Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as related to ethylene in the development of chilling symptoms during cold storage of citrus fruits.

Low-temperature, nonfreezing, storage induces pitting and necrosis in the flavedo tissue of chilling susceptible citrus fruits. In this study the role of ethylene and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) in the cold-induced citrus peel damage has been investigated. It has been shown that increasing PAL activity by applying ethylene at a nonchilling temperature did not cause fruit damage or reduce the incidence of this peel disorder when fruits were subsequently held at a chilling temperature (2 degrees C). The cold-induced peel damage was enhanced by applying inhibitors of PAL activity and ethylene synthesis and action. These results indicate that the induction of PAL and ethylene during fruit cold storage, but not before, plays a role in reducing the development of chilling symptoms. The cold-induced PAL activity was reduced by inhibitors of ethylene production, but inhibitors of ethylene action exerted little effect on the activation of this enzyme. Therefore, the activation of PAL may be dependent on ethylene but also an independent cold signal apparently related to the cold-induced peel damage.     

Immunoanalytical method for quality control of orange juice products

The main goal of the present study is to develop an immunoanalytical method for the quality control of orange juice products. Peptides from various parts (juice, albedo, and flavedo) of citrus fruits (orange, mandarin, grapefruit, and lemon) were analyzed and isolated by SDS-PAGE. Antisera were developed in mice against the protein pool of orange juice and peel and tested by Western blot analysis. Using these antisera, some juice- and peel-specific peptides were detected. One of the antibodies in the antiserum developed against peel proteins recognized a single peel-specific peptide with a molecular mass of 28 kDa in 10000-fold dilution. It did not give any positive reactions against the sample prepared from the juice. The 24 and 27 kDa juice-specific peptides were isolated in electrophoretically pure form, and polyclonal antibodies were developed against them in mice. The anti-27 kDa antibody reacted with a 29 kDa protein in the peel sample, and it gave a positive reaction against the 27 kDa peptide of the juice. The antibodies developed in the course of the present work seem to be useful for determining the juice content in commercial citrus beverages and for evaluating the peel contamination in them.     

Catalase in the heat-induced chilling tolerance of cold-stored hybrid Fortune mandarin fruits

Hybrid Fortune mandarins developed chilling injury (CI) upon cold storage, unless the fruits were conditioned at 37 degrees C for 3 days before they were held at low temperature. This heat treatment induced 2.5-, 1.2-, and 1.4-fold increases in the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), respectively, and reduced the activity of glutathione reductase (GR). The differences in the activities afforded by the heat treatment were, in general, maintained during cold storage. However, SOD levels in nonconditioned Fortune fruits exhibiting CI were similar to those of conditioned fruits stored for 0 or 6 weeks at 2 degrees C. No difference between APX activity in the conditioned and nonconditioned fruits stored for 6 weeks at 2 degrees C was found. The data indicate that CAT may be a major antioxidant enzyme operating in the heat-induced chilling tolerance of cold-stored Fortune mandarin fruits.     

Extraction parameters and capillary electrophoresis analysis of limonin glucoside and phlorin in citrus byproducts.

Limonin glucoside (LG) and phlorin were extracted from citrus fruit tissues and assayed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). LG was determined in dried [1.20 +/- 0.10 mg of dry weight (dw)] and wet peel residues (1.16 +/- 0.04 mg of dw), orange juice finisher pulp (0.58 +/- 0.03 mg of dw), dried grapefruit seeds (2.70 +/- 0.15 mg of dw), and 50 degrees Brix molasses (2225 +/- 68 mg/L). Phlorin was purified from orange peel residue and grapefruit albedo, and concentrations were determined in some citrus products. Phlorin and LG were extracted from residues with water/pectinase or with water solutions of methanol and ethanol. Efficient LG extraction from grapefruit seeds (2.40 +/- 0.15 mg/g) was achieved with 50-65% methanol, solvent polarity P' approximately equal to 7-8. Extracts were purified and concentrated by adsorptive resins and HPLC to obtain 95% pure compounds of LG and phlorin. CE analysis did not require extract purification beyond filtration. LG and phlorin migrated as anions in electropherograms containing peaks representing other citrus flavonoids and limonoid glucosides.     

