鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒核糖核酸酶Ⅲ基因结构及序列分析

测定了鳜传染性脾肾坏病毒（ISKNV）核糖核酸酶Ⅲ（RNaseⅢ）基因的核苷酸全序列。该基因完整读码框为771bp,GC含量为52.53%，编码一个长为256个氨基酸、分子量为28.9kD的推定蛋白。其上下游序列各有一个TATA box，终止子下游有一段回文序列。与其它物种相比，ISKNV与虹彩病毒（包括LCDV－1和CIV）的核糖核酸酶Ⅲ基因的氨基酸序列同源性较高，与酵母、线虫等物种的相应基因的同源性较低。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒p31基因结构及序列分析

报道了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）的p31基因结构及其序列分析。对ISKNV DNA HindⅢE酶切片段的序列分析结果发现该序列中含有完整的p31基因，ISKNV p31基因完整读码框为675bp，GC含量为49.78%，等电点为7.61，编码一个长为225aa、分子量为25.3kD的推定蛋白。结果分析发现该基因具有启动动子TATAbox和CAATmotif，下游有反向重复序列可形成茎环，另外还有一段直接重复序列和二联体结构。ISKNV与其它3种虹彩病毒（包括FV3、LCDV－1和EHNV）的p31基因氨基酸序列具有一定的同源性，但ISKNV与它们的同源性不高，序列比较和系统树分析发现ISKNV与蛙病毒属和淋巴囊肿病毒属的病毒都不尽相同。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒核糖核酸酶III基因结构及序列分析

测定了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒 (ISKNV)核糖核酸酶III(RNaseIII)基因的核苷酸全序列。该基因完整读码框为 771bp ,GC含量为 5 2 .5 3% ,编码一个长为 2 5 6个氨基酸、分子量为 2 8.9kD的推定蛋白。其上下游序列各有一个TATAbox ,终止子下游有一段回文序列。与其它物种相比 ,ISKNV与虹彩病毒 (包括LCDV - 1和CIV)的核糖核酸酶III基因的氨基酸序列同源性较高 ,与酵母、线虫等物种的相应基因的同源性较低     

真鲷虹彩病毒实时定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

以真鲷虹彩病毒(Red-sea bream iridovirus,RSIV)主要衣壳蛋白(Major capsid protein,MCP)的基因保守片段为靶序列,利用Primer Express 3.0软件设计定量PCR引物,建立了RSIV的SYBR Green I实时定量PCR检测方法.将RSIV MCP基因连接pMD18-T载体,构建重组质粒,经过梯度稀释后作为标准品,根据标准品拷贝数(X)与Ct值的关系绘制了标准曲线,为Ct=-3.184 1gX+40.270,相关系数R2=0.996 9.熔解曲线分析表明,定量PCR产物的Tm值为82.5℃.该方法的检测限为2.20×102拷贝/反应,对流行性造血器官坏死病毒、淋巴囊肿病毒、蛙病毒3、甲鱼虹彩病毒都没有扩增反应,具有特异性.利用该方法对84批海水鱼类(石鲽、大菱鲆、鲈鱼)进行检测,其中5批鱼样品感染RSIV,并利用标准曲线对病毒含量进行了定量分析.     

浙江省平湖市南美白对虾虹彩病毒病初步调查及防控措施

为有效预防南美白对虾虹彩病毒病的发生,对浙江省平湖市林埭镇的患病南美白对虾进行了临床症状观察、病理解剖、寄生虫检查和细菌分离。病虾症状为活力较差,肝胰腺明显萎缩,肌肉发白,肠道发红、断裂,空肠空胃,鳃、步足及游泳足发黑。病虾的鳃、肝胰腺、肌肉中未发现寄生虫,肝胰腺、鳃、血淋巴中未分离出致病弧菌。经套式聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,确定引起此次南美白对虾集中连片死亡的原因是感染了虾血细胞虹彩病毒(SHIV)。同时检测发现,附近河道中的浮游生物、河虾、鲫、螺蛳以及河蟹等也存在不同程度的携带或感染虹彩病毒情况。根据相关生物感染和携带病毒的情况,提出了对虾虹彩病毒防控措施。     

巢式PCR检测鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)

鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)是鳜暴发性传染病的主要病原,给鳜养殖业造成了严重的经济损失,因此快速、灵敏的检测方法对鳜养殖业的发展具有非常重要的意义.根据鳜ISKNV主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因序列设计了2对引物,利用巢式PCR方法对病鱼脾肾组织进行扩增,建立了ISKNV快速特异的巢式PCR检测方法.应用该方法对含MCP基因的质粒进行倍比稀释后检测扩增的灵敏度可达到5 fg;巢式PCR检测的灵敏度是一步法PCR的104倍以上.     

