Cloning and expression of buffalo active chymosin in Pichia pastoris

To date, only recombinant chymosin has been obtained in its active form from supernatants of filamentous fungi, which are not as good candidates as yeasts for large-scale fermentations. Since Bos taurus chymosin was cloned and expressed, the world demand for this protease has increased to such an extent that the cheesemaking industry has been looking for novel sources of chymosin. In this sense because buffalo chymosin has properties that are more stable than those of B. taurus chymosin, it may occupy a space of its own in the chymosin market. The main objective of the present work was the production of active recombinant buffalo chymosin in the culture supernatant of Pichia pastoris . This yeast has demonstrated its usefulness as an excellent large-scale fermentation tool for the secretion of recombinant foreign proteins. RNA was extracted from the abomasum of a suckling calf water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee bubalis ). Preprochymosin, prochymosin, and chymosin DNA sequences were isolated and expressed into P. pastoris. Only the recombinant clones of P. pastoris containing the prochymosin sequence gene were able to secrete the active form of the chymosin to the culture supernatant. This paper describes for the first time the production of active recombinant chymosin in P. pastoris without the need of a previous in vitro activation. The new recombinant yeast strain could represent a novel and excellent source of rennet for the cheesemaking industry.     

Cloning and expression of the XPR2 gene from Yarrowia lipolytica in Pichia pastoris

Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic yeast able to secrete different types of proteases depending on the pH of the environment. At neutral pH, the production of an extracellular alkaline protease (AEP) is induced. This protease could be useful in the leather, detergent, or food industries. The XPR2 gene, coding for AEP, was extracted from the pINA154 vector and cloned into the pHIL-D2 vector to obtain a new protease-producing recombinant Pichia pastoris strain. The gene was efficiently integrated in the P. pastoris genome and expressed from the AOX1 promoter actively induced by methanol. Finally, the protease was successfully secreted by P. pastoris GS115.     

巴斯德毕赤酵母新型分泌表达载体构建

巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPICINU是利用来源于克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus)的菊粉酶基因信号肽DNA序列（ISP）构建的。表达实验结果表明，带有分泌表达载体pPICINU的β-1，3－1，4葡聚糖酶基因重组菌，具有与带有表达载体pPIC9K(带有α因子信号肽）的β-1，3－1，4葡聚糖酶基因重组菌相同的分泌效率。     

Cloning and characterization of a plant defensin VaD1 from azuki bean

A recombinant mungbean defensin VrD1 was previously shown to exhibit antifungal and bruchid-resistant activity. To study the function and regulation of VrD1, genomic DNAs of plant defensins were isolated from Vigna radiata VC6089A and azuki bean Vigna angularis Kao Hsiung No. 6. The azuki bean defensin genomic DNA VaD1 was sequenced and converted to VaD1 cDNA. VaD1 defensin was purified from Vigna angularis Kao Hsiung No. 6 to apparent homogeneity. The complete amino acid sequence of the purified VaD1 was determined and was found to be exactly the same as the sequence deduced from VaD1 cDNA. VaD1 is a basic protein containing 46 amino acids with four conserved disulfide bonds and shares high sequence homology (78.3%) with VrD1. VaD1 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhimurium. VaD1 also inhibited in vitro protein synthesis and bruchid larval development, but was less active than the recombinant VrD1.     

A novel defensin encoded by a mungbean cDNA exhibits insecticidal activity against bruchid

A cDNA encoding a small cysteine-rich protein designated VrCRP was isolated from a bruchid-resistant mungbean. VrCRP encodes a protein of 73 amino acids containing a 27 amino acid signal peptide and 8 cysteines. On the basis of the amino acid sequence similarity and conserved residues, it is suggested that VrCRP is a member of the plant defensin family. VrCRP protein was obtained by overexpression of VrCRP with a truncated signal peptide in an IMPACT system. Artificial seeds containing 0.2% (w/w) of the purified VrCRP-TSP were lethal to larvae of the bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis. VrCRP is apparently the first reported plant defensin exhibiting in vitro insecticidal activity against C. chinensis.     