Maturity and storage influence on the apple (Malus domestica) allergen Mal d 3, a nonspecific lipid transfer protein

Consumption of apples can provoke severe allergic reactions, in susceptible individuals, due to the presence of the allergen Mal d 3, a nonspecific lipid transfer protein, found largely in the fruit skin. Levels of Mal d 3 were determined in peel as a function of apple cultivar, position of the fruit growing on the tree, apple maturity, and postharvest storage by ELISA. As the apples mature, Mal d 3 levels increased, although the rate was dependent on cultivar and tree position. During storage, levels of Mal d 3 decreased in all cultivars (cvs. Cox, Jonagored, and Gala), the rate of overall decrease being greatest under controlled atmosphere conditions. There was no correlation between Mal d 3 levels and total apple peel protein, indicating specific alterations in Mal d 3 expression. Thus pre- and postharvest treatments (i.e., storage) can modify the allergen load in apple peel, the highest levels being found in overly mature and freshly harvested fruits.     

宽皮柑橘对辊式剥皮机的设计与试验

为改善目前宽皮柑橘加工业中以手工去皮为主的现状,提高柑橘剥皮效率,该文根据宽皮柑橘果皮包着宽松,易与果肉分离等特点,设计了一种可以实现快速去皮的宽皮柑橘对辊式剥皮机。柑橘进入设备后,在刮板的带动下翻转向前运动,运动过程中不同形式且相向转动的剥皮辊夹持并撕扯翻起的果皮,从而将果皮从柑橘上整体剥离。该样机主要由机架、传动装置、对辊装置、拨动装置和下料装置等部件组成,具有结构紧凑,果皮分离能力强等特点。试验结果表明:样机可以很好地完成剥皮功能,宽皮柑橘果皮去净率高于97.5%,果肉损伤率低于2.68%,生产率达到202.5 kg/h,基本满足生产需求。该研究可为中国柑橘加工业中自动去皮设备研制和发展提供参考。     

高湿贮藏对茄子冷害及抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨高湿贮藏对减轻茄子冷害的作用及其与抗氧化系统的关系,本试验将茄子果实分别放置于4℃的干雾控湿高湿冷库(相对湿度96%~99%)和低湿冷库(相对湿度70%~75%)中贮藏15 d,每隔3 d进行取样测定,比较分析相关指标的变化。结果表明,与低湿贮藏相比,高湿贮藏能显著抑制茄子果实冷害指数、相对电导率和失重率的上升(P<0.05),保持茄子果实较高的硬度及总酚和花青素含量。同时,高湿贮藏能显著提高茄子果实中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶的活性(P<0.05),抑制过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和超氧阴离子( {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} )的产生,保持更高的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和羟基自由基清除能力。上述结果表明,高湿贮藏可维持茄子果实较高的抗氧化系统活性,从而抑制活性氧对茄子的伤害,减轻果实冷害。本研究为高湿贮藏在茄子果实采后保鲜中的应用提供了一定的依据。     

Use of nootkatone as a senescence indicator for Rouge La Toma Cv. grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.)

The objective of this research was to study the usefulness of nootkatone as a senescence indicator for Rouge La Toma cv. grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), simulating different treatments that included the normal postharvest handling of citrus fruits: temperature conditioning, cold storage, shipment periods to overseas markets such as Japan and the U.S., marketing conditions, and storage at nonchilling temperature (control treatments). The highest nootkatone levels, determined by GLC-MS analyses, were detected in fruits subjected to control treatments. No significant differences were observed in nootkatone levels between treatments either with or without temperature conditioning prior to the start of the cold storage. Levels of nootkatone increased throughout time for all assayed treatments. The linear regressions of nootkatone levels showed correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.83 with storage time (29 and 42 days, respectively). Therefore, nootkatone appears to be a good indicator of senescence for Rouge La Toma grapefruit.     

红壤水分条件对柑橘叶片质膜透性以及活性氧代谢和保护酶活性的影响

通过盆栽柑橘控制盆内红壤不同含水量处理,研究了不同红壤水分条件对柑橘叶片质膜透性以及活性氧代谢和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,柑橘叶片相对电导率在红壤相对含水量75% 处理时最低,并与红壤相对含水量呈显著负相关(R2 = 0.8236*,n=50);柑橘叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量随土壤水分含量的减少而显著增加,并与红壤相对含水量呈显著负相关(R2 = 0.9051*,n=50).柑橘叶片超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)生成速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量在不同红壤水分条件下具有相近的变化曲线,在红壤相对含水量60% 的处理下达最大值后,随红壤水分减少或增加均呈下降趋势;O2.-、H2O2并不是引起柑橘在红壤水分亏缺或盈余胁迫状况下氧化伤害的单一原因.随着红壤含水量的变化,柑橘叶片抗氧化系统处于动态的平衡中,柑橘叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)酶活性在红壤干旱条件下都保持了较高的活性,但过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随土壤水分减少却显著降低.     