编码鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒结构蛋白新基因ORF90.5L的鉴定分析

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(Infectious spleen and kidhey necrosis virus,ISKNV)全基因组序列于2001年完成测定,全基因组为111 362 bp,含有124个推测的开放阅读框(ORF).21307年,Eaton等对12株已完成序列测定的虹彩病毒代表株进行分析比较,除了已经推测的ORF外,认为ISKNV基因组中还存在一个的核心基因(core gene)ORF90.5L.本研究以ISKNV的cDNA为模板,根据Eaton等报道中推测的上下游位点设计引物扩增出一段963 bp的PCR产物.该序列编码一个320个氨基酸的蛋白质,推测分子量为35 kD,含有预测的跨膜区,与虹彩病毒属(Iridovirus)其他成员编码的肉豆蔻基膜蛋白有较高的同源性.将该片段克隆到原核表达载体pET32a(+)中,纯化表达的重组蛋白pET90.5L免疫昆明鼠获得高效价多克隆抗体.利用抗pET90.5L抗体与纯化病毒进行免疫印迹,结果表明,抗pET90.5L的多抗可以特异性识别病毒粒子中大小约为35 kD的蛋白条带,ORF90.5L编码的蛋白应为病毒的结构蛋白.本研究旨在为ISKNV基因工程疫苗的研发和病源侵染机制研究提供基础参考.     

基于荧光定量PCR的鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒滴度检测方法

针对传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)的ORF007基因,设计特异性引物及TaqMan探针,建立了ISKNV的实时荧光定量PCR方法。采用CPE法对连续10倍稀释的ISKNV培养液的滴度进行了测定,同时采用荧光定量PCR法测定病毒拷贝数。结果显示,荧光定量PCR测定的病毒拷贝数与CPE法测定的病毒滴度具有良好的线性关系,其线性方程为y=1.076x+0.545(R2=0.998 6),其中y为基因组拷贝数浓度的对数,x为病毒滴度TCID50的对数。研究表明,荧光定量PCR法可替代CPE法应用于ISKNV疫苗抗原的定量,大大缩短了疫苗制备的时间,为疫苗生产提供了方便。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒重组主衣壳蛋白免疫效果的初步验证

将大肠杆菌重组表达的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)主衣壳蛋白(MCP),以不同剂量(20μg,尾、50μg/尾、100μg/尾)腹腔注射免疫幼鳜(2月龄),测定各免疫组的血清抗体效价变化规律、头肾淋巴细胞增殖刺激指数(SI)、肝脏Mx蛋白表达及相对免疫保护率(RPS).结果表明,各免疫组抗体效价在第14天时达到峰值,其中50 ug/尾免疫组的抗体效价最高,随后各组的效价均下降,至第35天时与对照组无差异;头肾淋巴细胞经LPS、ConA刺激后,50 μg/尾免疫组及100 μg/尾免疫组的刺激指数均升高,其中50 μg/尾免疫组的刺激指数最高,20μg/尾免疫组与对照组无差异;在免疫后48 h各剂量免疫组Mx蛋白均有低量表达,对照组无表达,各免疫组表达量无显著差异;免疫后第36天攻毒,50μg/尾免疫组的相对保护率最高,为64.3%.研究结果表明,重组MCP蛋白有较好的免疫原性,可以激发鳜特异性免疫及非特异性免疫应答,当免疫剂量为50μg/尾时,免疫保护效果最好.     

传染性脾肾坏死病毒、ConA和LPS对体外鳜的头贤淋巴细胞转化的影响

采用MTT颜色反应法研究传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)、伴刀豆球蛋白A(concanavallin A,ConA)和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)在离体状态下对健康和ISKNV感染后存活30d或60d的鳜的头肾淋巴细胞转化的影响.结果表明,ConA和LPS能促进健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞的转化,而对感染后存活30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有作用;纯化的ISKNV对健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有促进淋巴细胞转化的作用,但对ConA的作用有抑制,对感染后存活的30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞,纯化的ISKNV有一定的促进转化的作用.感染存活的鳜头肾中有对ISKNV的免疫记忆性T细胞.另外,用建立的ISKNV PCR检测方法对健康和ISKNV感染后存活的鳜组织进行了检测,结果显示,健康鳜为阴性,而ISKNV感染后存活的鱼,头肾、后肾、脾脏和部分鱼的心脏为阳性.ISKNV在鳜体内形成潜伏感染.     

