碳酸盐缓冲合剂对马大肠内环境、水盐代谢和酸硷平衡的效应

利用盲肠造瘘马复制实验性肠弛缓,观察了碳酸盐缓冲合剂(1号方)对肠弛缓马大肠pH值、纤毛虫数目和活力、肠管运动性及水盐代谢和酸硷平衡的影响;同时利用盲肠造瘘马比较观察了1号方和干燥碳酸钠对健康马肠道内环境的影响。结果,投服1号方能迅速纠正肠弛缓马的大肠酸硷度,恢复肠管运动机能和纤毛虫活力,解除肠弛缓,但对血液酸硷平衡无明显影响;健康马投服1号方和干燥碳酸钠后,大肠内硷度增加,肠管运动机能和纤毛虫活力均受抑制,纤毛虫数目减少,血液酸硷平衡指标呈代偿性代谢性硷中毒的改变。从而明确了肠道内环境特别是酸硷环境与大肠运动机能的关系,证实了1号方对马不全阻塞性大肠便秘的疏通作用,主要是能纠正大肠内酸度偏高所致的肠弛缓,恢复肠管运动机能和纤毛虫活力,为进一步确立马不全阻塞性大肠便秘的肠弛缓病因论提供了实验依据。     

EFFECTS OF METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY ON CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS IN THE DOG

The effect of metrizamide myelography on the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied. Seven dogs received an intracisternal injection of metrizamide. An intracisternal puncture was performed in three additional dogs that did not receive metrizamide. CSF was collected before myelography and 24, 72, and 144 hours after myelography from all dogs. A significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils (p<0.05) and a pleocytosis noted 24 hours after myelography (p<0.02) were attributed to the effect of metrizamide. Significant increases in total protein concentration (p<0.001) and erythrocyte count (p<0.05), and a decrease in the percentage of small mononuclear cells (p<0.01) were attributed to repeated intracisternal puncture. No significant changes were observed for CSF creatine phosphokinase activity or the percentage of large mononuclear cells.     

激光麻醉的镇痛机理研究——氦氖激光照射胫神经前后马脑脊液中乙酰胆碱含量、胆碱酯酶活性变化规律的探讨

本文通过对9匹临床健康马激光麻醉实验研究,用18mWHe-Ne激光照射马胫神经30分钟,确认达到了良好的全身镇痛状态,观察分析了激光照射前后三个不同时期脑脊液(CSF)内乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量、真假胆碱酯酶活性的消长规律。激光照射30分后停照10分,CSF内Ach含量显著增高,即由照前的197.91±17.89pg/ml升高到405.50±23.45pg/ml,激光停照60分时,CSF内Ach含量恢复至与照前值没有显著差异的水平。认为在激光镇痛过程中中枢胆碱能神经元功能增强,积极参与了激光麻醉。正常马CSF中真性胆碱酯酶(AchE)与假性胆碱酯酶(ChE)活性分别为2.21±0.1454、0.36±0.0486μM/ml/37℃/30′。激光照射前后马CSF内AchE和ChE均未发生显著变化。     

EFFECTS OF FASTING AND INTRALUMINAL CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT ON ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE EQUINE SMALL INTESTINE

The equine small intestine is challenging to evaluate ultrasonographically. In humans, hydrosonography has been used to improve ultrasonographic images of the small intestine. We hypothesized that fasting horses for 24 h would enhance the ability to image the small intestine transabdominally by separating intestinal loops and reducing intraluminal gas, and that the administration of intragastric contrast agent would further improve that ability. Ten healthy horses were examined ultrasonographically under three treatment conditions: (a) regular diet, (b) after a 24‐h fast, and (c) fasted plus intragastric administration of water and mineral oil. During each phase of the study, 30‐s video clips were obtained from four predetermined abdominal windows, and were examined to determine diagnostic quality. Fasting improved the ability to obtain high‐quality images of the small intestine significantly. The addition of contrast agent resulted in qualitative improvement in image quality, but differences did not result in statistically significant improvement.     