Effects of ozone treatment on postharvest strawberry quality

The effect of ozone treatment on the postharvest quality of strawberry was evaluated. Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa) were stored at 2 degrees C in an atmosphere containing ozone (0.35 ppm). After 3 days at 2 degrees C, fruits were moved to 20 degrees C to mimic retail conditions (shelf life). The changes in several quality parameters such as fungal decay, color, sugar and acids distribution, and aroma were evaluated during the strawberries' shelf life. Ozone treatment was ineffective in preventing fungal decay in strawberries after 4 days at 20 degrees C. Significant differences in sugars and ascorbic acid content were found in ozone-treated strawberries. At the end of cold storage, the vitamin C content of ozonated strawberries was 3 times that of control fruits. A detrimental effect of ozone treatment on strawberry aroma was observed, with a 40% reduced emission of volatile esters in ozonated fruits.     

Carbohydrate metabolism as related to high-temperature conditioning and peel disorders occurring during storage of citrus fruit

The aim of this research was to understand the involvement of the carbohydrate metabolism in physiological disorders occurring during the postharvest storage of citrus fruit. These disorders, manifested in the rind, depreciate fruit quality and often originate important losses. There has been increasing interest in the use of nonharmful treatments, such as high-temperature conditioning, to avoid citrus peel damage during fruit storage at low temperature in chilling-sensitive cultivars, but their influence in postharvest disorders occurring at nonchilling temperatures and the mechanisms related to them are poorly understood. The data obtained showed that heat conditioning (3 days/37 degrees C) increases the chilling tolerance of cv. Navelate fruit and favored sucrose, but not hexoses, accumulation and its maintenance after the fruit was transferred to low temperature. This effect was related to heat-induced increase in the activities of the sucrose-synthesizing enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS). Furthermore, sucrose levels and the activities of both enzymes were higher in cv. Pinalate oranges, a chilling-tolerant spontaneous abscisic acid deficient mutant of Navelate. In contrast, carbohydrates appeared not to be involved in the susceptibility of oranges to rind staining, a physiological disorder different from chilling injury, which mainly occurred at a nonchilling temperature (12 degrees C) and was not reduced by heat conditioning. The effect of low temperature in SS and SPS activities was less than that of high temperature, which might be related to the lower changes occurring in sucrose during fruit storage at 2 degrees C.     

Residue levels and effectiveness of pyrimethanil vs imazalil when using heated postharvest dip treatments for control of Penicillium decay on citrus fruit

The influence of fungicide concentration and treatment temperature on residue levels of pyrimethanil (PYR) in comparison with the commonly used fungicide imazalil (IMZ) was investigated in orange fruits following postharvest dip treatments. The dissipation rate of PYR residues was recorded as a function of storage conditions. The fungicide efficacy against green and blue molds caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, was evaluated on different citrus varieties following the fungicide application at 20 or 50 degrees C. Residue levels of PYR in Salustiana oranges were significantly correlated with the fungicide dosage, but residue concentrations were notably higher (ca. 13-19-fold) after treatment at 50 degrees C as compared to treatments at 20 degrees C. After treatment at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 degrees C, PYR and IMZ residues in Salustiana oranges were significantly correlated with dip temperatures. Dissipation rates of PYR during storage were negligible in both Salustiana and Tarocco oranges. Results obtained on wounded, noninoculated Miho satsumas revealed that when treatments were performed at 50 degrees C, PYR or IMZ concentrations needed to achieve the complete control of decay were 8- and 16-fold less than by treatment at 20 degrees C. When fruits were inoculated with either P. digitatum or P. italicum, the application of 400 mg L(-1) PYR at 20 degrees C or 100 mg L(-1) PYR at 50 degrees C similarly reduced green and blue mold development. These results were corroborated by storage trials on Marsh grapefruits and Tarocco oranges. The lowest concentration of PYR required to achieve almost total protection of the fruit against decay accounted for 100 mg L(-1) at 50 degrees C and 400 mg L(-1) at 20 degrees C, respectively. Treatments did not affect fruit external appearance, flavor, and taste. It is concluded that postharvest PYR treatment represents an effective option to control green and blue mold in citrus fruit and that integration of fungicide applications and hot water dips may reduce the possibility of selecting fungicide-resistant populations of the pathogen, as a consequence of increased effectiveness of the treatment.     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵作为通常认为安全的药剂抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为 0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理,引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,碳酸铵可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代方法,研究结果为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。     

