Tree Stability in Relation to Cyclic Loading

The mechanical behaviour of the soil-root systems of Sitka sprucetrees growing on a peaty gley was measured under cyclic loading,using a specially designed apparatus. The trees were felledat a height of about 1.5 m above the soil surface before testingso that effects due to the stems and the crowns of the treeswere eliminated. The cyclic loading apparatus repeatedly pulledthe top of a stump by a set amount, between 5 mm and 100 mm,at a frequency of about 0.2 Hz. The force exerted on the stumpand the corresponding vertical displacement of the root platewere measured. During a cyclic loading episode, the peak loadin each cycle was less than the peak load in the previous cycle.The size of this difference became smaller with time and wasnegligible after about 25 cycles. The difference in load betweenthe start and end of each cyclic loading episode tended to increasewith stem displacement. A trench was dug around some trees sothat soil failure could be isolated from other effects and sometrees were tested without cyclic loading. Average maximum overturningmoment for the untrenched trees was 15 kN m. Trenching decreasedthis by an average of 10 kN m. Cyclic loading decreased thesoil resistance component of anchorage from 2.3 kN m to about1.7 kN m. The reduction in peak overturning moment with repeatedloading was associated with progressive failure of the anchorage,whereas the differences in anchorage strength between cyclicand static loading were associated mainly with energy dissipation.     

针叶树立木材积测定方法的研究

日本鸟取大学的井上昭夫与黑川泰亨利用孔兹干曲线式推导出一种计算针叶树立木材积的理论二元材积公式V=1/[2(1-Hb/H)]1.060·π/4D2b·H[1,2]。本研究选取4个地区的1014株人工落叶松和樟子松为样本,以部颁二元材积公式的计算结果为参照,对该式进行适用性验证及评价。     

Movement of Injected Dyes in Gymnosperm Stems in Relation to Tracheid Alignment

The path of upward movement of acid fuchsin dye was traced inpole-size stems of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Murr.),European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparislawsoniana (A. Murr. Parl.)), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong. Carr.)), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), andScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In all of these species amarked, preponderantly clockwise spiral pattern of dye ascentwas observed. In general the upward movement of the dye followedtracheid alignment, except at the sapwood-heartwood boundary.The characteristic patterns of dye movement indicated that spiralgrain was much commoner than was straight grain among the pole-sizegymnosperms investigated. Large differences in spiral grainwere found among species, among trees within species, in differentannual rings within trees, and at different stem heights. Patternsof dye uptake were influenced somewhat by the method of injection.Dye injections through tubes driven into the stem were foundmore suitable for determining tracheid arrangement than wereinjections through individual roots immersed in dye. Factorsinfluencing spiral grain development and applications of thedye injection technique to spiral grain determination are discussed.     

柳桉立木力学分析

以柳桉立木为研究对象,重点分析不同状况下桉树应力和弯矩分布情况。结果表明：柳桉立木随着树高的增加,树干断面积呈指数迅速减少,而树干材积和质量均呈一元二次方程的增加。柳桉立木随着树高的增加,树干各截面的应力呈线性降低,而所受弯矩呈非线性减少。外力载荷下作用点与树干基部间各截面的应力会迅速增加,也使得其间的弯矩（绝对值）急剧增大。外力载荷随着树高上移,相对而言不会增加树高基部的应力,但会显著增加作用力位点截面的应力,也显著提高树干基部的弯矩。柳桉在树高3.9 m以上树干部位,由于惯性矩产生的抗弯矩应力能力趋于减少,而小于弯矩应力,易使树干发生变形导致树干折断。     

针叶林阔叶化改造目的树种选择研究

通过调查与试验,结合有关研究成果,筛选出105种以乡土树种为主的针叶林阔叶化改造的优良常绿和落叶阔叶目的树种.从地带性建群树种、广泛应用程度、技术熟化程度并充分考虑阔叶树种的防火型、生态型、经济型、景观型等多功能,分别5个选择层次,其中第一层次的首选树种有木荷等11种,第二选择层次为石栎等10种,第三选择层次为马褂木等4种,第四选择层次为刨花楠等44种,第五选择层次为短柄枹等36种.     

3种针叶树种树皮抗火性研究

通过测定和分析云南油杉、云南松、华山松3种针叶树种树皮的厚度、导热系数、外界热辐射作用下的失重过程和树皮内表面温度4个因子，结合3个树种在火烧迹地上的死亡率数据，得出如下结论：树皮的结构、导热系数是决定这3种树种耐火性差异的主要因素，3种针叶树种树皮的抗火性由强到弱的顺序为云南油杉〉云南松〉华山松，与这3个树种的死亡率由小到大的顺序相同。     

湖南冰雪灾害致森林毁损的气象原因

比较分析2008年初冰灾期间湖南部分地区气象资料,并与各地森林冰灾损失情况进行比较.湖南森林损害主要表现为腰折或翻蔸、断梢、折枝等机械损伤,有的树种伴随有生理损害.各地马尾松、湿地松、杉木、针阔混交林受害程度为中、重度的蓄积量比例达40%～100%不等,主要随地区冰灾严重程度而异.郴州、永州、衡阳等南部地区是特重灾区,益阳、常德、岳阳等地系一般灾害区,其余地区为重灾区.造成冰灾的主要气象原因是接近0℃的日平均气温(-1～0℃)和高于85%的日平均相对湿度的配合及上述2种组合条件的长时间维持.这样的冰棱形成条件,造成空中和地面树枝、树干、电线等附着物结冰和冰晶过度发育,并使得此次冰灾不同于本区域有记载的其他历次冰灾.这一现象,与全球气候变暖和中低空纳米级悬浮物密度增加有一定关系.     

