马齿苋多糖双酶法提取工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

以马齿苋多糖得率为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化马齿苋多糖纤维素酶和果胶酶双酶法提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了考察。结果表明,马齿苋多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比25∶1(mL/g),纤维素酶和果胶酶的添加量分别为1.5%和2.0%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间100 min,在该提取工艺下,马齿苋多糖得率为19.83 mg/g DW。体外DPPH·和·OH清除试验表明,马齿苋多糖对两者均有较好的清除作用,体外抗氧化活性强于VC。     

响应面法优化酶辅助提取沙苑子三萜的工艺及抗氧化活性研究

旨在研究酶法辅助技术提取沙苑子三萜的工艺及体外抗氧化活性。在单因素实验的基础上,确定液料比、酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间4个因素的Box-benhnken的实验设计,以三萜的提取率为响应值,采用响应面法优化沙苑子三萜的提取工艺,建立并分析各因素与指标值的数学模型;采用自由基清除能力体系评价沙苑子三萜的抗氧化活性。优化分析所得的最佳工艺参数为:液料比为40 mL/g,酶添加量为500μg/mL,酶解温度为40℃,酶解时间为50 min,三萜提取率理论值为8.08%,实际值为7.98%,其RSD为0.12%。沙苑子三萜对DPPH自由基、O_2~-·自由基、羟自由基及Fe~(3+)具有较强的清除作用。因此,该方法高效、简单,可用作沙苑子三萜的提取;沙苑子三萜具有明显的体外抗氧化活性。     

响应面法优化酶法提取沙苑子三萜的工艺及抗氧化活性研究

旨在研究酶法辅助技术提取沙苑子三萜的工艺及体外抗氧化活性。在单因素实验的基础上,确定液料比、酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间4 个因素的Box-benhnken 的实验设计,以三萜的提取率为响应值,采用响应面法优化沙苑子三萜的提取工艺,建立并分析各因素与指标值的数学模型;采用自由基清除能力体系评价沙苑子三萜的抗氧化活性。优化分析所得的最佳工艺参数为：液料比为40 mL/g,酶添加量为500 μg/mL,酶解温度为40℃,酶解时间为50 min,三萜提取率理论值为8.08%,实际值为7.98%,其RSD 为0.12%。沙苑子三萜对DPPH自由基、O2 -·自由基、羟自由基及Fe3+具有较强的清除作用。因此,该方法高效、简单,可用作沙苑子三萜的提取;沙苑子三萜具有明显的体外抗氧化活性。     

越橘原花青素的提取及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以越橘干果为原料,采用超声波辅助双酶酶解法提取越橘原花青素,以越橘原花青素得率作为评价指标,研究料液比、纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比、酶解pH、酶解时间和超声时间对越橘原花青素得率的影响。单因素试验和响应面法优化获得越橘原花青素提取条件为：料液比1∶30(g/mL),纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比为1∶1.2,酶解pH 5.0,酶解时间90 min,超声时间50 min,该条件下提取的越橘原花青素得率为9.38%;越橘原花青素具有较强的抗氧化活性,其对羟自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的最高清除率分别为97.84%、96.47%和94.47%,半数抑制浓度IC50分别为0.354、0.394、0.387 mg/L,对三者的清除能力均高于抗坏血酸。     

紫苏籽壳原花青素纯化及抗氧化性研究

旨在研究紫苏籽壳原花青素的纯化工艺及其体外抗氧化活性。采用大孔吸附树脂法,通过静态、动态实验,确定最佳纯化参数;采用分光光度法检测原花青素清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的能力,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,XDA-8是纯化紫苏籽壳原花青素的最优树脂,吸附率为63.41%,解吸率为78.98%。其最佳工艺为：上样流速4 BV/h、上样浓度4 mg/mL、洗脱剂乙醇体积分数70%、洗脱流速4 BV/h。在此条件下,原花青素纯度由5.25%提高到12.10%。紫苏籽壳原花青素纯化物对DPPH、ABTS自由基的半数抑制浓度IC50分别为2.138、0.3699 μg/mL,清除能力强于Vc。因此,XDA-8树脂纯化法简单、高效,可用于紫苏籽壳原花青素的纯化,且紫苏籽壳原花青素具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