小麦中的戊聚糖含量及添加木聚糖复酶对鸡表观代谢能值和养分消化率的影响

本研究包括两个试验 :试验1测定了河南省9个主栽小麦品种豫麦49、豫麦47、高优503、郑州9023、豫麦34、皖麦38、内乡188、孟12和河北8901的戊聚糖含量 ,结果表明 ,9个品种的戊聚糖含量在6.25 %～8.23 %之间。试验2选取两个有代表性的品种内乡188和豫麦49 ,用64只小公鸡进行代谢试验 ,评定添加0.12 %木聚糖酶对鸡表观代谢能 (AME)值和养分消化率的影响。结果显示 ,木聚糖酶使鸡的表观代谢能 (干物质基础 )分别提高7.07 %(P<0.05)和6.53 %(P<0.01) ;干物质消化率分别提高7.10 %(P<0.05)和7.67 %(P<0.01) ;有机物消化率分别提高6.07 %(P<0.05)和7.23 %(P<0.01)。     

EFFECTS OF A DIGITAL FILTER ON DETECTABILITY OF A PHANTOM LESION IN A SCINTIGRAM OF THE EQUINE TARSUS

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a digital filter on the detectability of a phantom lesion in a scintigram of the equine tarsus. Lateral images containing 50, 100, 150, 500, or 1000 kcounts were acquired. A created phantom lesion of 0 (normal), 10, 15, 20, or 30% increased intensity relative to local background was placed in the centrodistal tarsal joint area in the images of different count levels. Duplicate images were filtered with a Metz filter. The complete set of filtered and unfiltered images totaling 180 images was projected as slides to a group of 9 observers. The sensitivity in 50 and 100 kcount images was improved by applying the filter. Digital filtering increased the false positive fraction at all count levels but this effect was most pronounced in 500 and 1000 kcount images. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, filtering of a 50 kcount image improved image quality to that of a 150 kcount image.     

饲粮锌和钙水平对产蛋鸡生产性能、血液生化指标和组织中锌含量的影响

试验在玉米-豆饼型基础饲粮中(含锌29.2ppm)添加不同水平锌和钙研究了饲粮锌和钙水平对蛋用型鸡产蛋期生产性能、血液生化指标和组织中锌含量的影响。结果表明:1.仅喂未加锌的基础饲粮的试验鸡开产晚(P<0.05),产蛋率低(P<0.05)、蛋重小(P<0.05)、产蛋量少(P<0.01)、饲料利用效率差(P<0.01)、破壳率高(P<0.01)。饲粮加锌1000ppm与加锌40ppm对照相比,生产性能无显著差异。饲粮高钙对产蛋鸡生产性能无不良影响。2.血清碱性磷酸酶活性随饲粮加锌水平的提高而显著提高(P<0.01),但不受饲粮钙水平显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮加锌1000ppm使血清总蛋白含量(P<0.01)、血清白蛋白和球蛋白含量(P<0.05)显著降低。饲粮高钙使血清总蛋白含量(P<0.01)和白蛋白含量(P<0.05)显著降低,而球蛋白含量不受影响(P>0.05)。3.随饲粮加锌水平的提高,肝脏(P<0.01)、胰脏(P<0.01)和胫骨(P<0.01)中锌含量大幅度升高;血液(P<0.01)、肾脏(P<0.01)和肺脏(P<0.05)中锌含量升高幅度较小;而输卵管(P>0.05)、心脏(P>0.05)和肌肉(P>0.05)中锌含量无显著变化。饲粮高钙使肝脏(P<0.05)和肌肉(P<0.01)中锌含量显著降低,对其它器官无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

产蛋鸡饲粮锌和钙水平对蛋的品质和蛋中锌含量的影响

试验研究了在玉米一豆饼型基础饲粮(含锌30Ppm)中添加不同水平锌和钙对鸡蛋品质和蛋中锌含量的影响。结果表明,饲粮未加锌时后期(70～71周龄)蛋壳比,蚕黄,蛋白和蛋壳风干物含量,蛋的比重和蛋壳厚度显著降低;饲粮高钙使中期(45周龄)和后期蛋壳比,各期蛋的比重和蛋壳厚度显著提高。蛋黄中锌含量随着饲粮锌水平的提高而显著提高;蛋白中锌含量在前期(25周龄)同蛋黄一样,但在中期和后期未加锌组鸡蛋白中锌含量显著高于加锌对照组;蛋壳中锌含量在前期不受饲粮锌水平显著影响,在中期和后期饲粮高锌使之显著提高。饲粮高钙对蛋各组分中锌含量没有显著影响。     

AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR DISPLAYING THREE DIMENSIONAL RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF SYNOVIAL STRUCTURES IN THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB

Radiography is the most commonly applied imaging modality in equine practice and forms an essential part of the diagnostic work-up of lame horses. Radiographic signs of musculoskeletal pathology are frequently localized at sites of soft tissue attachment, which are often not clearly visible on radiographs. Different lesions carry different prognoses and require a variety of treatments, and a good knowledge of the position of the synovial structures in the distal limb of the horse is essential for practitioners in the interpretation of radiographs. This study describes a new technique for creating three-dimensional (3D) models of the synovial structures and superimposing them onto radiographs for the purpose of teaching radiographic anatomy. A set of standard radiographs was acquired of the metacarpophalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joints of a fresh cadaver leg while the leg was positioned in a material-testing machine to mimic the weight-bearing horse. Computed tomography of the same regions was performed after injection of negative contrast medium into the joints. 3D reconstructions of the joints were created using grayscale thresholding and polynomial surface meshing in Mimics. The resulting 3D reconstructions were superimposed on top of the radiographs using Adobe^© Photoshop^© CS3 Extended, thus allowing the visualization of the joint anatomy in relation to the bone on all projections. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows synovial structures to be visualized on radiographs where they are normally indistinct, which will serve as a teaching aid for anatomy.     

半胱胺对绵羊消化代谢的影响

十二指肠灌注半胱胺后，４头湖羊平均日采食量（以ＤＭ计）虽无显著性变化，而由复胃进入十二指肠的食糜流量则增加１５．８１％（Ｐ〈０．０５）；食糜ＴＮ流量由１８．３４±０．４２ｇ／ｄ提高到２１．３４±０．５８ｇ／ｄ（Ｐ〈０．０１），其中ＭＣＰ－Ｎ及表观过瘤胃蛋白氮（ＢＰＮ）分别提高２８．５７％（Ｐ〈０．０５）和１４．４４％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。瘤胃液总脱氢酶活力平均提高２１．１５％（Ｐ〈０．０２５），ＮＨ３     

家蚕消化液蛋白质分解酶活性及同功酶的研究

试验采用Casein-Folin和SDS-PAGE方法对49个家蚕品种的幼虫消化液蛋白质分解酶活性和同功酶进行了研究,结果:(1)蛋白质分解酶的活性在中国系统、日本系统、殴洲系统之间差异不显著,品种间则差异显著。(2)蛋白质分解酶的同功酶酶谱在系统间有差异,各品种具有不同特征的酶谱。(3)F_1的蛋白质分解酶的活性量为两亲本的平均值,且杂种F_1的酶带其两亲本的酶带均具有。(4)品种间蛋白质分解酶的活性与同功酶酶谱表现有一致的倾向。     

锰对种蛋受精率、孵化率及蛋中锰、铜、锌浓度的影响

选用1日龄星杂“288”鉴别母雏540只进行试验,以探讨日粮中不同水平锰对种蛋受精率、孵化率、蛋中锰、铜、锌浓度的影响,以及蛋中锰含量与受精率、孵化率之间的关系。结果表明:受精率以日粮含锰110mg/kg为最高(77.18％),对照组最低(64.16％),但各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。受精蛋的孵化率以日粮含锰70mg/kg组最高(94.85％),对照组最低(80.36％),二者差异极显著(P<0.01):雏鸡在一周内脱腱症的发生率:对照组为11.80％,日粮含锰30mg/kg组为636％,其它四组未发现。当日粮中含锰70mg/kg时,不仅可获得最佳孵化率,而且可有效地防止脱腱症的发生。日粮锰含量增高时,对蛋壳、蛋清、蛋黄中铜、锌的含量及蛋清、蛋壳中锰的含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但对蛋黄中锰含量有显著影响(P<0.01).蛋黄中锰含量随日粮锰含量的增高而增加,二者呈极显著的线性相关(r=0.9370).y=0.0168x+3.3062,r为相关系数,y为蛋黄中锰含量,x为日粮中锰含量),日粮添加锰可以显著增加蛋黄中锰含量,而对铜、锌无显著影响。     