鄂西亚高山日本落叶松人工林雪灾调查

以建始县国营林场日本落叶松人工林为对象,采用普查和典型抽样相结合的方法调查林木受灾程度及相关影响因子,分析立地因子、林分结构特征和林木生长特性与受灾程度的相关关系及其影响程度,为预防雪灾和提高雪灾抵御能力提供参考和借鉴.研究结果表明:海拔对受害程度具有极显著影响,以海拔1800 m为区分线,上下区域受灾程度存在显著差异,高海拔区域受灾程度是低海拔区域的2倍;不同坡向和不同坡向类型的受灾程度具有显著或极显著差异,其中东坡受灾程度最为严重,而半阴半阳坡>阳坡>阴坡;林分抵御雪灾的能力随着林龄的增长而增强,25年以上的林分的受灾程度明显较轻;密度超过2 000株·hm-2的林分受灾程度极为严重,是密度1 000株·hm-2以下的林分的近3倍;倾伏木与未受损木间有显著差异,高径比小的林木具有较强的抗倒伏能力.主要侧根数量较多、平均粗度较粗、根系生物量大的林木的抗倒伏能力明显较强.适地适树、合理密度控制、促进根系发育是提高林木抵御雪灾能力的有效途径.     

Pt菌根剂在榆林风沙区针叶树育苗中的应用

利用4种方法将Pt菌根剂应用于樟子松、油松苗木培育中，试验结果表明，Pt菌根剂在榆林风沙区能够促进樟子松、油松苗木的生长，提高苗木的质量。在芽苗截根菌根化育苗和苗木移植培育中效果更为显著。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

北票地区3种针叶树容器苗雨季造林技术研究

在北票半干旱地区开展了油松、樟子松和桧柏3种针叶树雨季容器苗造林试验,分别以春季裸根苗造林为对照,结果表明：在北票干旱和瘠薄立地条件下采用容器苗雨季造林,造林成活率超过95%,春季裸根苗造林,成活率仅为65.4%～74.6%。3个针叶树种容器苗雨季造林比对照能够明显提高苗高生长量、主根长、侧根多,与对照相比,油松苗高生长量提高38.97%,地径提高29.9%,主根长提高40.78%,侧根长提高40.76%;樟子松苗高生长量提高37.59%,地径提高31.69%,主根长提高16.89%,侧根长提高20.90%;桧柏苗高生长量提高27.49%,地径提高34.56%,主根长提高18.90%,侧根长提高35.71%。效果十分显著。     

Tolerance of some Broadleaved and Coniferous Forestry Tree Species to Herbicides with Potential for Bracken Control

The tolerance of two broadleaved and two coniferous forestrytree species to overall sprays of three sulfonylurea herbicides,with the potential for bracken control were tested in comparisonwith asulam on outdoor pot experiments, applied at three differentdates. Thifensulfuron-methyl and tribenuron-methyl caused littledamage, however, date of application of these herbicides canaffect the tolerance of some of the tree species. Asulam, usedoutside the recommended time for bracken control, and metsulfuron-methylcaused damage to cherry, oak, Douglas fir and Japanese larch. The tolerance of Sitka spruce to thifensulfuron-methyl and tribenuron-methyl,and a mixture of them applied at six different dates was alsotested. Sitka spruce was not affected at any treatment dateor by mixtures of the two sulfonylurea herbicides.     

针叶树种体细胞胚胎发生影响因素浅析

本文综述了针叶树体胚发生的影响因素,并提出了展望,以期为今后针叶树体细胞胚胎发生体系研究及应用提供参考.     

Pine Weevil Population Density and Damage to Coniferous Seedlings in a Regeneration Area With and Without Shelterwood

Damage to planted conifer seedlings by the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), is considered to be less severe in shelterwoods than in clear-cuttings. To evaluate possible reasons for this reduction, this study investigated the relationship between seedling damage and pine weevil population density in the presence and absence of shelter trees. Assessments of seedling damage throughout a full growth season and absolute population density estimates were made at a fresh clear-cutting and an adjacent shelterwood (1 ha each). A grid of 100 pitfall traps was placed over each area, and population estimates were made using the mark–recapture technique. Pine weevil damage to seedlings was about twice as high in the clear-cutting, whereas pine weevil density was estimated to be higher in the shelterwood or about the same in the two treatments (～14?000 weevils ha^?1). Existing differences in microclimate between the shelterwood and clear-cutting did not seem to be the cause of the differences in damage levels. Thus, the hypothesis that seedling damage is reduced in shelterwoods because of increased availability of alternative food remains a candidate for further testing.     