真鲷与黑鲷杂交繁育技术研究

2006年3月从海区选购真鲷、黑鲷亲鱼,通过强化培育,性腺促熟,于4月开展杂交试验,结果真鲷♀×黑鲷♂受精率为87.4%,孵化率为85%,出苗率14.28%;黑鲷♀×真鲷♂受精率为92.1%,孵化率为90%,出苗率7.2%,共获得正交反交杂交鱼苗32 000尾。     

Hypoxic conditions induce centrum defects in red sea bream Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel)

A previous study elucidated that an extreme hypoxia during somitogenesis induced the most frequent skeletal malformation centrum defects in red sea bream (RSB), Pagrus major. In this study, details of the hypoxic conditions to induce them in RSB, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and exposure time to hypoxia, were investigated. Fertilized eggs were exposed to seawater of six DO concentrations (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of saturation) for seven different periods (5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min) during somitogenesis. Somitic disturbances in newly hatched larvae were induced by exposure to 0% and 10% DO concentration for 10 and 120 min and longer respectively. Rearing eggs exposed to hypoxic condition of 10% DO for 240 min for 40 days post‐hatch showed that the location and the frequency of somitic disturbances in larvae and centrum defects in juveniles were significantly correlated (P<0.01). Dissolved oxygen concentration of the interstitial water in the egg high density layer formed at the water surface in a stationary state abruptly decreased to 3.7% within 7 min. Centrum defect induction by exposure of eggs to extreme low DO concentrations for a short period, which is the probable situation in the practical juvenile production, suggests that careful maintenance of DO concentration is important in the incubating water of fertilized eggs during egg sorting and transportation, where eggs are made into a pile and undergo hypoxia, for the prevention of centrum defects.     

真鲷精子诱导牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育

采用真鲷精子激活牙鲆卵子,经(0±0.5)℃冷休克处理,诱导了牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育。灭活真鲷精子,紫外线照射剂量3.4mJ/cm2时孵化率最低;随着照射剂量的增加,孵化率恢复,照射剂量73mJ/cm2时,孵化率最高,呈现典型的Hertwig效应。用流式细胞仪检测倍性,未经冷休克处理的胚胎全部为单倍体,经冷休克处理的均为二倍体,表明精子灭活有效。冷休克实验结果表明,冷休克起始时间2～5min均有效,以3min为最好;冷休克持续时间30～90min均有效,以45min为最好。综合两项因素,授精3min后,休克时间持续45min组的授精率和孵化率均为最高,与其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05)。RAPD分析结果显示,异源精子的遗传信息未在雌核发育二倍体的电泳图中出现,表明其遗传信息没有传递给子代。     

Analysis of immune-relevant genes expressed in red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis is an efficient tool for gene discovery and for profiling gene expression. In order to isolate functional genes involved in immunity in fish, a cDNA library was constructed from red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen by unidirectional cloning. A total of 2010 ESTs from the library was sequenced and compared with sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 2010 ESTs, 320 ESTs (15.9%) were identified as orthologs of known gene from other organisms by BLAST searches, whereas 1690 ESTs (84.1%) appeared to be unknown and are likely to represent newly described genes. These identified clones were derived from at least 81 genes, which were categorized into eight categories: 9 in cell structure/motility (11.1%), 14 in metabolism (17.3%), 8 in cell defense/immunity (10%), 5 in cell division (6.2%), 7 in cell signal transduction/communication (8.6%), 30 in gene/protein expression (37%), 5 hemoglobin (6.2%) and 3 genes lacking enough information to be classified (3.7%). Several important cDNAs involved in immune functions, such as immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), MHC class II, MHC class IIβ and RAP2c, were identified in red sea bream and compared for their structure with those from other organisms. Alignment showed that the red sea bream IgL precursor was closer to that of spotted wolfish than to that of yellowtail, Europe sea bass, orange spotted grouper, Atlantic salmon, channel catfish, fugu and sterlet. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the red sea bream MHC II and MHC IIβ were more related to those from striped sea bass than to those from cichlid, flounder, salmonids, zebrafish and carp. High identity (over 92%) in deduced amino acid sequence of RAP2c between red sea bream and mammals implied that RAP2c gene was highly conserved during evolution.     