影响棉籽饼有效赖氨酸含量因素的试验研究

本试验模拟螺旋压榨榨油工艺,测定不同蒸炒或加热条件对棉籽饼中自由棉酚（ＦＧ）、还原糖（ＲＳ）、有效赖氨酸（Ａ－Ｌｙｓ）含量的影响。对蒸炒前喷洒硫酸亚铁的作用也做了初步探讨。研究发现,加热强度、棉酚结合、还原糖含量与有效赖氨酸含量之间的相关系数分别为－０．９７６５（Ｐ＜０．０１）、－０．９５１５（Ｐ＜０．０１）、０．４３９５（Ｐ＞０．０５）;蒸炒前添加ＦｅＳＯ４,按Ｆｅ∶ＦＧ摩尔比４．５∶１和９∶１时均极显著地（Ｐ＜０．０１）提高Ａ－Ｌｙｓ含量,两剂量组间无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;按４．５∶１添加ＦｅＳＯ４可提高Ａ－Ｌｙｓ７．６０％～３７．７７％,同时表明,ＦＧ含量显著降低。     

环境温度对肉用仔鸡能量和蛋白质沉积的影响

利用240只5—8周龄的罗曼×星布罗杂交肉仔鸡,在环境温度控制室内进行了两次试验,研究六种环境温度:32、27、23、17、12和7℃对其生产性能、体成分、营养物质沉积及其利用率的影响。结果表明:1.温度对日增重有明显的影响,日增重效果以27℃和23℃最高,分别为37.31克和38.80克;7℃最低,仅24.61克。并且在日增重(Y)与温度(X)之间有一定的二次抛物线关系,其中在公鸡为:Y=4.7450+2.9348X-0.0617X~2(P<0.10);在母鸡为:Y=8.9259+2.1105X-0.0457X~2(P<0.10)。2.高温和低温对饲料利用率均有明显的影响,27℃和23℃单位增重的耗料量最少,7℃最多;并且在饲料效率(y)和温度(x)之间有极显著的倒二次抛物线关系,其中在公鸡为:y=3.8541-0.1 12 5x+0.002 4x~2(P<0.01)母鸡为:y=4.06-0.1153x+0.0024x~2(P<0.01)。因此,根据试验结果综合,可以认为温度在23-24.5℃时,鸡的日增重和饲料效率较好。3.随环境温度的升高,胴体的发热量和脂肪含量增加,蛋白质和水分含量减少,4.能量、脂肪和蛋白质的沉积量在23—27℃时最多,7℃时最少。5.随温度的升高,肉仔鸡对饲粮 ME 和 CP 的利用率提高,27℃时达最高值,高于27℃,两者的利用率均下降。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IN VITRO IMAGING OF LESIONS OF THE MENISCUS AND FEMORAL TROCHLEA IN THE EQUINE STIFLE

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the value of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography for the diagnosis of equine meniscal and trochlear ridge lesions under in vitro conditions. Lesions were created in the isolated meniscus and femoral trochlea of 25 cadaver stifle joints. Cylindric, conic, and cuboid lesions were created on the trochlear ridge. Five different meniscal tear configurations were created. A total of 107 lesions of the trochlear ridge and 103 lesions of the meniscus were created. 3D ultrasonography was performed in a waterbath, using a 7.5 MHz 3D scanner. Trochlear ridge lesions were seen as either hypoechoic or anechoic breaks in continuity or as irregular notches. One-hundred and one out of the 107 trochlear lesions were visible using 2D ultrasonography whereas 104 out of the 107 lesions could be seen using the 3D Cine mode. Three lesions could not be detected by either technique. Eighty-five out of the 103 meniscal lesions were seen with 2D ultrasonography and 90 with 3D Cine mode. Radial tears and horizontal tears were the least commonly visualized 3D. The 3D Cine mode led to a small improvement in lesion detection. 3D ultrasound could be considered as an extension and refinement of the ultrasound techniques already in use and can increase the diagnostic capabilities. However, technical improvements have to be achieved before 3D ultrasound can be used in the daily practice for diagnosis of equine stifle joint disorders.     