弹性蛋白酶基因(PAE)的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

以1株产弹性蛋白酶的铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增得到的铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶(P.acruginosa elastase,PAE)基因,与GenBank中的序列对比发现同源性为99%.成功地构建了重组表达载体pPIC3.5K/PAE,莺组质粒Sac Ⅰ线性化后转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)菌株KM71中,通过PCR和表型鉴定表明,PAE基因已经整合到毕赤酵母染色体上.经大量筛选获得48株含高拷贝的重组毕赤酵母转化子.在甲醇诱导下,经过毕赤酵母高密度发酵进行PAE的表达,经SDS-PAGE分析.结果表明,在培养基上清中含有一明显特异性蛋白条带,大小为34kD.活性检测结果,酶活为1 060 U/mL,是出发菌株的26倍.     

抗菌肽模式肽PGYa的分子设计、克隆及在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

在α-螺旋抗菌肽序列比较和两亲性分析的基础上,提取序列模板,计算机辅助（螺旋轮法）设计出新型抗菌肽模式肽PGYa(Peptide以Gly开头,以Tyr-NH2结尾),然后选用毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,设计合成了PGYa基因（rPCR法）。所合成的基因全长为94bp,并在其N端引入kex2裂解位点,以保证表达抗菌肽具有天然N端。基因克隆入pPICZα-A质粒,构建分泌型酵母表达载体pPICZα-A-PGYa。在AOX1 (醇氧化酶)启动子调控下,PGYa蛋白获得分泌表达,其表达量达到132 mg/L。初步抑菌（E.coli DH5α）活性显示：PGYa有较好的抗菌活性。     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种cbh1基因的cDNA克隆及在毕赤酵母的高效表达

以嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus)总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR克隆出外切纤维二糖水解酶基因cbh1片段，采用RACE方法获得全长cDNA克隆，其全长为1 710 bp，编码一种由457个氨基酸组成的单肽，推导的氨基酸序列中1～19位为信号肽序列，GenBank的登录号为AY840982。将该片段克隆到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)分泌型表达载体pPIC9K上，获得表达重组质粒pPIC9K/cbh1，转化毕赤酵母GS115，所得重组子经PCR验证后进行诱导表达，筛选出一重组子GSp-15,经144 h诱导后，外切纤维二糖水解酶表达量为1.17 mg/mL，产酶活力为20.3 U/mL。     

疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌糖化酶基因（gla）的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

本研究以疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces laltltginosus)cDNA为模板,克隆了糖化酶基因(gla),序列分析表明gla的开放阅读框由1854个核苷酸组成,编码617个氨基酸.根据氨基酸序列推算该酶的分子量为64 kD,属于糖苷水解酶第15家族,具有该家族催化保守区的典型特征.PCR扩增gla的成熟蛋白编码基因,构建表达载体,经线性化后电击转化导入巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115),并成功进行了表达.重组酶经摇瓶发酵后酶活可达11.6 U/mL,经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换等步骤纯化了该重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示该重组蛋白大小约为67kD,比推测的蛋白分子量稍大,可能与该蛋白的糖基化有关.该重组酶的最适反应温度和最适pH值分别为60℃和5.0,该酶具有较高的热稳定性,70℃保温20 min后剩余酶活为54%.     

内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中高效表达研究

在实现了内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中高效表达的基础上,对表达条件进行了优化研究.根据枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)内切葡聚糖酶基因序列设计引物.采用PCR扩增到获得去除信号肽后约1.4kb的内切葡聚糖酶基因片段.以此片段成功地构建了pPIC-End载体.并转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GSl 15.经过MD和MM平板筛选和酶活性测定,获得了高效表达的转化子GSl15-pPIC-End I、GSl15-pPIC-EndⅧ和GSl15-pPIC-EndⅧ.在摇瓶培养条件下,酵母工程菌表达优化条件:在pH4～8条件下均能稳定表达,诱导起始OD600=5表达水平最高,甲醇诱导最佳浓度为0.5%～1.O%,于250mL以上摇瓶培养对表达有显著的促进作用.三种工程菌在优化条件后诱导培养,酶活性可达860.7、760.3和786.2 U,分别为原始菌株酶活(63.78 U)的13.5、11.9和12.3倍.SDS-PAGE分析表明.表达产物分子量约为79.82 kD,热稳定性分析表明该酶在65℃保温30 min,可保持最高酶活的80%以上.     