HYDRUS模型与遥感集合卡尔曼滤波同化提高土壤水分监测精度

精确地估测干旱区土壤水分含量,对该区域的农业发展与水土保持具有重要意义。该文以MODIS与Landsat TM数据为数据源,利用其反演获得的条件温度植被指数(temperature-vegetation drought Index,TVDI)作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalman filter,En-KF)同化方法应用于水文模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行干旱区表层土壤水分的模拟。结果表明:遥感数据反演土壤水分所构建的二维特征空间TVDI与表层土壤水分有较好的一致性;En-KF同化方法对模型变量与观测算子的更新,与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,获得的表层土壤水分含量精度有了明显提高,其均方根误差缩小了1个百分点,平均误差缩小了5个百分点。可见,基于多源遥感数据对表层土壤水分的En-KF同化模拟在干旱区具有较大的潜力,是提高干旱区土壤水分含水量监测精度的有效手段。     

不同机械伤处理对香蕉果皮活性氧代谢的影响

为探究不同机械伤处理对香蕉果皮活性氧代谢的影响，该研究以"桂蕉6号"为材料，采用划伤、穿刺、坠落3种不同机械伤处理，以未处理组为对照，测定贮藏过程中香蕉果皮活性氧代谢的变化，并进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明，3种不同机械损伤处理均加速了香蕉果实硬度和叶绿素含量的下降；引起O2-产生速率和H2O2含量的积累，其中划伤处理组的O2-产生速率在贮藏第8 天为对照组的2.0倍，H2O2含量为对照组的2.5倍，这可能与机械伤处理抑制了果皮组织中过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性有关；同时，3种不同机械损伤处理加速细胞膜脂过氧化的进程，造成香蕉细胞膜透性及丙二醛含量的升高，其中对照、划伤、穿刺和坠落处理组的丙二醛含量在贮藏第8 天分别是贮藏初期的3.3、3.4、5.4和7.5倍。；此外，划伤和穿刺处理均可显著提高香蕉果皮中PPO活性（P <0.01)。相关性聚类热图分析表明，H2O2含量与香蕉果实硬度、叶绿素含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性呈极显著负相关（P <0.01)，与超氧化物歧化酶活性呈显著负相关（P <0.05)；同时，多酚氧化酶活性与H2O2含量、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性呈现极显著正相关（P <0.05)。结合主成分分析可知，不同机械伤处理均可加速香蕉果皮活性氧的积累进而导致香蕉果实的衰老腐败，其中划伤处理对香蕉果皮活性氧代谢影响最大，其次是穿刺处理，坠落处理对香蕉果皮活性氧代谢影响最小。该研究阐明了香蕉果实机械伤、活性氧和贮藏品质三者的关系，并为香蕉采后不同机械伤控制提供理论依据。     

宽皮柑橘移动夹持剥皮力学特性与果皮分离特性试验研究

为了解决目前柑橘剥皮设备,果皮一次剥净率较低,且损伤率较高。需要人工二次剥皮等问题,探索宽皮柑橘剥皮方法,该文以温州蜜柑为研究对象,利用自制的试验平台开展柑橘剥皮试验,对比了不同加载条件(不同剥皮方向、剥皮宽度及剥皮速度)对温州蜜柑的果皮分离过程中拉力值以及果皮分离位移的影响规律。试验结果表明:1)柑橘的剥皮特性具有各向异性,剥皮方向对剥皮特性具有显著性影响(P0.05),沿柑橘轴向方向剥皮,剥离的果皮长度与径向相比长约15%,且剥皮过程果皮能够均匀剥离;2)柑橘果皮分离过程中大致存在3种果皮断裂形态,其中剥离的果皮形态呈对称状,剥皮过程较为平稳;而剥离的果皮形态呈偏移或是果皮边缘带锯齿状,剥皮过程均存在波动过程,果皮呈斜向撕裂,剥离的果皮长度小于正向撕裂的对称状果皮长度;3)剥皮宽度、剥皮速度对柑橘果皮分离的最大拉力值有显著影响(P0.05),对果皮分离位移影响不显著(P0.05),其对剥皮长度影响较小,根据试验指标及自身剥皮设备参数,夹持较宽(采用环割划皮)的果皮,较高的剥皮速度(300 mm/min以上),利于提高剥皮效率。该研究可为宽皮柑橘的机械剥皮加工设备提供一定的理论依据。     

Investigation of heat treating conditions for enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit (Citrus reticulata) peels

