准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠鼠类的微栖息地选择

依据地形及其内植被组成特征,划分出５种微栖息地类型。通过在不同物候期的观测表明,４种共存的鼠种间存在着明显的微栖息地分离。二足型跳鼠选择在开阔的空间活动四足型沙鼠则主要在多年生灌丛下取食。二种类型的鼠类微栖息地选择都不同程度地与同的多年生灌木     

鸟类栖息地选择研究进展

野生动物栖息地选择的研究是动物学研究的一个基本而又重要的领域,鸟类对栖息地的选择以植被类型为基础,在不同空间尺度上,影响乌类栖息地选择的环境因素亦不相同;在不同的季节和生活史阶段,鸟类对栖息地类型的造反生变化的植被因素和鸟类在不同生活史阶段对栖息地的不同需求;而鸟类的繁殖栖息地选择取决于小尺度上的植被结构。目前,人造巢实验被广泛运用于鸟类巢址栖息地选择分析和巢卵捕食率研究,但这一实验方法尚需改进,     

贺兰山地表甲虫群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性

为探讨贺兰山不同生境类型地表甲虫群落多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系,2017年7-8月采用陷阱法调查了贺兰山垂直植被带9种生境地表甲虫群落多样性,采用典范对应分析(CCA)探讨了地表甲虫群落科级水平组成与环境因子的相关性。共采集地表甲虫27 625头,隶属于24科239种,科级水平组成反映了干旱区山地的昆虫区系特征,其中,步甲科、金龟科和拟步甲科为优势科,个体数量分别占到39.779%、29.448%和16.525%。灰榆疏林地表甲虫群落科丰富度和活动密度最高,旱生落叶灌丛Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数最高,典型草原Simpson优势度指数最高。CCA表明地表甲虫群落多样性与环境因子关系进行的分组与沿海拔梯度按生境类型进行的分组之间呈现较明显的对应关系;海拔、土壤含水量和枯落物盖度明显影响地表甲虫群落多样性;在较小空间尺度,地形因子对地表甲虫分布相对重要。     

新疆准噶尔盆地东南部狼(Canis lupus)的生境选择及其季相变化

采用痕迹样方和对照样方分析卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)的生境选择及其季相变化。结果表明:春季,狼选择海拔900~1 000 m的山坡和山顶,距离水源2~4 km,道路0.5~1 km,居民点2~4 km及隐蔽级高(0.9~1)的区域;夏季,选择山坡和山沟、海拔900~1 000 m、与水源距离≤2 km、距离道路1.5~3 km、与居民点的距离4~6 km;以及隐蔽级高(0.9~1)的地域;冬季,选择山坡和沙丘、海拔≤800 m、与水源距离≤2 km、与道路的距离1.5~3 km、与居民点的距离2~4 km、隐蔽级在0.5~0.9的区域。主成分分析表明,春季狼生境选择主要受人为干扰的影响,夏季主要受水源因子干扰的影响,冬季主要受食物干扰的影响。     

利用ASTER数据估算肃南山地植被结构特征参数

利用ASTER数据估算了2000年8月26日祁连山区一子流域-肃南山地的植被结构特征参数,包括地表覆被类型LULC以及植被覆盖度fc、叶面积指数LAI、植被高度hc,匹配DEM定量分析了植被分布与高程、坡向的关系,简要分析了其影响因素。研究表明:(1)ASTER遥感数据在祁连山区有较好的适用性,所选参数能较好地从水平和垂直三维空间精细反映该地的植被分布及结构特性;(2)肃南山地的植被重心位于区域西南部沟谷地带,且植被生长类型、结构和地形密切相关,特别是表征植被水平密度的植被覆盖度fc和高程关系明显,指示出植被发育最好的地带位于海拔3300～3500m,fc与坡向也有相关关系,坡向NW325°至NE40°的范围内植被长势最好;(3)水-热-地形三者综合驱动植被空间结构。     

新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择

1999～ 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 ,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundula tamacqueenii)夏季栖息地进行了采样研究。结果表明 :波斑鸨夏季栖息地地势平坦 ,视野开阔 ,沙质土和粘土上旱生和盐生荒漠植被广泛分布 ,植被稀疏、低矮 ,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块 ;影响波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择的环境因子是植物种数、植被密度和植被盖度 ;栖息地内的植被盖度、植被密度、草本植物种数、角果藜密度和距邻近灌丛块距离都显著低于对照地内的相应成分。     

