农药及其代谢物的酶免疫分析技术

简要介绍了水，土壤和粮食中农药及其代物酶免疫分析技术的原理，基本类型及其方法的开发与应用。     

酶免疫分析在农药分析中应用的进展

本文简要综述了酶免疫分析在农药分析中的应用情况，并介绍了酶标试剂盒，旨在为酶免疫分析在我国的研究和应用提供参考。     

农药免疫分析技术的发展及应用

介绍了国内外农药免疫分析技术的发展及应用状况,同时指出了农药免疫分析存在的一些问题及应用前景。     

农药残留速测中对不同酶试剂的活性和稳定性的对比分析报告

选择上海昆虫所生产的酶和上海博纳生产的酶,应用江阴市凡能环保仪器科技有限公司生产的“GFN-401”型农药残留快速检测仪,在实验室对不同浓度的甲胺磷标准液进行检测,从而分析不同酶试剂的活性和稳定性。结果显示,上海昆虫研究所生产的酶的活性和稳定性均优于上海博纳生产的酶。     

蔬菜农药残留速测方法中若干问题的探讨

随着“无公害蔬菜”、“放心菜”工程的开展,蔬菜上农药残留速测技术备受关注,各种速测方法应运而生,作者对常见的几种速测技术的原理与方法进行了评价,对目前速测方法中存在的重现性差、灵敏度低、误差大、实用性差等问题进行了讨论,为防止未成熟产品、伪劣产品流入市场,影响“三绿工程”的正常开展,提出建立多学科协作研究体系,把农药残留速测技术提高到一个新水平。     

我国蔬菜农药残留速测技术的应用与发展

蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术分为生化检测技术、生物检测技术和分析化学检测技术3类。本文简要叙述了目前蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术在我国的研究概况,并分析了农药残留速测技术的应用状况和发展前景。     

植物清除环境污染物的策略及应用

综述了无机污染物和有机污染物的植物修复策略及应用。指出植物具有许多内在的遗传和生化生理特性，利用植物抽提、隔离、解除污染物毒 性来清除土壤和水体环境污染物已取得明显进展，相对于机械去污法，植物修复已被广泛地认为是一种生态可靠的替代方法。     

几种农药对棉花过氧化氢酶过氧化物酶活性的影响

通过在棉花生育期喷施不同种类农药，试验测定棉叶内过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性的变化趋势。结果发现，喷施农药后，棉叶的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶均一定程度表现出“涨落现象”，表明了在本地区特有的农业环境条件下，农药可能会影响植物的正常生理代谢过程。     

免疫分析在农药残留检测中的应用和发展

通过分析免疫分析技术的基础——抗原抗体制备技术,进一步论述了主要免疫方法(放射免疫分析、酶免疫分析、荧光免疫分析、化学发光免疫分析等)的发展过程及其在农药残留检测中的应用。重点介绍了近年来免疫分析的新发展,尤其突出了免疫分析和理化分析联用技术这一痕量分析的新主流。探讨了免疫分析技术存在的问题和免疫分析的未来发展趋势。     

食品中农药残留检测技术进展

食品农药残留检测的方法可分为常规仪器检测和快速检测.常规的农药残留分析方法如质谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法等.常规检测手段不能满足样品现场快速检测的要求,迫使人们运用新的原理和方法去开发特异性强、方便快捷、灵敏度高、准确安全的快速检测新技术.因此,近几年在各个领域展开了农药残留快速检测技术的研究,目前研究和应用较多的农药残留快速检测技术主要是酶联免疫分析法和酶抑制法.     

Environmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants Using Degradation Data

The degradation behavior of an emerging contaminant is a key factor in its environmental risk assessment. Existing risk assessment methods based on EC degradation data commonly neglect the time-varying volatility of the degradation, the possible correlations in degradation between different ECs, and the estimation errors. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes an EC risk assessment framework based on the Wiener process. We first focus on degradation data from competitive experiments, which are adopted to evaluate a useful risk indicator, i.e., the bimolecular rate constant of a degradation reaction. A two-dimensional Wiener process model is developed to capture the degradation behaviors of the target EC and a reference contaminant in the experiment. Point and interval estimations of desired quantities, including the rate constant and the degradation half-life, are developed. We further extend the model to the multivariate case, which is applicable to waste water treatment where multiple ECs degrade in a mixed solution. A risk indicator for the mixed solution is proposed, based on which a minimal treatment time can be determined. Both point and interval estimation procedures of the risk indicator and the minimal treatment time are proposed. Two EC degradation datasets are used to demonstrate the proposed methodologies.   Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.     

