2013—2014年南宁地区临床型奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了了解南宁周边地区大型养殖场现阶段奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类、组成及药敏情况,试验对南宁地区3个大型奶牛场多次采集到的奶样进行病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明:试验分离得到7种共73株细菌,其中包含无乳链球菌12株(16.43%)、停乳链球菌7株(9.58%)、乳房链球菌3株(4.11%)、金黄色葡萄球菌14株(19.17%)、大肠杆菌34株(46.57%)、变形杆菌2株(2.74%)、黏质沙雷杆菌1株(1.37%);分离菌株对青霉素G、氨苄西林、头孢拉定、复方新诺明等抗生素有不同程度的耐药性。说明南宁地区现阶段奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类的变化不大,但病原菌组成呈现非典型化,且病原菌对常用广谱抗生素的耐药性呈增强趋势。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病之一，其病因复杂，难以防制，给奶牛饲养业带来了巨大的经济损失。作者通过对某奶牛场的奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌进行分离、鉴定，从105份样品中共分离出76株细菌，经培养特性、染色镜检、生化鉴定等试验，鉴定出无乳链球菌58株，占分离菌的76.32%；大肠杆菌18株，占分离菌的23.68%。本试验结果表明，无乳链球菌是奶牛临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌，其次是大肠杆菌。这为奶牛乳房炎的防制提供了重要依据。     

奶山羊急性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

至今，人们已从奶牛乳房中分离出130多种病原微生物，其中包括多种细菌、真菌、病毒、支原体等。但是，引起羊的隐性乳房炎和急性乳房炎的病原菌是否与奶牛一致，还未见相应的报道。本试验对奶山羊急性乳房炎进行细菌的分离鉴定，为防治提供参考。     

大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了明确引起大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其发病情况,对大连市不同地区的256头黑白花泌乳奶牛进行调查研究,对奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明,检出奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为65.63%、乳区阳性率为51.95%;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为主,占检出细菌总数的83.33%;体外药敏试验筛选出了对主要病原菌高度敏感的药物,能有效地治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

巩义市奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了解巩义市奶牛乳房炎病原菌种类和药物使用情况,本试验选取236头份乳房炎奶牛进行细菌分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果表明,奶牛乳房炎病原菌主要为葡萄球菌46株,占24.8%,表皮葡萄球菌36株,占19.5%,链球菌100株,占54.1%,大肠杆菌34株,占18.4%,其他细菌主要为沙门氏菌和棒状菌20株,占10.8%。药敏试验表明,分离出的细菌绝大部分对环丙沙星、左氟沙星、氧氟沙星高度敏感,但对青霉素、红霉素和链霉素有较强耐药性。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离、鉴定及药敏试验

对平项山市某公司的奶牛场进行了隐性乳房炎普查、病原细菌分离鉴定和主要病原菌药敏试验,以期对该地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的防控提供理论依据。     

陕西神木奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了了解奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其对抗生素的敏感程度,从而为奶牛隐性乳房炎的有效防治和合理用药提供有利的理论依据。本研究采用兰州奶牛隐性乳房炎检测试剂(ILMT)方法对神木县某奶牛场51头奶牛200份奶样进行隐性乳房炎检测,选取强阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,经革兰染色,生化试验鉴定,对主要病原菌采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为31.37%(16/51),乳区阳性率为17.5%(35/200);引起奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原菌主要有葡萄球菌,链球菌,肠杆菌3大类,且有两种病原菌的混合感染,其中耶尔森菌属和表皮葡萄球菌为主要病原菌;对3大类病原菌都敏感的抗生素药物有环丙沙星、四环素、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素、万古霉素5种药物,目前在临床上可选用此类药物治疗奶牛的隐性乳房炎。     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎试验(LMT)对来自西安市某个牛场的76份奶样作隐性乳房炎检验，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，该牛场的隐性乳房炎检出率为33％，阳性乳样中细菌检出率为93．4％。阴性乳样中病原菌检出率为28％，在检出的94株细菌中，共有5种菌22株是与乳房炎有关的病原菌。其中葡萄球菌和链球菌占病原菌总数的90％以上。是引起该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

呼和浩特地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及其致病性与药敏试验

对呼市地区部分奶牛场64头奶牛的256份乳样随机取样64份进行细菌分离鉴定,并选择主要致病菌进行动物致病性试验和药物敏感性试验。引起本地区奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌为停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌等,多数引起奶牛乳房炎的病原菌的致病力不强,但这些细菌在乳房内繁殖和产生的毒素、代谢产物等可造成乳房出现炎症,各养殖场分离菌对试验中所使用抗菌药物的敏感性差异极大。     

宁夏地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

[目的 ]了解宁夏地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌流行情况及主要病原菌的耐药特征。[方法 ]采集宁夏地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场乳样共计461份,分离培养后,应用全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定并选择主要致病菌进行药敏试验。[结果 ]隐性乳房炎阳性检出率平均为65.3%(301/461);分离到金黄色葡萄球菌22株、无乳链球菌5株、大肠杆菌10株。这些细菌对阿米卡星、头孢噻肟等药物敏感,对青霉素与环丙沙星耐药。[结论 ]宁夏地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率较高,主要病原菌对阿米卡星、头孢噻肟等药物敏感。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.