In traditional Chinese medicine, dried citrus fruit peels are widely used as remedies to alleviate coughs and reduce phlegm in the respiratory tract. Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory cells and increased airway production of nitric oxide (NO) are well recognized as key events in inflammation-related respiratory tract diseases. Despite the fact that the enhancing effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of citrus fruit peels has been well documented, the impact of heat treatment on citrus peel beneficial activities regarding anti-inflammation is unclear. To address this issue, we determined the anti-inflammatory activities of heat-treated citrus peel extracts by measuring their inhibitory effect upon NO production by lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel was significantly elevated after 100 degrees C heat treatment in a time-dependent fashion during a period from 0 to 120 min. Inhibition of iNOS gene expression was the major NO-suppressing mechanism of the citrus peel extract. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel extract highly correlated with the content of nobiletin and tangeretin. Conclusively, proper and reasonable heat treatment helped to release nobiletin and tangeretin, which were responsible for the increased anti-inflammatory activity of heat-treated citrus peels.     

Residue levels and storage decay control in Cv. Star Ruby grapefruit after dip treatments with azoxystrobin

Cv. Star Ruby grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were subjected to a 3-min dip in water at room temperature (20 degrees C) or at 50 degrees C with or without 25, 50, or 100 mg/L azoxystrobin (AZX). Then, the fruits were subjected to cold quarantine at 2 degrees C and 90-95% relative humidity (RH) for 3 weeks and then stored for 5 weeks at 8 degrees C and approximately 85% RH and for another 2 weeks at 20 degrees C and 80% RH to simulate a 2-week marketing period (SMP). No AZX residues were detected in the albedo and pulp following treatments at 20 or 50 degrees C, the total amount of residues being recovered from the flavedo tissue. There was a relationship between the AZX uptake in fruit and the amount of fungicide employed at 20 or 50 degrees C. When AZX was applied to the fruit at 25 mg/L at 20 degrees C, the residue level averaged 0.11 mg/kg (active ingredient, whole fruit basis). This residue concentration increased by 50 and 75% when the application rate increased from 25 to 50 or 100 mg/L, respectively. A similar pattern of accumulation was detected in fruit subjected to treatments at 50 degrees C. However, treatments at 50 degrees C produced residue levels higher than the treatments at 20 degrees C, with increases ranging from 63 to 84%, for the same concentration. Storage conditions did not affect the amount of AZX residues in the fruit. Treatment at 50 or 100 mg/L at 20 degrees C reduced the incidence of moderate to severe chilling injury (CI). Water dips at 50 degrees C reduced the incidence and severity of CI to a very low extent, with no additional advantages when hot water was used in combination with AZX. Treatments with 50 or 100 mg/L of AZX at 20 degrees C produced beneficial effects in decay control similar to those of 25 mg/L AZX at 50 degrees C or hot water alone. Better results were achieved with 50 or 100 AZX at 50 degrees C, providing complete control of decay during cold storage and with negligible decay after SMP. It was concluded that when AZX was applied at 50 degrees C, low doses of fungicide and minimal residue levels in fruit were required to control the postharvest decay of grapefruit. This treatment does not impair fruit quality and offers very interesting prospects for large scale application, due to the reduced potential toxicity of AZX to nontarget organisms and to the environment.     

硫化氢参与植物抗逆境胁迫研究进展及其在果蔬保鲜中的应用

低浓度的H₂S作为一种气体信号分子,在植物抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用,能够缓解干旱、重金属等逆境胁迫带来的氧化损伤,激活采后果蔬抗氧化系统,调节活性氧(ROS)代谢平衡,对采后果蔬具有较好的保鲜效果。本文通过对H₂S参与植物抗逆境胁迫响应,H₂S与其他信号分子相互作用,以及H₂S在果蔬采后保鲜中的应用等方面进行综述,旨在为H₂S的深入研究提供参考依据。     

Antioxidant systems and their relationship with the response of pepper fruits to storage at 20 degrees C

Fresh peppers (Capsicum annuum L., variety California) in their green and red ripe stages were stored at 20 degrees C for 7 and 19 days to determine the effects of storage on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (TAA) and ascorbate (ASC) content, as well as on some antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and those of the ASC-glutathione cycle. At least one Mn-SOD, two Fe-SODs, and three CuZn-SODs were detected in the fruit extract after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All of the SOD isozymes and glutathione reductase had higher activity levels in the red control fruits than in the green fruits, whereas the activities of monodehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate reductase were higher in green fruits. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was found to be similar in both fruits. SODs, CAT, and APX seem to be involved in pepper fruit ripening and senescence during storage at 20 degrees C, perhaps influencing the active oxygen species levels in the fruit. TAA, as well as the ASC content, was higher in red peppers than in green, and storage increased the ASC in both green and red fruits.