广州市不同绿地冬季温湿度差异性研究

热岛效应是城市化进程中不可忽视的一个环境问题,而城市绿地能够有效地缓解此效应。文章研究了绿化天桥、屋顶、住宅小区、道路、森林、公园等6种绿地类型的温湿度特征,分析了6种绿地类型对城市微气候的影响。分析表明,绿化天桥和屋顶的温度显著高于绿化小区、道路、森林和公园,而相对湿度则显著低于其他绿化类型的;森林的温度显著低于其他绿化类型的,森林的相对湿度则显著高于其他绿化类型的。除公园外,其他绿地类型的全日温差都较小。     

北京市3种园林绿地土壤碳排放浓度比较

对北京不同植被类型的园林绿地土壤CO2排放浓度和通量进行比较,通过利用AV-SFS土壤呼吸分析仪测量,于2010年9~12月测定并分析了北京朝阳区四环附近3种典型植被类型的土壤CO2排放日变化状况。结果显示,不同植被类型的土壤CO2排放变化都表现为单峰曲线;裸地和林下园地的土壤CO2排放单日日变化幅度都比草坪地的值低;两者日排放浓度最高值高于草坪地,最低值低于草坪地。不同植被类型土壤CO2排放通量的分析结果表明,研究地在实验状态下,草坪地的土壤碳通量日变化最高,平均值为-437.1g·m-2·s-1;裸地土壤碳通量日变化最低,且与林下园地两者之间的差异较小。     

不同城建绿地内PM2.5浓度季节变化及其与气象因子的关系

以杭州市临安区4种不同类型的城建绿地(居住区绿地、商业绿地、公共服务设施绿地和广场绿地)为研究对象,在2017年3月-2018年2月,采用实地测量法对绿地内的PM2.5浓度及气象因子(温度、相对湿度和风速)进行监测,研究城建绿地内PM2.5浓度的时空变化规律及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明,不同绿地的PM2.5浓度季节变...     

“述古”与“言今”——谈城市园林绿地的人文化

园林绿地对城市生态平衡和可持续发展起着巨大作用，越来越成为城市发展过程中不可或缺的一种补偿。同时，人们也逐渐认识到城市园林绿地中人文内涵的重要意义，城市园林设计不能仅局限于某些特定的物质元素（如广场、林荫道、栽植等）的运用，而应提供一种可以供人体验和感知的文化氛围，创造隐含在物质形体环境中的风格特色。     

小五台山自然保护区气候特征初步分析

利用小五台山自然保护区山涧口沟山神庙滩自动气象站3a的观测资料,分析了该地区温度、湿度、雨量、大气压强和辐射等气象要素的季节变化特征。结果表明:该区具有气温日较差和年较差较大的气候特点,年均气温为7.87℃,气温季节变化中降温率高于升温率;年降水总量高,达728.48mm;平均相对湿度季节变化过程分布与年变化基本与气温的季节变化一致,与降水量分布一致;大气压强变化分布主要受季节变化过程影响,与相对湿度呈现反向关系;月均总辐射强度夏季明显高于冬季,5月出现最大值,与大气所含水汽、天空云量、下垫面性质等因素有关。     

西宁市城市典型绿地空气负氧离子浓度特征研究

为了解西宁市城市森林不同功能区的空气负氧离子浓度及其与环境质量的关系,笔者选择了西宁市5个典型绿地进行了全天和全年空气负氧离子浓度及环境条件的测定。结果表明:1)5个城市典型绿地空气负氧离子浓度有显著差异(F=66.47,Sig0.05),平均值为400.1个/cm3.其中,植物园、省委家属院和麒麟湾高出世界卫生组织(WHO)规定的清新空气负氧离子最低浓度需达到250个/cm3的标准;海湖大道和新宁广场的空气负氧离子浓度低于标准。2)植物园、麒麟湾和省委家属院的空气负氧离子浓度日变化呈双峰曲线,9:00和17:00为峰顶,7:00,15:00和19:00为峰谷,其中9:00为最高峰段。海湖大道和新宁广场空气负氧离子浓度日变化平缓。3)植物园、麒麟湾和省委家属院空气负氧离子浓度的年变化呈单峰曲线,高峰出现在7月至9月份。新宁广场年变化平缓,海湖大道年变化复杂。4)5个绿地的空气负氧离子浓度与绿地类型、温度和相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、PM2.5和PM10.0呈负相关。空气负氧离子浓度与环境因素间的曲线拟合以一次方程的拟合优度最好。     

