel-binding experiments revealed the recombinant invertase to be a glycoprotein containing glucose and/or mannose residues. Furthermore, the carbohydrate moiety appears to be a key determinant of the enzyme's sucrose hydrolysis activity, substrate affinity, and thermal stability.     

Isolation and characterization of superoxide dismutase from wheat seedlings

Two major superoxide dismutases (SODs; SODs I and II) were found in the crude enzyme extract of wheat seedlings after heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, anionic exchange chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. The purification fold for SODs I and II were 154 and 98, and the yields were 11 and 2.4%, respectively. SOD I was further characterized. It was found that SOD I from wheat seedlings is a homodimer, with a subunit molecular mass of 23 kDa. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) and zymogram staining results indicated that the isoelectric point of SOD I is 3.95. It belongs to the MnSOD category due to the fact that it was insensitive to KCN or hydrogen peroxide inhibitor. This MnSOD from wheat seedlings was found to be stable over pH 7-9, with an optimum pH of 8, but was sensitive to extreme pH, particularly to acidic pH. It was stable over a wide range of temperatures (5-50 degrees C). Thermal inactivation of wheat seedling MnSOD followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the temperature dependence of rate constants was in agreement with the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy for thermal inactivation of wheat seedling MnSOD in the temperature range of 50-70 degrees C was found to be 150 kJ/mol. HgCl2 and SDS at a concentration of 1.0 mM significantly inhibited enzyme activity. Chemical modification agents, including diethyl pyrocarbonate (2.5 mM) and Woodward's reagent K (50 mM), significantly inhibited the activity of wheat seedling SOD, implying that imidazole groups from histidine and carboxyl groups from aspartic acid and glutamic acid are probably located at or near the active site of the enzyme.     

抗速灭威单链抗体基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达及性质研究

选用巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）系统表达特异性抗速灭威单链抗体（scFv）基因,以为速灭威特异性抗体的大量制备奠定基础。设计引物扩增阳性克隆scFv基因,亚克隆至表达载体pPICZαC,获得重组酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-scFv,线性化pPICZαC-scFv并高效电转P.pastoris（X-33）,对转化子进行抗性梯度筛选得到一株高效表达的X-33-Pp-SMW-12-6菌株。对获得的菌株先后进行表达条件的优化、优化条件下的诱导表达及单链抗体性质研究。结果表明：P.pastoris-scFv的质量接近其亲本E.coli-scFv的质量,X-33-Pp-SMW12-6在优化条件下的表达产量达28mg/L,比未优化前的产量提高了约8mg/L,经纯化后抗体纯度可达85%以上。因此,利用P.pastoris表达系统制备抗速灭威单链抗体比细菌表达系统更有效、更经济。     

内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中高效表达研究

在实现了内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中高效表达的基础上,对表达条件进行了优化研究.根据枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)内切葡聚糖酶基因序列设计引物.采用PCR扩增到获得去除信号肽后约1.4kb的内切葡聚糖酶基因片段.以此片段成功地构建了pPIC-End载体.并转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GSl 15.经过MD和MM平板筛选和酶活性测定,获得了高效表达的转化子GSl15-pPIC-End I、GSl15-pPIC-EndⅧ和GSl15-pPIC-EndⅧ.在摇瓶培养条件下,酵母工程菌表达优化条件:在pH4～8条件下均能稳定表达,诱导起始OD600=5表达水平最高,甲醇诱导最佳浓度为0.5%～1.O%,于250mL以上摇瓶培养对表达有显著的促进作用.三种工程菌在优化条件后诱导培养,酶活性可达860.7、760.3和786.2 U,分别为原始菌株酶活(63.78 U)的13.5、11.9和12.3倍.SDS-PAGE分析表明.表达产物分子量约为79.82 kD,热稳定性分析表明该酶在65℃保温30 min,可保持最高酶活的80%以上.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an alpha-amylase occurring in the pulp of ripening bananas and its expression in Pichia pastoris

Alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are glycosyl hydrolases with endoglycolytic activity on the alpha-1,4-d-glucosidic linkages in starch. In bananas, the mobilization of starch accounts for sugar accumulation during ripening, and among several hydrolytic enzymes, alpha-amylase is the only enzyme argued to be able to attack the intact granules, indicating a pivotal role for this enzyme. A 1953 bp full-length banana alpha-amylase cDNA (MAmy), encoded for a sequence of 416 amino acids, was cloned and used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The cloned MAmy presented the highly conserved motifs common to alpha-amylases, and the amylolytic activity of the extracts from yeast transformed with MAmy demonstrated that it encodes for a functional alpha-amylase, suggesting a putative role for this gene in starch degradation during fruit ripening.     