塔里木马鹿对生境选择的初步研究

2006年8月和12月,在新疆车尔臣河下游阿克塔孜牧场,对塔里木马鹿夏季和冬季生境的选择进行了研究。选择5类生态因子,并设置290个10 m×10 m样方。选择结果表明,塔里木马鹿喜欢胡杨和芦苇、植被覆盖度较大、水源距离较近和认为干扰距离>1 000 m的环境。其中,夏季多选择芦苇草甸,冬季选择胡杨林和柽柳灌丛。对生境特征的主成分分析显示,前3个主成分的累计贡献率夏季达到71.277%,冬季达到67.925%,可以反映塔里木马鹿的生境特征。同时表明,影响塔里木马鹿生境选择的主要因素依次为人为干扰、植被类型和距水源距离。     

不同季节卡拉麦里山盘羊生境选择分析

采用样线法分析不同季节新疆卡拉麦里山盘羊戈壁亚种的生境选择。结果表明:春季,卡拉麦里山盘羊生境主要集中在海拔1 100 m以上、坡度30°~60°、与隐蔽物距离小于0.1 km、与水源地距离小于4.0 km、与居民点距离大于2.0 km以及中高隐蔽级(0.5~1.0)的区域。夏季,盘羊生境主要位于中上坡、与隐蔽物小于0.1 km、远离道路和居民点(大于2.0 km)、植被盖度小于0.1、隐蔽级高(0.9~1.0)的山坡。冬季,卡拉麦里山盘羊多选择距隐蔽物距离小于0.1 km、距离水源大于2.0 km、距离居民点大于2.0 km、食物丰富的山坡。不同季节卡拉麦里山盘羊生境变量特征值大于1的主成分累积贡献率分别达到了71.972%(春季)、71.782%(夏季)和73.613%(冬季),反映了不同季节生境因子特征。春季,盘羊生境因子主要受人为和自然因素的影响,其中海拔和人为干扰因子(与最近道路距离)是最重要的影响因子;夏季,盘羊生境的选择主要受海拔、植物种数和水源的影响;冬季,盘羊生境的选择主要受食物和人类活动的影响。     

基于NDVI的柴达木盆地植被空间分异规律及影响因素

利用1982-2006年的GIMMS/NDVI资料,分析柴达木盆地植被的空间分异规律,并结合盆地的地形、降水、水系、土地利用和植被分布图等资料,通过叠加分析,进一步研究了植被空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:柴达木盆地的植被覆盖总体偏低,由东南向西北呈明显的三层半环状结构;在局部地区由于河流、湖泊和地下水等水文条件的影响,上述半环状结构成非连续状态而形成突出亮斑和线状特征;柴达木盆地植被覆盖的影响因素主要包括降水、地表地下水文条件、海拔高度和人类活动4个方面;降水和海拔有一定的关联性,从总体上决定了盆地植被分布的基本格局;水体和人类活动对植被分布的作用主要体现在局部地区,并且往往打破降水和海拔作用下的植被分布格局。     

乌兰布和沙漠植被数量分类及环境解释

植被与环境的关系研究一直是植被生态学研究的热点问题。应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法对乌兰布和沙漠植物群落进行分类,应用典范对应分析(CCA)方法建立植物群落与地理位置、气候和土壤因子间的对应关系,以明确乌兰布和沙漠主要植物群落类型及影响群落变化和分布的主要环境因子。研究表明;乌兰布和沙漠天然植被由51科161属318种植物组成,可划分为30个群落类型。海拔、降水量以及土壤水分、粒度和养分是影响沙漠植被物种组成及其分布的主要因子。梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)、沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)等主要植物群落生境对应较高沙粒含量,分布范围广;盐爪爪(Kalidium spp.)、马蔺(Iris lactea)、柽柳(Tamarix spp.)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落生境对应较高的土壤水分、盐分和粘粒含量,属于小生境群落;油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落生境对应较高的降水量,分布于沙漠东部。因此,在乌兰布和沙漠生态保护与固沙植被建设中,应加强对土壤生境的保护,并针对不同区域的生境特点选择适宜的固沙植物及其恢复管理措施。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.