污灌区土壤重金属空间结构与分布特征

该文探讨了地统计学插值模型应用于土壤重金属污染评价的适用条件,分析了北野场污灌区土壤重金属的正态分布特征和主导分布趋势,提出了不同重金属因子适宜的地统计插值模型。结果表明:土壤重金属空间变异系数处于12%～37%之间,整体变异性不大;Pb、Cd等因子的块金效应分别为0.90、0.87,空间相关性较弱,受人为随机因素的影响较大,As、Cr、Zn、Cu值等因子的块金效应分别为0.52、0.51、0.51和0.46,空间相关性中等,受人为随机因素和空间结构因素的共同作用,Hg和Ni的块金效应分别为0.253和0.06,空间相关性较强,受空间结构性因素的影响较大,可能受原生地质的影响较大。污灌区重金属含量存在增加趋势,灌区土壤重金属含量自北向南总体呈现较少趋势,这与灌区上下游灌溉保证率不同有关,表明长期污水灌溉可导致土壤重金属富集,但与全国其他污灌区相比,北野场污灌区土壤重金属污染相对较轻,应加强污水处理利用避免土壤重金属污染。     

Removal of trace metals from wastewater during long-term storage in seasonal reservoirs

The removal of five metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Al) was studied in two reservoirs in series used for the seasonal storage of wastewater effluents for irrigation. The evaluation was made by two methods: (1) an anual budget which includes inputs and outputs and. (2) sediment traps. The concentrations of metals were reduced between 20 and 75%, to the base level found in unpolluted groundwater in the region. The amount of Pb was reduced in 5%, Cu in 10%, Al in 30%, Cr in 50%, and Zn in 90%. Sedimentation has an irregular pattern due to the effect of wind induced longshore and rip-currents. The release of bottom sediments in the outflow means a direct release of trace metals and other settling pollutants and clogging particles. It is recommended to take the effluents for irrigation from the uppermost water layer, to avoid strong outflow rates which may drag out part of the sediments by hydraulic turbulence, and to locate the outlet away from the dominant wind axis. The main tools to improve the removal of trace metals in seasonal reservoirs are not the control of the age distribution of the effluents and/or the loading of the reservoirs, but the proper location, design and flow rate of the outlet.     

Competitive sorption of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants and the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin in wastewater-irrigated soils of the Mezquital Valley,Mexico

Purpose

The increasing reuse of wastewater for irrigation introduces surfactants and antibiotics into the environment. How these two kinds of compounds interact with regard to their sorption processes in soil is not clear.

Materials and methods

We performed batch experiments to investigate the sorption of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and its effect on sorption of sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin in irrigated and non-irrigated soils with different organic matter (OM) contents.

Results and discussion

LAS sorption was non-linear in the presence of the antibiotics, and as general trend, it increased with rising OM content of soils. Free LAS was also removed from solution by complexation with Ca²⁺. Dissolved organic compounds released from soils with OM contents ≥18.4 g kg^?1 further reduced LAS sorption. Sorption of sulfamethoxazole was reduced by LAS sorption only in one soil with a small OM content of 9.5 g kg^?1.

Conclusions

The strong sorption of ciprofloxacin is not affected by LAS. Sulfamethoxazole sorption only competes with LAS sorption in organic matter-poor soils. Accumulation of organic matter in soils, for example due to long-term wastewater irrigation, provides extra sorption capacity for LAS and sulfamethoxazole so that competition for sorption sites is reduced.

