酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究 Ⅱ.对水稻吸收硅素及产量的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻不同生育期硅素吸收状况及产量的影响,以期揭示施用硅肥提高不同类型土壤供硅能力、改善植株硅素营养及增加产量的作用机制。结果表明,从拔节期到抽穗期水稻植株体内硅的含量有较大幅度的降低,而后又逐渐升高。施用硅肥可明显提高水稻植株体内硅的含量,尤以高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用和单施高炉渣两个处理效果最好,极显著高于对照及其他处理。在酸性水田土壤上施用硅肥的增产效果较为明显,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的增产率高达16.99%,且成熟期水稻植株含硅量与稻谷产量间存在显著的直线正相关关系;在中性水田土壤上施硅则无显著增产效果。总之,高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用能更有效地改善土壤的供硅能力,进而提高水稻产量,其在酸性水田土壤上的施用效果尤为显著。     

植物硅素营养与土壤硅素肥力研究现状和展望

硅作为重要的植物营养元素,近年来越来越受到人们的关注。本文从植物对硅的吸收及硅在植物体内的输送和分布、硅素在提高植物抗病虫害能力和增强植物抗逆性上的作用、影响土壤硅素肥力的因素以及硅素肥料的施用技术等几个方面,对土壤硅素肥力及植物硅素营养的研究进展进行了综述,并对今后一段时间该领域的研究趋势做了展望。     

Effect of Amorphous Silicon Dioxide on Cadmium Behavior in the Soil–Rice Plant System

The effect of amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on cadmium behavior in the soil–plant system was studied in a field experiment on a flooded paddy soil slightly contaminated by cadmium. The application of amorphous SiO₂ results in a 1.3- to 1.8-fold smaller cadmium accumulation in the aboveground organs of rice and a 1.8- to 2.6-fold decrease in the content of its available compounds, which can be explained by metal sorption on the surface of applied silicon dioxide and by the reaction of monosilicic acid, which forms in the SiO₂ solution, with cadmium. The decrease in cadmium availability is most intensive in the first 2 weeks after SiO₂ application. Amorphous silicon causes a 26.6% increase in rice productivity in the first season and 72.9% in the second. The data obtained testify to the fact that the application rates of traditional mineral fertilizers can be decreased without risk to rice productivity if silicon compounds are used. They should become an integral and important part of implementing the 4R-STRATEGY for fertilizer application and plant nutrition optimization.     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。     

腐植酸促进植物生长的机理研究进展

【目的】腐植酸在我国农业生产中发挥了重要作用,许多研究证实,腐植酸具有促进植物生长的功能,本文从腐植酸刺激植物根系生长、调控土壤与肥料养分转化及肥料利用率和影响土壤微生物和酶活性方面,系统总结了国内外施用腐植酸促进植物生长的途径,阐述了腐植酸对植物生长促进作用的机理,旨在梳理腐植酸促进植物生长机理的研究现状,为腐植酸的进一步研究和应用提供参考依据。[主要进展]1）腐植酸能够对植物产生类似生物刺激素的效应。它能够提高植物根系H+-ATP酶等的活性、刺激植物根伸长和侧根生长点的增加,从而增加根系活力及植物根系与土壤养分的接触面积,增加植物对养分的吸收;2）逆境胁迫下,腐植酸能够通过调节植物体内的新陈代谢并改善植物生长环境,缓解甚至消除逆境胁迫对植物的伤害,从而促进植物生长;3）腐植酸能够通过与氮素、磷素和钾素发生结合效应,与磷酸盐产生竞争效应和对钾离子的吸附作用固持与活化土壤与肥料中的养分,提高土壤肥料有效性和缓释性能,提高肥料利用率,从而促进植物生长;4）腐植酸还能够影响土壤中与养分转化相关的酶活性和微生物群落结构及数量,在活化养分的同时,保蓄养分,降低养分的损失,为植物生长保障持久的养分供应;5）腐植酸对植物生长的促进效应受腐植酸结构特征、添加量和供试植物种类等因素的影响。[建议与展望]由于技术手段的限制和研究技术的差异,人们对腐植酸促进植物生长机理的认识还不够系统和深入,因此,腐植酸的基本特征、影响腐植酸作用的主控因子、土壤-植物系统中腐植酸促进植物生长的主要途径和腐植酸对土壤功能性微生物等的影响都将成为未来研究的重要方向。     