两种针叶树种植株所含的挥发性物质及其与冷杉顶小卷蛾危害关系的研究

采用XAD2吸附法和GC/MS法,对急尖长苞冷杉球果、枝条及小果垂枝柏球果中所含挥发性物质的种类及其含量进行了分析测定。从急尖长苞冷杉球果中共检测到13种挥发性物质,其由10种单萜、1种酚、2种醇组成。并以ɑ-蒎烯、月桂烯、β-蒎烯和β-水芹烯4种化合物为优势组分,其中又以β-水芹烯的含量最高,且该成分在急尖长苞冷杉枝条和小果垂枝柏球果所含的挥发性物质中没有。急尖长苞冷杉枝条所含的挥发性物质由6种单萜、1种酚组成,且其酚的含量最高。小果垂枝柏球果所含的挥发性物质成分相对简单,由5种单萜组成,其优势成分为香桧烯和柠檬烯,而柠檬烯在急尖长苞冷杉球果所含的挥发性物质中未检测到。由此推测,在冷杉顶小卷蛾选择寄主植物及其危害的器官时,急尖长苞冷杉球果中所含的大量β-水芹烯挥发性物质对该虫起有引诱作用,而另两种器官所含的柠檬烯挥发性物质则对该虫起有驱避作用。     

基于ASD与Hyperion高光谱数据的主要针叶树种分类研究

以云南省香格里拉市为研究区,对ASD光谱仪实测的4种针叶树种光谱数据采用包络线去除法、光谱一阶微分法和光谱二阶微分法3种波段选择方法得到Hyperion高光谱影像数据的分类特征波段,采用最大似然法、支持向量机2种分类方法对所选的特征波段开展树种识别分类,对原始影像采用光谱角填图分类方法作对比实验。结果表明,基于ASD数据的光谱一阶波段选择方案的支持向量机分类方法精度最高,总体分类精度为81.95%,Kappa系数为0.725 1。采用ASD实测光谱数据能有效指导Hyperion进行树种分类,基于数据尺度和换算方式,一阶微分更适合特征波段选择;与传统的数理统计分类方法和光谱特征分类方法相比,基于机器学习的方法如支持向量机等在高光谱遥感分类中具有更大的应用潜力。     

太行山农林复合生态系统中针阔叶树种的选择

应用软系统归纳集成法,确定了太行山主要针阔叶树种生态功能的评价指标体系与权重,其中一级评价指标5个,二级评价指标9个。利用大体一致的200多块样地的调查资料,对太行山广泛分布的针阔叶树种的生态功能进行了分类评价、优劣排序和聚类分析,将评定等级为优良的9种阔叶树和5种针叶树,作为农林复合生态系统建设中可广泛应用的树种,最后从海拔、坡向、年均降水量、气温、土壤等方面总结了优良针阔叶树种的适宜立地条件。     

东北针阔混交林生物量动态过程及稳定性研究

目的 探讨东北地区混交林地上生物量动态过程驱动因子,以准确理解森林服务和功能。 方法 基于东北金沟岭林场的110块固定样地,描述了1987—2017年的森林动态变化过程。利用分段结构方程模型来评估森林结构、气候、地形和多样性对地上生物量的森林动态过程（生长、进界和死亡）的影响,并进一步探究生物量动态过程对稳定性的作用。 结果 表明,生物量生长量受到林分断面积（β=0.562）、海拔（β=0.853）和年均温（β=0.820）的正向影响,与胸径基尼系数呈负相关（β=-0.274）。生物量进界增长量随海拔（β=0.913）、年均温（β=0.944）的增加而增加,与胸径变异系数呈显著负相关（β=-0.233）。生物量死亡损失量只与林分断面积（β=0.467）呈显著正相关。另外,本研究还发现,死亡是影响森林生物量稳定性的最重要因素。 结论 总体来看,海拔和年均温是林分生物量变化的重要驱动因素,以后要更加关注死亡树木的情况,从而更好地进行森林经营。     

2008年初冰雪灾害对四川毛竹林的危害及其重建措施

在四川省毛竹资源集中产地宦宾市,调查2008年初冰雪冻雨天气对毛竹造成的危害,分析毛竹受害程度和分级状况.结果表明:毛竹林平均受损率为14.6%,受损率10%～30%的中度受损面积占66.7%,毛竹林受损以倒伏破裂为主,占受损总株数的78.3%.毛竹受害原因主要是冰雪冻雨重力作用,立地海拔较高、坡度较大、土壤瘠薄,以及经营粗放的毛竹林损失严重.重建措施包括适地适树、严格执行营造林技术标准和规程、选用新品种和及时监测预防等.