     

中国五个典型城市污水厂污泥中重金属的形态分布研究

Metal content and bioavailability are often the limiting factors for application of sewage sludge in agricultural fields. Sewage sludge samples were collected from five typical urban wastewater treatment plants in China to investigate their contents and distribution of various chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Mo by using the BCR （Community Bureau of Reference） sequential extraction procedure. The sludges contained considerable amounts of organic matter （31.8%- 48.0%）, total N （16.3-26.4 g kg^-1） and total P （15.1-23.9 g kg^-1）, indicating high potential agricultural benefits of their practical applications. However, total Zn and Ni contents in the sludge exceeded the values permitted in China＇s control standards for pollutants in sludges from agricultural use （GB 4284-1984）. The residual fraction was the predominant fraction for Mo, Ni and Cr, the oxidizable fraction was the primary fraction for Cu and Pb, and the exchangeable and reducible fractions were principal for Zn. The distribution of different chemical fractions among the sludge samples refiected differences in their physicochemical properties, especially pH. The sludge pH was negatively correlated with the percentages of reducible fraction of Cu and exchangeable fraction of Zn. The sludges from these plants might not be suitable for agricultural applications due to their high contents of Zn, Ni and Cr, as well as high potential of mobility and bioavailability of Zn.     

The uptake and distribution of heavy metals by spring wheat

Pot experiments were carried out with two soils from long-term field experiments to examine heavy metal distribution in spring wheat. The soils (Luvisol pH 6.5 and Cambisol pH 5.5) were manured with sewage sludge for 18 ys and now show heavy metal contamination. The Cd-, Zn-, Pb- and Cr-contents of the grain were appreciably lower than those of straw. Nickel and Cu levels in the grain, however, exceeded those of the straw. In the unpolluted control the grain was enriched in Zn. Grain with a Cd-content lower than the German guide value was produced only with Cd concentrations of the soil lower than 0.5 mg kg^–1 and a pH value greater than 5.7. Higher Ni and Pb contents were found in the chaff than in the straw. Roots were enriched in Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu, as compared with the soil. However, Pb and Cr were hardly taken up by the roots. Liming decreased the Cd-, Zn- and Ni-content in the plant. pH variation was found to have a negligible effect on the uptake of Cu, Pb and Cr.     

The effects of climate change on the geographic distribution of Mexican wild relatives of domesticated Cucurbitaceae

Using bioclimatic modeling, two possible scenarios of climatic change in Mexico were used to analyze the distribution patterns of eight wild Cucurbitaceae closely related to cultivated plants [Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber ssp. sororia (L. H. Bailey) Merrick et Bates, C. lundelliana L. H. Bailey, C. pepo L. ssp. fraterna (L. H. Bailey) Andres, C. okeechobeensis (J. K. Small) L. H. Bailey ssp. martinezii (L. H. Bailey) Walters et Decker-Walters, Sechium chinantlense Lira and Chiang, S. compositum (J. D. Smith) C. Jeffrey, S. edule (Jacq.) Sw. ssp. sylvestre Lira et Castrejón, and S. hintonii (P. G. Wilson) C. Jeffrey]. Most of these taxa have restricted distributions. Many of them also show proven resistance to various diseases, which could be crucial for the improvement of their related cultivars. The possible role that the Mexican system of protected areas might have in the conservation of these taxa was also assessed. The results showed a marked contraction of the distributions of all eight taxa under both scenarios. We also found that, under a drastic climatic change scenario, the eight taxa will be maintained in just 29 out of the 69 natural protected areas where they currently occur. Accordingly, it seems that most of the eight wild taxa will not have many opportunities to survive under climate change. However, the ability of these plants to maintain low-density isolated populations for long periods, as well as the low resolution of the bioclimatic models, are discussed as possible mitigators of these rather grim predictions.     

Transport and distribution of heavy metals in Cauvery river

Heavy metal transport in Cauvery river chiefly takes place in the particulate form. Tributaries Hemevathi and Kabini draining highly mineralized areas contribute significantly to the heavy metal load of the Cauvery river. Particulate metal transport is influenced by the presence of major dams built across the river. Factor analysis of the elemental data identifies two major group of heavy metals, (a) Fe, Mn, Cr, V and Ti and (b) Cu, Pb and Zn in the suspended sediments of Cauvery river. Heavy metals in surface sediments show wide variations in their concentrations due to the non-uniform grain size distribution of the sediments. The elements Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and As are dominantly present in the <20 μm fraction of the river sediments. Speciation studies show that Fe-Mn oxide phase held the largest share of heavy metals in the sediments. The depth variation of heavy metals in the core sediments suggest their similar mobility during diagenesis. Geoaccumulation indices calculated suggest that Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni are enriched in sediments several times over background values.     