Improvement in nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake and growth of aerobic rice following soil acidification

A yield decline and increase in soil pH under continuous cropping of aerobic rice have been reported in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the poor growth and low yield of aerobic rice following an increase in soil pH are unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of soil acidification on the soil nutrient availability, plant nutrition and growth of aerobic rice grown in continuously cropped aerobic soil. Two pot experiments were conducted using soil from a field where aerobic rice had been grown for 13 consecutive seasons. Soil was acidified by adding 50–300 mL of 0.05 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid to 3.0 kg of air-dried soil to achieve a range of soil pH levels. Rice was grown aerobically with N rates of 0–1.2 g per pot using urea or ammonium sulfate. Soil chemical properties were measured as were leaf nutrient concentrations, plant growth parameters, and the above-ground N uptake. A 5.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase in soil ammonium and nitrate were observed, respectively, after adding sulfuric acid. Plant growth and N uptake improved significantly with soil acidification, regardless of N rates or N sources, and were associated with an improvement in plant N nutrition. The application of N had greater positive effects on plant growth and N uptake than soil acidification. The growth response to soil acidification reduced as the rate of N application increased. These results suggest that the yield decline of continuous aerobic rice is probably associated with a reduction in soil N availability and plant N uptake as a result of a gradual increase in soil pH.     

硫氮或硫硼配合对油菜籽产量及品质的影响

1995～ 1 996年进行的田间和盆栽试验表明 ,硫氮或硫硼配施可以显著增加菜籽产量 .硫氮配施比对照增产 1 0 8 2～ 3 1 4 0kg/hm2 和 5 5～ 1 9 6% ,硫硼配施比对照增产 83 4～ 2 4 8 2kg/hm2 和 6 9～2 3 1 % .施硫可以增加油菜植株体内的硫含量并改善其硫素营养 ;在缺硫土壤上施硫可以降低菜籽硫甙及芥酸含量 ,提高油酸含量 ,因此有改善菜籽品质的作用 .     

Liming an acid soil treated with diverse silicon sources: Effects on silicon uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids)

Highly weathered soils are typically acid, with low plant-available silicon (Si), and may also be high in soluble aluminum (Al). We tested whether pre-liming an acid soil prior to silicate fertilizer application improved Si uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), feasibly through elimination of reactive Al. Three trials with potted sugarcane were grown in an acid soil. Treatments included 11 different Si sources and 1- or 3-month pre-liming periods. Soil and plant tissue Si content and yield were determined. Pre-liming for a 1- or 3-month period did not increase plant Si uptake and reduced available soil Si throughout. Alkaline Si sources produced significantly more plant-available Si and greater plant uptake than non-alkaline sources. Silicon and lime treatments did not significantly increase yield. We conclude that pre-liming an acid soil before Si application is unlikely to significantly improve Si uptake by sugarcane.     

硅钙钾镁肥及引入柠檬酸对红壤和潮土pH值及养分含量的影响

通过土壤培养试验研究了硅钙钾镁肥(SCPM)及引入柠檬酸的复混肥(CA-SCPM)在酸性红壤和石灰性潮土上的养分供给和酸碱度调节能力.硅钙钾镁肥添加量设置为6 g/kg,硅钙钾镁肥与柠檬酸(CA)的比例为88％:12％.与对照处理相比,培养至150 d时,SCPM肥及CA-SCPM肥提高红壤pH值约1.16个单位,提高...     