New strategy for expression of recombinant hydroxylated human-derived gelatin in Pichia pastoris KM71

Gelatin is a well-known biopolymer, and it has a long history of use mainly as a gelling agent in the food industry. This paper reports a new method for producing recombinant hydroxylated human-derived gelatin in Pichia pastoris KM71. Three independent expression cassettes encoding for specific length of gelatin, prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H, EC 1.14.11.2), α-subunit (αP4H), and protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) were individually cloned in one expression vector, pPIC9K. The modified gelatin gene and two subunit genes of P4H were under the control of two different inducible promoters, namely, alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX1) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter (PFLD1), respectively. The results of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that a recombinant gelatin was successfully expressed in P. pastoris KM71 by methanol induction. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis indicates that the expressed gelatin was hydroxylated with approximately 66.7% of proline residues in the Y positions of Gly-X-Y triplets. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of recombinant gelatin test show that the (1)H and (13)C spectra have many corresponding characteristic displacement peaks, and amino acids composition analysis shows that it contains hydroxyproline and its UV absorption is consistent with the characteristics of gelatin.     

Expression and characterization of sweet potato invertase in Pichia pastoris

An invertase cDNA (Ibbetafruct1) was cloned from sweet potato leaves and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Ibbetafruct1-encoded protein was closely related to vacuolar invertases and included the WECVD catalytic domain characteristic of them. An expression plasmid containing the coding region of Ibbetafruct1 under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter was used to transform the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The biochemical properties for the expressed recombinant enzyme, which was determined to be the acid beta-fructofuranosidase with an acidic pI value (5.1), were similar to those of vacuolar invertases purified from sweet potato. Periodic acid/Schiff staining and Con A-Sepharose gel-binding experiments revealed the recombinant invertase to be a glycoprotein containing glucose and/or mannose residues. Furthermore, the carbohydrate moiety appears to be a key determinant of the enzyme's sucrose hydrolysis activity, substrate affinity, and thermal stability.     

芥菜新型几丁质酶基因在酵母(Pichia pastoris)中的分泌表达

BjCHI1基因是从芥菜（Brassica juncea)中克隆的1个新型几个质酶基因，编码含2个几丁质结合域的几丁质酶，本研究曾试图在大肠杆菌中表达该基因而未成功，因此试在酵母中表达，按照BjCHI1cDNA全序列设计特异引物，通过PCR扩增获得成熟肽第1密码子至最后密码子之间的片段，克隆到载体pPIC9K上，测序验证无误后，转化酵母KM71，获得6个抗1.0mg/mL遗传霉素（G418）水平的阳性转化子，PCR鉴定表明外源基因已经整合到酵母染色体上，此6个菌株经初步诱导，均表达出预期的蛋白质，对其中表达效率相对较高的KM71-17-1菌株作进一步的诱导表达，结果表明在诱导第3天后产生的外源蛋白达最大值，至此，成功地获得了BjCHI1蛋白，为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

α-半乳糖苷酶基因Mell在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

用PCR方法从酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mell基因,将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell.将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell电击转化至毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）KM71,在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落.发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析,在53 kD处有特异带;经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳,与显色底物的反应,检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带.重组菌pGAPZα-Mell/KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后,培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an alpha-amylase occurring in the pulp of ripening bananas and its expression in Pichia pastoris

Alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are glycosyl hydrolases with endoglycolytic activity on the alpha-1,4-d-glucosidic linkages in starch. In bananas, the mobilization of starch accounts for sugar accumulation during ripening, and among several hydrolytic enzymes, alpha-amylase is the only enzyme argued to be able to attack the intact granules, indicating a pivotal role for this enzyme. A 1953 bp full-length banana alpha-amylase cDNA (MAmy), encoded for a sequence of 416 amino acids, was cloned and used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The cloned MAmy presented the highly conserved motifs common to alpha-amylases, and the amylolytic activity of the extracts from yeast transformed with MAmy demonstrated that it encodes for a functional alpha-amylase, suggesting a putative role for this gene in starch degradation during fruit ripening.     