Origin and spatial distribution of metals in urban soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - This study assessed soils from 36 parks and gardens (Vigo City, NW of Spain) where there are different degrees of traffic intensity and activity. The soils were...     

The distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Sörfjord,West Norway

The bottom sediments of Sörfjord, West Norway, contain unusually high concentrations of Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn. The concentrations of Zn and Pb reach ～ 10% by weight in some sediments. The concentrations of most of the elements are positively correlated, those of Pb, Cd, and Cu with Zn being particularly well developed; correlations also exist between Sb and Zn, and Ag and Cu. The concentrations of the metals in the bottom sediments decrease southwards and northwards from a locality close to a source of industrial waste.     

Heavy metals in coal carbonization wastewater and their complexation — Some observations

Effluents from low temperature carbonization, high temperature carbonization and producer gas plants in India have been found to contain heavy metals. The level of metals differ from plant to plant and is attributed to operational conditions of carbonization units and quality of coal used. Phenols and organic bases present in the effluent can form organometallic complexes with metal ions present. Such complexes are of environmental significance being toxic, mutagenic and teratogenic in nature. The present investigation showed that LTC wastewater forms complexes with Fe, Cu, and Co, however it does not form any complex with Mn and Zn.     

Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Bafra plain in Turkey

For analyzing the spatial distribution of the Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and heavy metal (HM) sources on the Bafra deltaic plain (the central Black Sea district of Turkey), 108 soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20-cm layer in an area of about 100 thousand ha. The soil enrichment factor (the ratio between the metal concentration in the soil samples and its content in the earth’s crust (EF)) was calculated to reveal the origin of the heavy metal (HM) pollution (natural or anthropogenic). Kriging interpolation and maps of the soil’s enrichment factors were used for the characterization of the spatial HM distribution. The maximal EF was found for Cd (12.826), while smaller EF values characterized the Pb, Ni, Co, and Cu. In some districts of the studied region, the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were somewhat greater, probably, due to the application of high rates of phosphorus fertilizers and intense soil cultivation. A content exceeding the critical value was recorded for Ni. Probably, this fact was related to the elevated content of this metal in the parent rocks. None of the investigated soils can be referred to the category of polluted ones.     

Assessing the technogenic contamination of urban soils from the profile distribution of heavy metals and the soil bulk density

The contamination of soils with heavy metals in the city of Moscow has been assessed using the conventional procedure and a new resource approach developed at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University. The approach involved the consideration of the profile distribution of a pollutant and the variation in the bulk density of the enclosing soil. The integral parameter of contamination was the reserve of the pollutant in a conventional normative soil layer 1 m in thickness according to the Moscow Law On the Urban Soils. In the soil samples taken in the main administrative districts of Moscow, the contents of heavy metals of the first (zinc, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) and second (nickel and copper) hazard classes were determined. For each profile, distribution graphs of all of the above elements have been developed, and the element reserves have been calculated in the upper 1-m-thick layer with consideration for the changes in the soil density with depth. The obtained data have been compared with the normative reserves of heavy metals and the estimates of technogenic contamination derived using the conventional procedure. An increase in the total reserves of pollutants has been observed at the increase in their concentrations with depth; therefore, a clean soil according to the conventional procedure can be classified as contaminated. Analogously, a decrease in the total reserve of a pollutant in the upper 1-m-thik layer and, hence, a decrease in the degree of soil contamination have been observed when the concentration of the pollutant reduced with the depth. In general, the profile distributions of heavy metals and the soil bulk density strongly interfere with the estimation of the contamination of the soil as a spatially heterogeneous body and should be taken into consideration in the development of a present-day system of quality criteria and norms for urban soils.     