植物性脲酶抑制剂对作物营养和土壤特性的影响

采用15N 尿素进行盆栽试验 ,研究了 4种植物材料 (P1、P2 、P3、P4 )作脲酶抑制剂对高粱和水稻营养效应及土壤特性的影响。结果表明 ,4种植物性脲酶抑制剂对水稻和P1对高粱生长、地上部干重有明显的提高作用 ,且植株叶绿素a b值变幅小。植物性脲酶抑制剂 (除P3外 )提高水稻叶片氨基酸含量 1 2 9%～ 2 5 1 %和植株氮素利用率 5 2 %～ 7 7% ,亦促进高粱植株对氮素的利用。 4种植物性脲酶抑制剂提高两种作物氮素表观利用率 4 3 %～ 1 9 2 %和水稻磷、钾吸收量 ,而对高粱磷、钾吸收有降低作用。植物性脲酶抑制剂能提高两种作物的土壤碱解氮含量。淹水条件下植物性脲酶抑制剂持续作用时间相对较短 ,水稻生长 3 6d ,土壤脲酶活性变化不大 ;高粱生长 48d ,土壤脲酶活性降低 1 0 5%～ 1 8 3 %。     

酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究 Ⅰ.对土壤pH、Eh及硅动态的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH、Eh及硅浓度的影响。结果表明,淹水种稻后酸性土壤pH迅速升高,而中性土壤pH降低,然后均趋于中性;Eh的变化基本均呈近似＂W＂形;土壤溶液硅浓度则经历了一个先升高后下降并趋于稳定的变化过程。与对照相比,单施高炉渣或高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理在提高土壤溶液pH和Eh、增加硅浓度方面的效果较为明显,尤其在酸性水田土壤上表现得更为突出;偏硅酸钠的施用效果只是在水稻生长的某一时期在中性水田土壤上表现得相对明显;单施葡萄糖会降低土壤Eh,提高生育前期土壤溶液中的硅浓度。在水稻全生育期内,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的土壤溶液中硅浓度升高的幅度最大,在酸性水田土壤和中性水田土壤上分别是对照处理的1.40（最小倍数）~4.93（最大倍数）倍和1.19（最小倍数）~2.72倍（最大倍数）,说明施用高炉渣硅肥,可明显提高土壤硅素供应水平,对促进水稻生长、提高水稻产量有重要意义。     

Effect of biochar amendment on soil‐silicon availability and rice uptake

Rice growth and its resistance to pests had been often constrained by soil‐silicon (Si) availability. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of biochar soil amendment (BSA) to improve Si availability in paddy soils. A cross‐site field trail with BSA was conducted in six locations with different climatic and crop‐production conditions across S China. Plant‐available Si content before field‐trials establishment and after rice harvest, as well as Si content in rice shoot were determined. Varying with site conditions, plant‐available Si content of soil was observed to increase significantly with BSA in most sites. Significant increase in rice shoot Si was detected in four out of the six sites, which was well correlated to the concurrent increase in soil pH under BSA treatment. This study demonstrates an important role of BSA to improve Si availability and uptake by rice mainly through increasing soil pH of the acid and slightly acid rice soils.     

Nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus in a function of application of leaf silicon

Silicon (Si) is important as it increases plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, studies on in foliar fertilization are still scarce. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of silicon on nutrition and production of Helianthus annuus. The study was carried with a completely randomized design, consisting of five doses of silicon (0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52 and 3.36?mg L^?1) applied as silicate, with four replicates. Biometric evaluations and relative chlorophyll index (RCI) measurements were performed, being also observed the dry matter production and the silicon use efficiency by plants. The RCI is not affected by the foliar application of Si, while the height and leaf area increase by 8.3 and 25.4%, respectively. Foliar Si application up to the dose of 3.36?g L^?1 promotes linear increases in the dry matter production of shoots (32%), capitulum (19%) and the whole plant of sunflower (27%).     