ULTRASONIC ANATOMY OF THE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS IN THE DISTAL METACARPAL-METATARSAL REGION OF THE EQUINE LIMB

In a two-phase study, ultrasound was used to delineate the normal sonographic anatomy of soft tissues of the equine distal limb. The study was limited to the soft tissues of the palmar surface of the limb just proximal to the fetlock joint. In the first phase, cadavers were evaluated with a B-mode ultrasound machine, † Then the limbs were radiographed and dissected to compare their gross, radiographic, and ultrasonographic appearances. In the second phase, nine normal adult horses were ultrasonographically scanned. The sonographic appearance of the normal animals was compared with that of the cadavers. Front and rear limbs of all horses had similar ultrasonographic appearances. Flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament were easily identified as having linear, uniformly intense ecogenicity. The borders of the digital sheath and of the proximal palmar pouch of the fetlock joint had a less organized and less intense ecogenic appearance than the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament, and they were poorly delineated unless distended with fluid. Ultrasonography was used in three lame horses and aided the diagnoses of synovial proliferation in the fetlock joint, tendosynovitis, and bowed tendon. Diagnostic ultrasonography was effective in identifying and characterizing soft-tissue structures of the distal equine limb. It is a valuable, noninvasive diagnostic aid.     

硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中富集的研究

选择1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡210只 ,随机分为7组 ,每组3个重复 ,每个重复10只 ,分0～3周和4～6周两阶段饲养 ,在各组鸡饲粮中分别添加0、20、40、60、80、100、120mg/kg 含硼量的硼酸 (H3BO3),研究硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中的富集情况。试验结果显示 :(1)饲粮中添加硼可提高肉仔鸡的增重 ,降低料肉比 (P<0.05) ,以60mg/kg硼效果最好 ,并且在0～3周龄使用效果更佳。(2)添加硼可显著提高血液、胸肌、肝脏和胫骨中的硼含量 (P<0.05) ,且骨硼含量显著高于胸肌和肝脏硼含量 (P<0.05) ,肝脏硼含量高于胸肌硼含量 ;硼添加水平分别与血硼、肝硼、胸肌硼、胫骨硼之间呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01) ,血硼与肝硼、胸肌硼、胫骨硼含量之间亦呈极显著的正相关 (P<0.01)。     

COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND SCINTIGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF THE SPINOUS PROCESSES IN THE EQUINE THORACOLUMBAR REGION

Back pain is common in horses, but there has been no large‐scale in‐depth study describing radiographic changes of the spinous processes, the relationship between radiographic and scintigraphic findings, and the effect of size, age, breed, or discipline. The objectives were to investigate the frequency of occurrence in horses with perceived back pain of: (1) radiographic alteration of the spinous process structure; (2) increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in the spinous processes; and (3) to compare radiographic and scintigraphic findings; and to determine if there was breed, gender, age, bodyweight, height, or work discipline predisposition for close, impinging, or overriding spinous processes. Radiographic and scintigraphic images of the thoracolumbar spine of 604 horses were graded. A radiographic grade for each spinous process (T8–L6) was assigned (0–7). The maximum radiographic grade for each horse was defined as the highest grade assigned to any spinous process; the total radiographic grade was the sum of all grades for each horse. A scintigraphic grade for each spinous process was determined (0–3). The maximum scintigraphic grade for each horse was defined as the highest grade assigned to any spinous process; the total scintigraphic grade was the sum of all grades for each horse. Associations between radiology and scintigraphy and age, gender, breed, height, weight, and discipline were analyzed statistically. The severity of radiographic lesions of the spinous processes was associated with the severity of scintigraphic abnormalities. The caudal thoracic spine (T14–T17) was most frequently affected. There was a significant breed and age effect, with Thoroughbreds and older horses having higher total and maximum radiographic grades. The severity of the lesions of the spinous processes was significantly associated with the presence of osteoarthritis of the articular process joints. It was concluded that there is a wide range of radiographic abnormalities of the spinous processes seen in horses with or without back pain. There is an association between radiographic and scintigraphic grades of the spinous processes.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF XYLAZINE IN NATURALLY AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED CALVES

ABSTRACT
Xylazine, when administered to calves separated from the cow at birth, in a dose recommended to cause recumbency, had the desired sedative effect within five minutes. When the same dose was administered to calves reared naturally on their dams, i.e. suckled, the sedative effect was greatly attenuated. The results suggest that the early-weaning of calves and its associated rearing procedures can modify the pharmacology of the central nervous system; in particular their response to a sedative such as xylazine.