磷灰石和石灰稳定化修复对污染土壤铜和镉垂直迁移的影响

大量改良材料被用于重金属污染土壤的稳定化修复,但是不同用量的改良材料长期田间修复后重金属总量和有效态在不同土层的垂直分布特征鲜有研究涉及。本研究采集不同剂量的磷灰石和石灰稳定化修复的0~13、13~30和30~50 cm土层污染土壤,考察铜和镉总量及有效态含量在不同土层的分布特征。结果表明:随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加,显著降低了0~13 cm土层土壤交换性酸和交换性铝,增加了土壤全钙的含量,且磷灰石处理提高了土壤全磷和速效磷含量。0~13 cm土层土壤pH、总铜和总镉含量均随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加而逐渐增加,但是降低了13~30和30~50 cm土层土壤总铜和总镉含量。3个土层中铜和镉有效态含量均随着磷灰石和石灰用量的增加而显著降低,其中23.2 g/kg磷灰石处理和4 g/kg石灰处理土壤有效态铜含量降低85.1%和92.0%,有效态镉降低18.8%和23.5%。相关性分析表明,土壤pH和铜镉总量是影响铜镉有效性的主要因素。可见,磷灰石和石灰的应用使铜和镉较好地固定在土壤表层,减少铜和镉向下层土壤的淋溶,降低了铜和镉的有效性。     

温室土壤磷素迁移变化特征研究

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了典型温室栽培地区山东寿光土壤磷素状况及其迁移变化特征。结果表明：（1）除Ca10-P外,温室土壤耕层（0～20 cm）全磷及无机磷组分含量均显著高于露地土壤,其平均含量分别为露地土壤的2.9、3.7、5.6、4.1、3.4倍和6.1倍,且以耕层累积为主,表现出明显的表聚特征,并有向下迁移的趋势;（2）在温室栽培的前期,磷素累积较快,连续种植了4～8 a时,全磷含量达到一个较高范围,为露地土壤的2～4倍,随着种植年限的继续增加,其再累积磷素的能力较差,甚至略有下降;（3）Ca8-P、Al-P和O-P是温室土壤磷素累积的主要形态,与露地土壤相比,其在0～20 cm耕层的平均增加量分别为296.5、288.5、306.0 mg.kg-1;（4）温室土壤耕层水溶性磷和速效磷的平均含量为10.9 mg.kg-1和248.4 mg.kg-1,分别为露地土壤的8.7倍和5.4倍,磷淋失并造成环境污染的可能性很大。     

Liming Decreases the Vertical Mobility of Potassium in Acidic Soils

Liming increases soil negative charges and thus affects the chemical equilibrium of cations between the solid phase and the soil solution with consequences for the mobility of cations. The effects of lime and potassium chloride (KCl) addition on the vertical movement of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were investigated in two Brazilian soils. The experiment was carried out in leaching columns. Treatments included a combination of rates of KCl (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1 K) and acidity levels (without and with liming). Seven water percolations (400 mL per column) were performed at weekly intervals, totaling an equivalent to 357 mm of rain. Raising the soil pH decreased the leaching of K, in both soils, up to 50% because of the increase of its electrostatic adsorption on created negative charges. Addition of KCl increased the percolation of K, Ca, and Mg proportionally to the rate applied, and it was more efficient than calcium carbonate to percolate Ca in both soils. Liming must be taken into consideration when K leaching or plant needs of K are estimated in predominantly variable-charge soils.     

哒螨灵农药在土壤中的降解吸附和移动特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了哒螨灵在3种土壤中的降解、吸附和移动特性。结果表明,25℃下,哒螨灵在江西红壤、河南二合土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为41．0、55．9和72．2d,属于易降解农药,其降解速率依次为江西红壤〉河南二合土〉东北黑土。酸性条件有利于哒螨灵的降解,土壤pH值对哒螨灵降解的影响比土壤有机质含量大。3种土壤对哒螨灵农药的吸附均较好地符合Freundich方程,吸附系数鼠值分别为3．35×10^3,6．17×10^3和8．48×10^3,具有极强的吸附性,且土壤有机质含量越高,对哒螨灵的吸附性越强。土壤对哒螨灵的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ·mol^-1,属于物理吸附。哒螨灵在土壤中不易移动,3种土壤薄层移动试验的Rf值均仅为0．05,正常条件下不会造成对地下水的污染。     

Assessing the Use of Magnetic Methods to Monitor Vertical Migration of Metal Pollutants in Soil

In order to assess the use of magnetic methods to study vertical migration behavior of metal pollutants in natural soils, a controlled experiment was performed near Belle River, Ontario, Canada. The soil at the site consists primarily of clay-rich glacial till overlain by localized alluvium. Twenty PVC tubes (16″ × 8″) were inserted vertically into the ground as test capsules. Magnetite powder (<5 μm) was distributed on the surface of the soil inside ten tubes (10 grams/tube) to simulate anthropogenic contamination, while the other ten were used as controls. While the surficial magnetic susceptibility (MS) remained fairly stable in controls, decreases of 15–60% were observed in contaminated soil tubes. Post-test MS profiles from soil cores in contaminated tubes show that the magnetic signal is strongest at depths between 4 and 6 cm. Magnetic measurements and chemical analysis (using SEM-EDS) on soil layers with enhanced magnetic signal indicate the presence of iron containing particles, likely magnetite. Overall, the results suggest that magnetite powder migrated vertically downwards at a rate of ∼14 cm/year over the four month period, probably as a result of rainwater infiltration. Such magnetic methods and chemical analytical techniques are useful in the investigation of migration of metal pollutants and the potential depth of soil contamination.     