Atmospheric Transport of Pesticides: Assessing Environmental Risks

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution -     

水环境中有机磷农药生物标志物的研究进展

有机磷农药（OPs）的大量施用导致水环境的污染,影响到非靶生物特别是鱼类的生存。因此,需要对OPs进行快速、灵敏、准确监测,以便及时采取必要的措施。近二十年来,国内外学者在利用生物标志物监测水体OPs方面进行了大量研究。本文对这些生物标志物的分布、结构、特点及其对OPs的响应特征进行了综述,并提出了生物标志物监测水体OPs存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。     

Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; The Results of an International Workshop

The Health Council of the Netherlands organised an international workshop on the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere and possible approaches for their regulatory environmental risk assessment. Approximately forty experts discussed what is currently known about the atmospheric fate of pesticides and major gaps in our understanding were identified. They favoured a tiered approach for assessing the environmental risks of atmospheric dispersion of these chemicals. In the first tier a pesticide's potential for emission during application, as well as its volatilisation potential should be assessed. Estimates of the former should be based on the application method and the formulation, estimates of the latter on a compound's solubility in water, saturated vapour pressure and octanol/water partition coefficient. Where a pesticide's potential for becoming airborne exceeds critical values, it should be subjected to a more rigorous second tier evaluation which considers its toxicity to organisms in non-target areas. This evaluation can be achieved by calculating and comparing a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By applying an extra uncertainty factor the PNEC can be provisionally derived from standard toxicity data that is already required for the registration of pesticides. Depending on the distance between the source and the reception area, the PEC can be estimated for remote areas using simple dispersion, trajectory type models and for nearby areas using common dispersion models and standard scenarios of pesticide use. A pesticide's atmospheric transport potential is based on factors such as its reaction rate with OH radicals. It should be used to discriminate between those compounds for which only the risks to nearby ecosystems have to be assessed, and those for which the risks to remote ecosystems also have to be determined. The participants were of the opinion that this approach is, in principle, scientifically feasible, although the remaining uncertainties are substantial. Further field and laboratory research is necessary to gain more reliable estimates of the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, to validate and improve environmental fate models and to validate the applicability of standard toxicity data. This will increase both the accuracy of and our confidence in the outcome of the risk assessment.     

Rapid Isolation of Sorghum and Other Cereal Starches Using Sonication

High‐intensity ultrasound (sonication) was investigated as a method to rapidly purify starch from sorghum and other cereal grains. To improve the process, buffers were optimized to solubilize sorghum proteins in combination with the sonication. Protein content and starch color were determined to evaluate the efficiency of the extraction process. Sonication times, SDS concentration, different types and concentrations of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, dithiothreitol, and β‐mercaptoethanol), and centrifugation speeds of the starch washing procedure were tested. Protein content of isolated sorghum starch was reduced to 0–0.14% (db) after 2 min of sonication (using any of the reducing agents tested). Sodium metabisulfite was chosen as the preferred reducing agent because of its lower toxicity and odor compared with other reducing agents tested. The optimum conditions for producing high‐purity sorghum starches (0.06% protein) were obtained using the following conditions: 2 min of sonication time with 12.5 mM sodium borate buffer, pH 10, containing 0.5% SDS (w/v) and 0.5% sodium metabisulfite (w/v) using 1,500 rpm centrifugation speed during starch washing. Starches separated by this method showed significantly less protein content and b values (yellowness) compared with starches separated by enzymatic methods or methods using NaCl solutions and protein extraction buffers with multiple washing steps, both of which take several hours to complete. Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram values for starches isolated by three different methods showed similar patterns, except that starches obtained with the enzymatic method had slightly higher values of T_o, T_p, and ΔH. Other cereal starches from whole wheat meal, wheat flour, corn, rice, and barley were also obtained rapidly using sonication.     