Cloning and expression of buffalo active chymosin in Pichia pastoris

To date, only recombinant chymosin has been obtained in its active form from supernatants of filamentous fungi, which are not as good candidates as yeasts for large-scale fermentations. Since Bos taurus chymosin was cloned and expressed, the world demand for this protease has increased to such an extent that the cheesemaking industry has been looking for novel sources of chymosin. In this sense because buffalo chymosin has properties that are more stable than those of B. taurus chymosin, it may occupy a space of its own in the chymosin market. The main objective of the present work was the production of active recombinant buffalo chymosin in the culture supernatant of Pichia pastoris . This yeast has demonstrated its usefulness as an excellent large-scale fermentation tool for the secretion of recombinant foreign proteins. RNA was extracted from the abomasum of a suckling calf water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee bubalis ). Preprochymosin, prochymosin, and chymosin DNA sequences were isolated and expressed into P. pastoris. Only the recombinant clones of P. pastoris containing the prochymosin sequence gene were able to secrete the active form of the chymosin to the culture supernatant. This paper describes for the first time the production of active recombinant chymosin in P. pastoris without the need of a previous in vitro activation. The new recombinant yeast strain could represent a novel and excellent source of rennet for the cheesemaking industry.     

Efficient production of active recombinant Candida rugosa LIP3 lipase in Pichia pastoris and biochemical characterization of the purified enzyme

Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), an important industrial enzyme, possesses several different isoforms encoded by the high-identity lip gene family (lip1 to lip7). In this study, an additional N-terminal peptide in front of the lip3 gene was removed by PCR, and the 18 nonuniversal serine codons (CTG) of the lip3 gene were converted into universal serine codons (TCT) by means of an overlap extension PCR-based multiple-site-directed mutagenesis to express an active recombinant LIP3 in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The regional synthetic DNA fragment (339 bp) is first recombined by primer assembly with 20 overlapping nucleotides, followed by specific overlap extension PCR with outside primers containing restriction enzyme sites for directional cloning into the pGAPZalphaC vector. The results show that the production yield (0.687 unit/mL) of N-fused lip3 (nflip3) has an overall improvement of 69-fold relative to that (0.01 unit/mL) of lip3 and of 52-fold (0.47 unit/mL) of codon-optimized lip3 (colip3) relative to that (0.01 unit/mL) of non-codon-optimized lip3 (lip3), with the cultivation time set at 5 days. This finding demonstrates that the reservation of the N terminus and the regional codon optimization of the lip3 gene fragment at the 5' end can greatly increase the expression level of recombinant LIP3 in the P. pastoris system. The purified recombinant LIP3 shows distinct biochemical properties compared with other isoforms.     

Structural characterization of potato protease inhibitor I (Cv. Bintje) after expression in Pichia pastoris

In the present study the structural properties of potato protease inhibitor 1 (PI-1) were studied as a function of temperature to elucidate its precipitation mechanism upon heating. A cDNA coding for PI-1 from cv. Bintje was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Using the recombinant PI-1 it was suggested that PI-1 behaves as a hexameric protein rather than as a pentamer, as previously proposed in the literature. The recombinant protein seems either to have a predominantly unordered structure or to belong to the beta-II proteins. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of PI-1 revealed that its thermal unfolding occurs via one endothermic transition in which the hexameric PI-1 probably unfolds, having a dimer instead of a monomer as cooperative unit. The transition temperature for the recombinant PI-1 was 88 degrees C. Similar results were obtained for a partially purified pool of native PI-1 from cv. Bintje.     

α-半乳糖苷酶基因Mell在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

用PCR方法从酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mell基因,将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell.将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell电击转化至毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）KM71,在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落.发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析,在53 kD处有特异带;经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳,与显色底物的反应,检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带.重组菌pGAPZα-Mell/KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后,培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL.     