The amount of heavy metals derived from domestic sources in Japan

The amount of heavy metals discharged from daily life was estimated in order to know the origin of the metals contained in the sewage sludge which is produced in the wastewater treatment plant treating only domestic wastewater. The amounts of the metals discharged from our daily life were estimated to be in the range of 0.2 to 0.3 for Cd, 1.6 to 1.9 for Ni, 3.5 to 6.8 for Pb, 0.8 to 1.4 for Cr, 8.2 to 19.3 for Mn 9.4 to 55.8 for Cu, 44.3 to 62.7 for Zn and 111 to 293 for Fe in mg.d^–1 per person, Using these data, the cycle of the metals in our daily life was discussed in relation to land application of sewage sludge.     

Forms and profile distribution of potassium in typical soils of the lower Benue Valley of Nigeria

Abstract

Six profiles, derived from Precambrian Basement Complex rocks (mainly gneiss), Cretaceous sediments (mainly shale and sandstone), and Quaternary alluvium, and which are typical of the major agricultural soils in the Lower Benue Valley (Nigeria) were studied with the objective to determine their overall potassium (K) reserves and any relationship between these and other soil properties including their parent materials. Total K in the soils varies from 0.13–27.1 g kg^‐1 with average 6.64 g kg‐¹. This correlates positively with the clay, and negatively with the sand contents of the soils and is also influenced by their parent materials. The order of abundance according to parent material is: alluvium‐ > Basement Complex (gneiss)‐ ≈ shale‐ > sandstone‐derived soils. The concentrations of readily available K (RAK) in the soils are quite low, accounting for only between 0.30 and 7.8% of the total K in the soils and less than 4.0% of their exchange capacities. Based on critical limits established for many Nigerian soils, the soils derived from sandstone are clearly deficient in RAK, while soils developed from gneiss, shale and alluvium parent materials have moderate to sufficient levels for a wide range of crops. Non‐exchangeable or moderately available K (MAK) in the soils is also relatively low (0.020–8.59 mmol_c kg^‐1); while the sandstone‐derived soils have the least MAK, the alluvial soils have the most levels. However, the potassium supplying power (KSP) of the soils may be considered to be generally high. Although this bears no particular relationship to soil parent materials, the sandstone‐derived soils have the lowest KSP. The bulk of the total K reserves in the soils (55–88%) exists as difficultly available or structural K (DAK). The alluvial soils first, then the gneiss‐ and shale‐derived soils next have the highest contents of DAK, while the highly weathered sandstone soils have the lowest. Simple correlation analysis shows that, irrespective of parent material and K form, clay content and CEC are the most important soil properties influencing the overall K supplying status of these soils. It is concluded that in major agricultural soils of the Lower Benue Valley of Nigeria K exists mostly in the lattice structures of K‐bearing minerals, with accumulations in the subsurface horizons. Its plant‐available or supplying status is low on sandstone‐derived soils and moderate to sufficient on soils derived from Basement Complex rocks, shales and alluvium.     

Sediment,parameters and distribution of metals in fine sediments of the loire estuary

The purpose of this research was to quantify the effects of water content (0.3 to 0.75% for sand, and 0.4 to 1.25% for silt-clay) and temperature (4 to 40 °C) on the equilibrium distribution of the priority pollutants, dichloromethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in dry Korean decomposed granite soil. The values of effective partition coefficient (K _eff) were largely decreased as the water content increased. Organic pollutant partitioning in dry soil is composed of both water saturated site and dry site in sorbent, and dry site which has high partition coefficient, is reduced as the water content increases. As the temperature increased, the K _eff values decreased, and this effect was magnified at lower water contents. The values of K _eff were correlated better with the estimated values using proposed model. Therefore, in the analysis of distribution and transport of pollutant in unsaturated soil, the effects of water content and temperature on the partitioning should be considered.     