辽宁省水稻土供硅能力及硅肥肥效的研究

辽宁不同类型水稻土供硅能力及硅肥肥效试验结果表明 ,采用pH4醋酸缓冲液法测定的土壤有效硅含量能够反映非碱性水稻土的硅素肥力水平 ,但不能够反映碱性水稻土的硅素肥力水平 ,碱性水稻土测定结果高 ,但硅素肥力水平低。施用硅肥能够增加植株体内硅的含量 ,改善水稻的生长状况 ,提高水稻的产量 ,增产幅度最高可达 3 0 .1%。     

供磷水平对玉米丛枝菌根侵染及其对异质养分吸收的影响

【目的】 探究酸性土壤玉米丛枝菌根侵染对植物磷素吸收的促进作用,以加深理解根外菌丝对局部磷养分的获取如何受丛枝真菌侵染和环境磷养分的影响。 【方法】 以玉米为宿主植物,进行盆栽试验。在低磷酸性土壤上设置供P 0、50、500 mg/kg 3个水平 (P0、P50、P500),供试磷肥为磷酸二氢钾。每个处理再设置局部养分处理,即在每个重复中埋置两个各装有120 g灭菌土 (提前加 P 50 mg/kg) 的塑料小管,分别用孔径为0.45 μm(根系、菌丝均不能进入,以“–H”表示处理) 和50 μm(根系不能进入,菌丝可以进入,以“+H”表示处理) 的尼龙膜封住管口。测定了玉米的生长与磷吸收、土著丛枝菌根真菌的侵染和根外菌丝密度以及菌丝对局部磷养分的获取。 【结果】 1) 玉米株高、叶片SPAD值、全株干重、磷浓度及吸收量都随供磷水平升高而增加,以P50处理的根系干重最高,根冠比随供磷水平上升而降低。3个供磷水平下玉米根系均有不同程度的丛枝菌根真菌侵染。以P50处理的丛枝菌根侵染率、丛枝和孢囊结构发育最好;P0处理的丛枝菌根侵染率、丛枝丰度与P50处理没有显著差异,但孢囊丰度明显下降;P500处理虽然87.2%的根系具有侵染点,但整个根系形成的真菌结构、丛枝和孢囊比例远低于P0和P50处理,丛枝菌根的发育受到严重抑制。2) 土体土 (除塑料管之外的土) 菌丝密度随供磷水平升高而降低,但P0和P50处理差异不显著。–H处理塑料管中的菌丝密度在3个供磷水平下基本不变,保持在极低水平,而+H处理塑料管中的菌丝密度随供磷水平升高而下降。在相同供磷水平下,土体土的菌丝密度最高,其次是+H处理,–H处理的菌丝密度最低。根外菌丝从+H处理塑料管中获取的磷随环境供磷水平的升高而减少。 【结论】 酸性土壤条件下,适当地供磷可以促进玉米根系生长和丛枝菌根真菌的侵染。根外菌丝对局部磷养分的获取受环境磷养分的调控,在环境磷养分较低而局部磷养分高于环境磷养分时,较多的菌丝会进入局部区域获取磷。      

Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus

Summary The distribution of phosphatase activity and of phosphate fractions of the soil in the proximity of roots was studied in order to evaluate the significance of phosphatases in P nutrition of various plants (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium alexandrinum). A considerable increase in both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in all the four soil-root interfaces was observed. Maximum distances from the root surface at which activity increases were observed ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.1 mm for acid phosphatase and from 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm for alkaline phosphatase. The increase in phosphatase activity depended upon plant age, plant species and soil type. A significant correlation was noticed between the depletion of organic P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (r = 0.99^**) and clover (r = 0.97^**). The maximum organic P depletion was 65% in clover and 86% in wheat, which was observed within a distance from the root of 0.8 mm in clover and 1.5 mm in wheat. Both the phosphatases in combination appear to be responsible for the depletion of organic P.     