Ontogeny of tolerance to and avoidance of ultraviolet radiation in red sea bream Pagrus major and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

ABSTRACT:   Ontogenetic changes of tolerance to, and avoidance of, ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) were examined in red sea bream Pagrus major and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli . In the tolerance experiment, larvae and juveniles (age 13–46 days) were put in beakers, and were exposed to one of five different levels of UV-B radiation (1.8, 1.1, 0.2, 0.1, and 0 W/m²) for one hour. Their survival rates were calculated either 12 or 24 h later. In the avoidance experiment, fish (age 3–49 days) were put in a long experimental tank, half of which was covered with UV-blocking film and placed under two levels of UV-B radiation (1.1 and 0.2 W/m²), and their avoidance indices were calculated. Black sea bream had significantly better survival compared to red sea bream for most ages. Only black sea bream of ages 37 and 49 days showed significant avoidance of UV radiation under the higher level of UV-B, whereas both species did not show avoidance on any days at the lower level. The present results suggest that black sea bream are significantly better adapted to habitats with high UV-B radiation, than red sea bream, reflecting that back sea bream live in shallower waters through their early life stages.     

Preliminary evaluation of pea seed meal in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Juvenile gilthead sea bream with a mean initial body weight of 5 g were fed for 12 weeks with experimental diets containing 10% and 20% fishmeal protein (sole protein source in the control diet) replaced by processed pea seed meals. The processed pea seed meals were dehulled, defibred, extruded and microground pea seed meal (PSM1) or whole pea treated by infrared radiation and ground (PSM2). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were determined in a separate trial. At the end of the growth trial there were no significant differences in growth performance, feed utilization or whole-body composition among experimental groups. There were no differences in apparent protein digestibility among experimental groups (except for fish fed PSM1 at the lowest inclusion level). Both dry matter and energy digestibility of the diets, including PSM2 and with the highest inclusion level of PSM1, were significantly lower than those of the control diet. The results of this study suggest that pea seed meal may replace up to 20% fishmeal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles without affecting fish performance. Further studies should focus on technological treatments to increase utilization of pea seed meal carbohydrate, as both apparent dry matter and energy digestibility were affected by dietary inclusion level and by pea seed meal processing method.     

Spawning grounds of red sea bream in the east Seto Inland Sea

We surveyed the distribution of red sea bream eggs between 2006 and 2010 in the east Seto Inland Sea to determine the location of the spawning grounds and the characteristics of preferred spawning habitats. We identified early-development stage red sea bream eggs using a monoclonal antibody assay. The early-development stage eggs were present in waters around Awaji Island (AW area) and around Ieshima Island, Shodo Island, and Bisan Seto (collectively the ISB area). The mean red sea bream egg density in the AW area was not significantly different from that in the ISB area. Based on the locations where we observed early-development stage eggs and the density of eggs, the ISB and AW areas appeared to be the primary spawning grounds in the east Seto Inland Sea during the survey period. A quotient analysis suggested that spawning fish had clear preferences for physical conditions. The areas suitable for spawning appear to be those with sandy substrate at a depth of 30–70 m. The temperature range suitable for spawning was between 16.5 and 21.5 °C.     

Fish meal replacement by soy protein from soymilk in the diets of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Six isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: fish meal (FM) 700 g kg^–1 (control, C), FM 300 g kg^–1 + soy protein concentrate 300 g kg^–1 (SPC), FM 300 g kg^–1 + enzyme‐treated SPC 300 g kg^–1 (ESC), FM 170 g kg^–1 + soy protein isolate 300 g kg^–1 (SPI), FM 160 g kg^–1 + enzyme‐treated SPI 300 g kg^–1 (ESI) and FM 150 g kg^–1 + conglycinin 300 g kg^–1(CG). Forty fish (3.9 g) were randomly distributed into each of eighteen 300‐L tanks, fed twice daily until satiation for 8 weeks. The final body weight, specific growth rate and condition factor did not show significant differences among the fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI (p > .05). The survival was significantly lower in fish fed with diets SPI and CG. Feed efficiency was significantly higher in fish fed with diets SPC and C than in fish fed with other diets (p < .05). There were no significant differences in nutrients retention efficiencies in fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI. A significantly higher phosphorus retention efficiency in fish fed with soymilk protein diets resulted in lower phosphorus discharge to the environment (p < .05). These results suggest that the soymilk proteins can comfortably replace 570–770 g FM kg^–1 diet of red sea bream juvenile, which will ensure significant ecological benefits through reducing phosphorus load to the environment.