黑豆种皮花青素的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

黑豆种皮富含花青素，为了进一步开发黑豆中花青素资源，采用微波辅助提取法提取黑豆种皮花青素，通过单因素和正交试验优化黑豆种皮花青素提取工艺，并通过测定羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除能力评价不同温度下所提取花青素的抗氧化活性，进一步优化黑豆种皮花青素的提取条件。结果表明，黑豆种皮花青素最佳提取工艺为：乙醇体积分数70%，料液比1∶15(g/mL)，微波功率350 W，微波时间30 s，提取时间30 min，提取温度40℃，在此条件下花青素提取量为25.3 mg/g，所获得的花青素对羟基自由基和ABTS自由基具有较强的清除能力。     

超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮及其抗氧化性能研究

采用超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮,利用响应面法对该提取工艺进行优化,并对其提取物进行体外抗氧化活性研究。结果表明,超声联合酶法提取紫花苜蓿总黄酮的最佳工艺为:液料比40:1,超声时间为55min,超声温度为60℃,在此条件下紫花苜蓿总黄酮的提取率达9.928mg/g,与理论值的相对误差为0.40%,相比于其他传统方法,提取量大大提高;此外,紫花苜蓿总黄酮拥有良好的清除DPPH和·OH自由基的能力,其半数清除浓度(IC50)分别为14.31μg/mL及28.23μg/mL。     

菊芋叶多酚的超声辅助提取及抗氧化活性研究

以菊芋叶为原料,以料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率为考察因素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面设计优化菊芋叶多酚的提取工艺,并探究菊芋叶多酚的体外抗氧化活性.结果表明,菊芋叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:20(g/mL),乙醇浓度50％,超声时间50 min,超声波功率500 W,在该条件下多酚得率为31.923 mg/g.抗氧化试验表明:菊芋叶多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)有较好的清除能力;与VC的抗氧化活性相比,菊芋叶多酚对O2·的清除作用明显高于VC.     

‘紫加1号’花色苷提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

旨在优化‘紫加1号’嫩茎叶花色苷提取工艺,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性。采用溶剂浸提法提取‘紫加1号’嫩茎叶花色苷,通过单因素试验和正交试验,分析浸提时间、浸提温度、料液比、乙醇浓度和提取次数对花色苷提取率的影响,确定提取‘紫加1号’花色苷的最佳工艺。通过水杨酸法、邻苯三酚自氧化法和DPPH法对‘紫加1号’花色苷的体外抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,花色苷最佳提取工艺为浸提温度50℃、浸提时间2.5 h、料液比为1:100 g/mL、乙醇浓度为55%、提取2次,此条件下得率为62.34 mg/100g,接近实际值56.23 mg/100g,说明结果准确可靠。同时,‘紫加1号’花色苷对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧基自由基(O₂^-·)和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH)有明显的清除作用,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)依次为0.488 mg/mL、0.764 mg/mL和0.032 mg/mL。该法能够有效提取‘紫加1号’嫩茎叶花色苷,且获得的花色苷具有明显的体外抗氧化活性。     

虾夷扇贝裙边糖胺聚糖的提取及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以虾夷扇贝裙边为原料,采用复合蛋白酶进行酶解,研究糖胺聚糖的最佳提取工艺条件及其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,酶解虾夷扇贝裙边提取糖胺聚糖的最优工艺条件为提取时间3.0 h,酶添加量0.8%,提取温度50℃,料液比1:2,糖胺聚糖提取率为1.27%。体外抗氧化试验结果表明,提取的虾夷扇贝裙边糖胺聚糖具有较好的抗氧化活性,可清除·OH,O_2~-·,DPPH·,其清除能力与浓度具有显著的量效关系。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.