林网绿地抗污染功能探析

林网绿地在城市抗污染中的功能是多方面的,概括起来讲,主要体现在调节小气候,改善环境质量和美化景观方面。调节小气候小气候主要是指从地面到10余m至100m高度空间内的气候,这一层正是人类生活和植物生长的区域和空间。人类的生产和生活活动、植物的生长和发育都深刻影响着小气候。植物叶面的蒸腾作用能调节气温、调节湿度、吸收太阳辐射热,对改善城市小气候具有积极的作用。研究资料表明,当夏季城市气温为27.5℃时,草坪表面温度为20℃～24.5℃,比裸露地面低3℃～7℃,比柏油路面低8℃～20.5℃,而在冬季,铺有草坪的足球场表面温度则比裸露的球场表面温度提高4℃左右。绿色植物具有强大的蒸腾作用,不断向空气中输送水蒸气,可提高空气湿度。据观测,绿地的相对湿度比非绿化区高10%～20%,行道树也能提高相对湿度10%～20%。城市的林网绿地,如道路绿化与公园绿地是城市的绿色通风走廊,可以将城市郊区的自然气流引入城市内部,为炎夏城市的通风创造良好条件;而在冬季,则可减低风速,发挥防风作用。改善环境质量吸收二氧化碳,放出氧气,维持碳氧平衡。有关资料表明,每ha绿地每天能吸收900kgCO2,生产600kgO2,每ha阔叶林在生长季节...     

城市绿地空间结构对空气负离子的影响与评价

城市绿地是空气负离子浓度变化的重要调节器,并为人类活动和游憩提供重要场所。选择广州市从化区具有代表性、空间结构异质性的城市绿地作为研究对象,在冬夏2个季节对6种绿地类型的空气负离子水平进行连续监测。结果表明：不同植被类型绿地空气负离子浓度差异显著,结构复杂、物种丰富的复层绿地高于结构简单、物种少的绿地;夏季和冬季不同地区负离子浓度最高的两个地区均为别墅区和公共服务区,最低的2个地区为小区道路和广场绿地;空气清洁度指标总体较好,夏季除小区道路（B级）和广场绿地（D级）外,其他地区均为A级,冬季广场绿地质量有所改善为B级,而其他均为A级。     

贵阳市常见园林绿化植物琴丝竹滞尘能力研究

以贵阳市常见园林绿化竹种琴丝竹为研究对象,应用空气气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)分季节测定了不同污染程度的4个地点(城市广场绿地、城市公园绿地、城郊绿地、城郊林区)的琴丝竹叶片对TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1的吸附量,用扫描电镜观察比较了叶片上、下表面微形态,分析不同污染背景的琴丝竹叶片滞尘能力及其季节变化、叶表面微形态与滞尘量的关系。结果表明:不同污染背景下生长的琴丝竹叶片滞尘能力差异明显,依次表现为城市公园绿地城市广场绿地城郊林区城郊绿地;城区郊区。叶片对不同类别颗粒物的滞留能力也存在差异,4种粒径颗粒物的滞留量均表现出城市公园绿地和城郊绿地差异显著,PM_(2.5)和PM_1的滞留量在城市公园绿地与城郊林区也表现出显著差异;琴丝竹叶片滞留不同粒径空气颗粒物的季节变化在不同地点呈现不同的变化趋势:城郊(林区、绿地)季节变化趋势无明显规律,城区(公园绿地和广场绿地)则在冬季最高,春季或夏季最低;琴丝竹叶表面结构粗糙皱褶多,叶片分布条状突起,有深沟槽,被细柔毛,属于滞尘能力较强的树种,可广泛用于园林绿化。     

河流廊道绿带结构的温湿效应

选择北京北五环清河两侧不同结构类型(内部构成、郁闭度)的绿地作为研究对象,利用小尺度定量测定的技术方法,分析城市河流廊道绿地不同内部构成、不同郁闭度与温湿效应的关系,为河流廊道绿带建设提供科学依据.结果显示:1)温湿影响效应大小为乔-灌-草型＞乔-草型＞灌-草型＞草坪.当绿地内部构成为草坪时,降温增湿效应不明显;当绿地内部构成为灌-草型时,其降温增湿效应较明显;当绿地内部构成为乔-草型和乔-灌-草型时,其降温增湿效果明显.2)绿地的降温增湿效果,随着郁闭度的不断增加而逐渐增强.当绿地郁闭度为0.20～0.40时,绿地具有一定的降温增湿效应,但效应不明显;当绿地郁闭度大于0.40时,绿地降温效应明显;当绿地郁闭度超过0.60时,绿地增湿效应极其明显且趋于稳定.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.