长江流域滑坡分布与环境关系的探讨

长江流域现已研究过的滑坡有1,203处,主要分布在上游西部地区,数量多,规模大;其次是中部地区,规模多为中小型,但涪陵—南津关的长江两岸斜坡部分地区有上千万立方米的大型和特大型滑坡;东部区滑坡分布更少,规模以几万到几十万立方米居多。这是由于新构造活动、岩土体稳定性、斜坡形态、降雨强度、河流侧向侵蚀和人为活动对斜坡变形的影响所致。随着经济和工程活动增多,流城内的滑坡有急剧发展趋势。     

Relating banana flowering distribution in the Jordan Valley (Israel) to climate and phenology

A method for forecasting banana flowering distribution in the Jordan Valley, using the previous year's meteorological and flowering data, is described. The forecasting is done at the beginning of May of each year, for the subsequent flowering season.Reliable prediction of flowering distribution is of great importance for planning agrotechnical operations, work scheduling and establishing marketing policy.     

Water distribution pattern in treated wastewater irrigated soils: hydrophobicity effect

The shortage of fresh water (FW) in Israel and other semiarid regions has forced farmers to significantly expand the use of treated wastewater (TWW). Recently, farmers utilizing reclaimed wastewater (TWW) reported a unique type of water distribution regime in drip-irrigated soils, as follows: (i) limited wetted area on the soil surface; and (ii) small saturated areas around and below the dripper, in TWW irrigated soil as opposed to an even, onion-like wet profile, formed under fresh water (FW) irrigation. Following this observation in the field and after conducting preliminary tests in the laboratory, we hypothesized that TWW irrigation introduces water-repellent organic constituents into the soil. Tests characterizing the water distribution showed the diameter of the saturated area on the soil surface and its water content (at a depth of 0–10 cm) was smaller with TWW than with FW irrigation. The TWW accumulated on the soil surface in small lenses and then flowed rapidly into the ground. The repellency of soils irrigated with FW and TWW was measured with the water drop penetration time test. Soils irrigated with FW were hydrophilic, whereas those irrigated with TWW exhibited hydrophobicity. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹³C-NMR analyses of organic components extracted from the soils with organic solvents indicated differences in composition only at a depth of 0–2 cm. Extracting soils with a methanol + chloroform (1:1, by volume) mixture was found to be very effective in the removal and extraction of hydrophobic aliphatic components from soils irrigated with TWW.     

Forms and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Axios delta of northern Greece

Abstract

Distribution and availability of heavy metals to plants is important when assessing the environmental quality of an area. The objectives of this study, conducted in 1992–1993, were: a) to determine the levels of the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper(Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), in the soils of the Axios Delta (a Ramsar wetland site in Northern Greece) so that the degree of pollution could be ascertained, b) to identify the various heavy metal forms present in soils using a fractionation scheme based on sequential extraction, and c) to find possible dependence on soil physicochemical properties. Total heavy metal content of the soils studied was generally higher than the levels reported in the literature for similar soils, suggesting some degree of pollution with heavy metals. The exchangeable forms of the heavy metals, however, were very low indicating that under present conditions, the availability of the heavy metals to plants is at a minimum. Most of the heavy metals occurred in forms that are considered immobile constituents of inorganic minerals or carbonate compounds. Only Cu and Zn were present in appreciable quantities as organically‐based forms that can become potentially available under certain conditions. Spatial distribution of Zn and Cu was related to the organic matter distribution, and there were indications suggesting that the immobile fraction of the heavy metals was adsorbed on to Mn‐oxides.     

污灌对土壤重金属环境容量及水稻生长的影响研究

对农田污灌区污水和土壤监测结果表明 ,土壤中Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等含量为当地环境背景值的1 5 5～ 5 2 9倍 ,其中Cd和As含量分别为国家土壤环境质量 2级标准的 3倍和 1 4 2倍。污水中 7种重金属含量为农田灌溉水质标准的 4 8～ 34倍 ,部分有机污染物含量为灌溉水质标准的 1 1 0～ 1 87倍。以 3级标准为最大容量限值 ,土壤重金属达土壤环境容量的污灌年限估算结果依次为Cr>Hg >Pb >Cu >Zn >Cd。污土清灌和污水直接灌溉均影响盆栽水稻的正常生长 ,其中污染土壤持续污灌可导致部分秧苗死亡