Cloning and expression of the XPR2 gene from Yarrowia lipolytica in Pichia pastoris

Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic yeast able to secrete different types of proteases depending on the pH of the environment. At neutral pH, the production of an extracellular alkaline protease (AEP) is induced. This protease could be useful in the leather, detergent, or food industries. The XPR2 gene, coding for AEP, was extracted from the pINA154 vector and cloned into the pHIL-D2 vector to obtain a new protease-producing recombinant Pichia pastoris strain. The gene was efficiently integrated in the P. pastoris genome and expressed from the AOX1 promoter actively induced by methanol. Finally, the protease was successfully secreted by P. pastoris GS115.     

草鱼leptin基因的分离鉴定及在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

利用RT-PCR技术扩增出草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)的leptin基因,将leptin基因克隆至真核表达载体pPIC9K,电穿孔转化GS115菌株,经G418筛选和甲醇诱导后,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Westernblot分析。结果表明,草鱼leptin基因cDNA序列由438个核苷酸组成,编码146个氨基酸组成的多肽(GenBank登陆号AY551335),与鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)leptin基因相比,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性为99%;与人、猪和鼠相比,核苷酸同源性分别为84%、86%和95%,氯基酸的同源性分别为84%、82%和96%;与河豚(Takifugurubripes)相比,氨基酸具有较大的差异,仅有9%的同源性,表明leptin在物种的进化上具有一定的差异;实现了草鱼leptin基因在毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)中的表达,表达蛋白的分子量约为16kD,Westernblot分析表明,表达产物具有一定的免疫学活性。     

Cloning and functional expression of a mungbean defensin VrD1 in Pichia pastoris

It was shown previously that a bacterially expressed mungbean defensin VrCRP exhibited both antifungal and insecticidal activities. To isolate this protein in a large quantity for its characterization, the defensin cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant defensin (rVrD1) was purified. The recombinant VrD1 was shown to inhibit the growth of fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Pyricularia oryza, Rhizoctonia solani, and Trichophyton rubrum and development of bruchid larva. The protein also inhibits in vitro protein synthesis. These biological activities are similar to that of the bacterially expressed defensin. Functional expression of VrD1 in Pichia pastoris provides a highly feasible system to study the structure-function relationship of VrD1 using the mutagenesis approach.     

制麦和贮藏过程中大麦SOD活性变化

该文研究了28种不同品种国产啤酒大麦中SOD活性的差异以及SOD在不同制麦工艺和贮藏条件下的变化情况.结果表明不同品种国产啤酒大麦中SOD活性的差异较大,主要集中于30～60 U/g之间,且大部分的啤酒大麦品种适于酿造品质较好的啤酒;SOD酶活在浸麦和发芽过程中呈增长趋势,并且浸麦过程中添加赤霉素(GA3)可有效地提高SOD酶活的增长速度,但是对绿麦芽SOD合成量的影响不明显;在高温的焙焦过程中酶活降低很快,焙焦结束后约有50%的酶活残存,焙焦时间越短,酶活损失越小,且具有较高的出炉水分,更有利于麦芽在贮藏过程中SOD酶活的恢复;各个品种麦芽在贮藏过程中SOD酶活前20d内均随着贮存时间的增长而增加较快,之后变化较平缓;较合适的贮藏温度为25℃.     

益母草抗菌蛋白LJAMP2的表达及抗菌活性分析

LJAMP2是一种分离自益母草(Leonurus japonicus Houtt.)种子的非专一性脂转移蛋白类抗菌蛋白.将编码成熟的LJAMP2蛋白的基冈(GenBank Accession No.AY971513)插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pas-toris)表达载体pPIC9K中;重组质粒pPIC9K-LJAMP2经线性化后,用电转化法导入毕赤酵母菌株GS115(his-/mut+)中.转化子用含1.75 mg/mL G418的YPD平板筛选获得多拷贝Mut+转化子.将1%甲醇诱导LJAMP2表达后的发酵液,经进一步浓缩、凝胶过滤脱盐、CM FF阳离子交换色谱和反相HPLC进行纯化,获得纯度90%以上的LJAMP2菌株诱导24 h即有LJAMP2的表达,诱导168 h表达量达到最高;表达的LJAMP2蛋白对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)真菌表现出抑制活性.     