碱性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应

选取碱性水田土壤,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了施用硅肥后水稻生育期土壤溶液pH、Eh、硅浓度及对水稻产量的影响。结果表明,各处理pH经历了一个迅速降低,趋于中性的过程。单施硅肥对pH影响不大;施用葡萄糖或葡萄糖与高炉渣配施可明显降低水稻生育前期土壤溶液pH。各处理Eh的变化基本呈现为近似“W”形。淹水初期,施肥各处理土壤Eh均低于对照;后期施硅处理的Eh高于对照,而单施葡萄糖和高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理Eh低于对照。各处理土壤溶液硅的浓度都经历了一个先上升达到高峰,然后逐渐下降,最终趋于稳定的过程。与对照相比,施用硅肥可不同程度地提高水稻生育期土壤溶液硅的浓度和不同生育期水稻植株含硅量;施用葡萄糖可提高水稻营养生长期土壤溶液中硅的浓度,但对提高水稻植株硅含量的作用不大;施用硅肥可以显著提高水稻产量,施用葡萄糖没有增产作用。     

T-DNA插入突变在植物营养研究中的应用

随着拟南芥整个基因组序列测定的完成,T-DNA插入形成的功能缺失(Loss-of-function)突变体和功能获得型(Gain-of-function)突变体,已经越来越多地运用到植物的各种代谢研究中。它可以作为有效的工具从基因的结构、功能、表达上来了解植物营养机制,从而为遗传工程改良植物本身的营养特性来适应贫瘠、盐碱化、酸害以及重金属危害等不良的土壤环境提供了条件。本文综述了T-DNA的结构、转化过程、侧翼序列的获得,以及T-DNA插入诱变在植物营养胁迫研究中的应用。     

硅对大葱矿质元素吸收、 分配特性及产量和品质的影响

【目的】大葱因含有机硫化合物等功效成分而具有重要的保健和药用价值,为此,前人曾就氮、 磷、 钾、 硫等矿质元素与大葱产量、 品质及风味物质的关系进行了一些研究。硅作为一种公认的有益元素,在提高作物产量、 改善品质等方面具有重要作用,本试验研究了硅对大葱矿质元素吸收、 分配特性和产量及品质的影响,以期为大葱高效施肥提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以‘天光’和‘章丘’两个不同类型大葱品种为试材,供试硅源均为Na2SiO3·9H2O,通过盆栽Hoagland营养液培养和大田土壤栽培相结合的方法,分别研究了营养液不同硅水平(SiO2 0、 0.6、 1.2、 1.8 mmol/L)和土壤不同施硅量(SiO2 0、 150、 300、 450 kg/hm2)对大葱生长、 产量、 品质及硅、 氮、 磷、 钾含量、 吸收量的影响。【结果】营养液硅水平在1.8 mmol/L范围内,‘天光’和‘章丘’两品种大葱株高、 假茎长、 假茎粗、 植株干重以及单株产量均随硅浓度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均以1.2 mmol/L的处理表现最好,其单株产量分别较不施硅提高了19.4%和30.9%; 适量施硅还显著提高了大葱游离氨基酸、 可溶性糖、 丙酮酸等含量,表明施硅有利于改善大葱品质。随营养液硅水平的升高,两大葱品种各器官硅含量均显著增加,在1.8 mmol/L处理时达最高,而钾含量则与之相反,氮、 磷含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势,均以1.2 mmol/L处理含量较高; 由于施硅促进了大葱生长,所以大葱对硅及氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量则均随硅水平的升高呈增加趋势。大田施硅试验表明,‘天光’和‘章丘’两品种大葱均以施硅量(SiO2)300 kg/hm2时产量较高,分别比对照增产15.4%和25.6%。【结论】大葱增施硅可显著增加大葱对硅及氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量,促进植株生长,提高产量和品质,但同一硅水平的增产率以‘章丘’品种显著高于‘天光’,且二者随硅水平变化的幅度也不相同,表明不同大葱品种对硅的反应敏感性存在显著差异。本试验条件下,以营养液硅水平1.2 mmol/L、 土壤施硅300 kg/hm2时较有利于大葱的生长及产量和品质的提高。