Structural characterization of potato protease inhibitor I (Cv. Bintje) after expression in Pichia pastoris

In the present study the structural properties of potato protease inhibitor 1 (PI-1) were studied as a function of temperature to elucidate its precipitation mechanism upon heating. A cDNA coding for PI-1 from cv. Bintje was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Using the recombinant PI-1 it was suggested that PI-1 behaves as a hexameric protein rather than as a pentamer, as previously proposed in the literature. The recombinant protein seems either to have a predominantly unordered structure or to belong to the beta-II proteins. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of PI-1 revealed that its thermal unfolding occurs via one endothermic transition in which the hexameric PI-1 probably unfolds, having a dimer instead of a monomer as cooperative unit. The transition temperature for the recombinant PI-1 was 88 degrees C. Similar results were obtained for a partially purified pool of native PI-1 from cv. Bintje.     

抗速灭威单链抗体基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达及性质研究

选用巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）系统表达特异性抗速灭威单链抗体（scFv）基因,以为速灭威特异性抗体的大量制备奠定基础。设计引物扩增阳性克隆scFv基因,亚克隆至表达载体pPICZαC,获得重组酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-scFv,线性化pPICZαC-scFv并高效电转P.pastoris（X-33）,对转化子进行抗性梯度筛选得到一株高效表达的X-33-Pp-SMW-12-6菌株。对获得的菌株先后进行表达条件的优化、优化条件下的诱导表达及单链抗体性质研究。结果表明：P.pastoris-scFv的质量接近其亲本E.coli-scFv的质量,X-33-Pp-SMW12-6在优化条件下的表达产量达28mg/L,比未优化前的产量提高了约8mg/L,经纯化后抗体纯度可达85%以上。因此,利用P.pastoris表达系统制备抗速灭威单链抗体比细菌表达系统更有效、更经济。     

Achaetomium sp.Xz8甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及其酶学性质分析

甘露聚糖酶作为最主要的半纤维素酶类现已被广泛地应用在饲料、造纸、洗涤剂、食品及石油开采等领域。本研究从高温真菌Achaetomium sp.Xz8菌株中利用兼并引物和Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR(Tail-PCR)的方法克隆获得一个新的糖苷水解酶5家族的甘露聚糖酶基因(man5Xz8)。基因全长1 239bp,序列分析发现其编码412个氨基酸和1个终止密码子,预测的信号肽序列为N端的20个氨基酸。将成熟蛋白序列克隆到毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体p PIC9中,利用甲醇诱导重组酵母菌表达目的蛋白,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析,表达蛋白分子量约55.0 k Da。对其酶学性质进行测定,Man5Xz8的最适p H值为5.0,在p H值9.0可以保持40%以上的酶活性,在p H值5.0~9.0具有良好的p H稳定性。最适作用温度为50℃,并对SDS具有较高的耐受性。以角豆胶为底物,Man5Xz8的比活、Km及Vmax值分别为101.6 U·mg-1、4.4 mg·m L-1、128.2μmol·min-1·mg-1。因此,Man5Xz8为后期研究甘露聚糖酶的工业应用和酸碱催化机制提供了良好的材料。     

Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of cystatin in sesame seed

A cDNA fragment encoding cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor, was obtained from maturing sesame seeds. The clone was constructed in a nonfusion or fusion vector and then overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant cystatins were found in the soluble fraction of cell extract and were demonstrated to be functionally active in a reverse zymographic assay. The corresponding endogenous 22 kDa cystatin of low abundance in mature seeds was purified to homogeneity via a papain-coupling affinity column and confirmed by western blotting with antibodies against the recombinant cystatin. Both endogenous and recombinant cystatin proteins showed effective inhibitory activities against papain with K(i) values of 7.89 x 10(-8) M and 2.77 x 10(-8) M, respectively. Immunodetection indicated that cystatin was specifically expressed in maturing seeds and rapidly degraded in germination. Accordingly, zymographic and inhibition analyses showed that sesame cystatin could not inhibit the de novo synthesized proteases in germinating seeds. It is suggested that sesame cystatin may play a role in the regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases during seed maturation and germination.