犬白细胞介素2在毕赤酵母中的诱导表达及生物活性的测定

以ConA刺激的犬外周血淋巴细胞总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR方法扩增出犬IL-2成熟蛋白基因，将目的片段连接到pMD18-T载体，测序结果显示，扩增片段与GenBank上发表的序列一致。然后将目的片段连接到酵母表达载体pPICZa-A上，得到重组酵母犬IL-2表达载体pPICZaA-CaIL-2，经SacⅠ酶切线性化后电转化导入毕赤酵母菌株X-33。PCR方法筛选重组酵母菌，甲醇诱导表达，SDS-PAGE结果显示表达上清中有大小约20kDa的目的条带，比实际分子量略大，推测蛋白可能发生糖基化。MTT法测定生物学活性结果表明，重组犬IL-2能够极显著促进犬外周血淋巴细胞增殖。证明酵母表达的犬重组IL-2具有良好的生物学活性。     

Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of a cDNA coding Copper/Zinc superoxide dismutase from black porgy

A full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding a putative copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) was amplified by a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based technique from cDNA synthesized from black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, mRNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this cDNA clone revealed that it comprised a complete open reading frame coding for 154 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed slightly higher identity (72.8-78.1%) with shark and swordfish Cu/Zn-SOD than with Cu/Zn-SOD from mammalian (68.1-70.7%) and plant (55.5-56.5%) sources. The residues required for coordinating copper and zinc are conserved as they are among all reported Cu/Zn-SOD sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence lacks mitochondria targeting sequence, which suggests that the black porgy cDNA clone encodes a cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD. The coding region of Cu/Zn-SOD from black porgy was introduced into an expression vector, pET-20b(+), and transformed into Escherichia coli AD494(DE3)pLysS. A predominant achromatic zone was detected by activity staining of native PAGE. This indicates that the Cu/Zn-SOD cDNA clone can express active Cu/Zn-SOD enzyme in E. coli.     

外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中高效分泌表达的前沿技术

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统是目前应用非常广泛的外源蛋白真核表达系统。外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达有利于减少下游纯化步骤,降低生产成本,具有重大的实用意义。本文综述了生物信息学、系统生物学、高通量筛选和合成生物学等前沿技术在信号肽和代谢系统优化中的应用,为进一步提高外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达提供参考。     

High-level production of recombinant chicken cystatin by Pichia pastoris and its application in mackerel surimi

A high level of the secreted form of recombinant chicken cystatin was expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33 by chromosomal integration of multiple copies of an expression cassette containing chicken cystatin under the control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. The inhibition ability of the recombinant for papain-like proteinase was found to correspond to those of natural chicken cystatin. The recombinant cystatin substantially inhibited the proteolysis of myosin and gel softening, which consequently improved the gel properties of mackerel surimi.     

Biochemical characterization of a cambialistic superoxide dismutase isozyme from diatom Thallassiosira weissflogii: cloning, expression, and enzyme stability

A cDNA clone of 1081 bp encoding a second putative superoxide dismutase (SOD) from diatom Thallassiosira weissflogii was cloned by the polymerase chain reaction technique. The cDNA encodes a protein of 286 amino acid residues. Alignment of the truncated SOD sequence containing 217 amino acid residues with Mn-SODs from Vibrio mimicus and Escherichia coli, as well as two Fe-SODs from E. coli and Photobacterium leiognathi, this SOD showed greater homology to Mn-SOD. The residues required to coordinate the manganese ion were conserved in all reported Mn-SOD. The recombinant SOD has a half life of deactivation of 14.7 min at 65 degrees C. Its thermal inactivation rate constant Kd was 3.21 x 10(-2) min(-1). The enzyme was stable in a broad pH range from 4 to 12. The presence of imidazole (up to 0.8 M) and sodium dodecylsulfate (up to 4%) had little effect on the enzyme's activity. The atomic absorption spectrometric assay showed the presence of 0.3 atom of iron/manganese (2:1) in each SOD subunit. Reconstituted activity suggested that diatom SOD was cambialistic Fe/Mn-SOD.