狐狸肉源性成分快速检测方法的建立

为了规范食品安全标识,防止非食用性的狐狸肉添加到肉品中导致伦理、宗教等敏感问题,迫切需要建立狐狸肉源性成分鉴定方法。本研究以狐狸、牛、羊、猪、鸭、驴和鼠肉以及模拟掺假样本为研究对象,根据狐狸线粒体基因序列设计特异性交叉引物组合,Bst DNA聚合酶反应体系经63℃恒温扩增60 min,扩增产物经电泳检测和一次性核酸试纸条检测,显示结果一致,建立了交叉引物等温扩增技术与核酸试纸条检测结合的快速检测狐狸源性成分的方法。本研究建立的狐狸肉源性成分特异性的等温扩增体系,对单一狐狸源性DNA成分的灵敏度为10 ng·μL^-1,对狐狸肉与羊肉混合物中狐狸肉成分的检出比例为1%,可为肉制品市场现场检测提供简便、经济、快速有效的技术支持。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速诊断猪肺炎支原体

利用环介导等温扩增（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）方法建立了猪肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma hyopneumoinae）的快速检测方法。该方法以猪肺炎支原体保守性基因16SrRNA为靶序列设计了6条特异引物,在63℃等温条件下,30min即可完成反应。结果显示,LAMP技术优于PCR技术。在敏感性实验中,LAMP方法的能检测出10个包含靶基因片段的重组质粒,敏感性高于PCR方法10倍;特异性实验中,LAMP方法和PCR方法均显示出了高度的特异性;在对127个临床鼻拭子样本的检测中,LAMP方法检测结果是所有样本都为阳性,而PCR检测出了116份阳性。证明本研究所建立的方法,对临床样本的检测的敏感度高于常规的PCR法。LAMP方法具有操作简便、快速、高效、敏感、特异、经济的特点,在研究机构以及基层实验室、现场监测的广泛使用具有一定的潜力。     

Sustainable Environmental Education for a Sustainable Environment: Lessons from Thailand for Other Nations

The Thailand Ministry of Education and Michigan State University collaborated to plan, design, implement, and evaluate this project in which school children and adults in 11 communities worked together to prevent forest degradation and improve forest quality. School children in grades 5 though 8 studied the causes and consequences of deforestation and forest degradation and brought the results of their investigations to local community members. This resulted in identification of local environmental problems that were forest-related and joint efforts in which adults and children worked together to resolve these problems. The results of this intergenerational work were very promising as children, adults, schools, communities, and the environment benefited from collaboration. Important lessons for others embarking this work are reported.     

聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂类农药助剂的环境行为特性综述

聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOs)、醇基聚氧乙烯醚(AEOs)以及烷基胺聚氧乙烯醚(ANEOs)是几类典型的农药助剂,其环境行为特性主要体现在分配系数、土壤吸附性和降解性等参数上。这些化合物主要的环境问题在于其部分代谢物的环境风险较高。本文基于几类聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂助剂的结构特征,综述了其在环境中的分布、归趋及对环境的影响。     

牛支原体的环介导等温扩增快速检测技术研究

牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis是感染牛的一种重要的致病性病原体.本研究利用环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术建立了牛支原体的快速检测方法.该方法以牛支原体保守性基因uvrC为靶序列设计了5条特异引物,在58℃等温条件下,60 min即可完成反应.LAMP方法能检测出20 pg牛支原体DNA,较PCR方法高100倍,用牛鼻支原体(M.bovirhinis)、无乳支原体(M.agalactiae)、精氨酸支原体(M.ariginini)、牛副流感病毒(BPIV)、牛腺病毒(BADV)、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)作特异性检测,两种方法均有很高的特异性.本研究还将荧光显色剂钙黄绿素(calcein)和Mn2+用于LAMP反应结果的可视化检测.临床鼻拭子样品煮沸后,可直接进行等温扩增,省去了DNA提取步骤.在对167个临床鼻拭子样本的检测中,LAMP方法检测结果阳性率(26.95％)高于PCR方法检测出阳性率(19.16％),这证明本研究所建立的方法,与PCR法比较更适于临床样品的检测.研究结果表明,LAMP方法具有操作简便、快速、高效、敏感、特异、经济等特点,适于基层实验室监测的广泛使用.