~（95）Zr在土壤中的淋溶和迁移分布

采用模拟土柱法研究了95Zr在2种淹水土壤（小粉土、红黄壤）中的淋溶和垂直迁移。结果表明：（1）淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶液中95Zr的含量较少,小粉土淋溶液中95Zr为总活度的3.05%,黄红壤淋溶液中95Zr为总活度的3.00%;（2）滞留于土壤中的95Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层0～1.0cm范围内,小粉土中有67.80%～80.18%的95Zr滞留于0～1.0cm土层范围内,黄红壤中有74.05%～86.95%的95Zr滞留于0～1.0cm土层范围内;（3）土壤中95Zr比活度与距土壤表层深度分布呈单项指数规律。     

穴施条件下肥料养分在土壤中迁移规律的初步研究

根区施肥是高效施肥的关键措施,确定根区施肥的最佳位置,需要了解肥料施用后肥料养分在土壤中的迁移规律。本研究通过室内模拟试验来研究尿素、聚磷酸铵和氯化钾复合肥穴施条件下,土壤水分、培养时间对两种土壤中氮磷钾养分迁移的影响效应。结果表明：随土壤水分由30%增加到42%,氮磷钾在土壤中的迁移距离都会显著增加,培养15d的姜堰和广德两种土壤中,铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的迁移距离分别由9-11cm、4cm和9-10cm增加到12-14cm、5-6cm和11cm。土壤含水量增加使氮磷养分的迁移距离平均增加了约三分之一。随培养时间从15天延长到30天,30%土壤含水量条件下两种土壤中速效磷迁移距离无显著变化,而速效钾的迁移距离显著增加,铵态氮迁移距离在硝化作用弱些的广德水稻土中增加显著,而在硝化作用较强的姜堰水稻土中增加幅度较小。肥料穴施条件下铵态氮的硝化作用除受土壤水分、pH和时间因素影响外,还受肥际高浓度养分的强烈抑制作用,这种抑制作用延缓了铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,是根区一次施肥技术中氮肥持续高效供应的重要原因。总体而言,氮磷钾养分迁移距离表现为：硝态氮>铵态氮>钾>磷,肥料氮的迁移受硝化作用影响大,肥料磷的迁移受土壤水分影响较大,而肥料钾与铵态氮的迁移规律较为类似,都因土壤水分增加和时间的延长而逐渐增加。     

土壤重金属迁移转化领域研究的文献计量分析

研究在概要地分析土壤重金属迁移转化的研究现状和热点问题的基础上,对过去十年在该领域发表的文章进行了定量和定性评估。对用Web of Science检索2009～2018年重金属迁移转化领域中的文献,经Citespace软件可视化处理,对不同国家、期刊、机构、高被引论文和研究热点进行了对比分析。截止2018年12月5号,共检索出19778篇论文。结果表明,中国在该领域的发文量最高,中国科学院是领先的研究机构,发表文章影响因子较高的期刊是Environmental Science&Technology和Journal of Hazardous Materials。科研人员对重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb以及As的污染关注较多,研究内容包括重金属在土壤中的迁移、生物有效性以及土壤修复过程中重金属的形态变化。     

石油污染土壤中正十六烷降解菌的效果研究

从山东东营石油污染土壤中驯化筛选出一株正十六烷降解菌TZSX2,经生理生化和16S r DNA基因测序,通过构建细菌系统发育树确定其为红球菌属(Rhodococcus)。通过不同环境因子对TZSX2的生长情况和其对正十六烷的降解率的影响研究,确定菌株TZSX2的最适生长和降解温度为28~36℃,对正十六烷的降解率超过30%;TZSX2能够耐受较高浓度的正十六烷,在正十六烷浓度为2 m L·L~(-1)时,降解率为79%,正十六烷浓度为20 m L·L~(-1)时,降解率仍可达到12%;在碱性条件(pH=9)下对初始浓度为10m L·L~(-1)的正十六烷的降解率高达91%。综上,所筛选的TZSX2菌株可以耐碱性,适用于极端环境中石油污染的修复,对高浓度的正十六烷具有优异的降解效果。     

黑土冻融过程中水分垂直迁移模拟研究

为明确土壤冻融过程中水分垂直迁移与其主要影响因素间的定量关系,以我国东北典型黑土为研究对象,通过单向冻融试验,进行了不同初始含水率、降温幅度和地下水位条件下土壤冻结过程中水分垂直迁移试验,定量分析了主要影响因素对黑土冻融过程中水分垂直迁移的影响规律.结果表明:(1)试样中温度变化先快后慢,最终试样内部温度随深度呈现稳定...     

大环内酯类抗生素在土壤中的迁移转化与毒性效应分析

抗生素已成为一种新型土壤环境污染源,为确切评估大环内酯类抗生素对土壤生态环境的影响,对该物质在土壤中的吸附、迁移、降解行为及毒理效应进行了综述,重点分析了大环内酯类抗生素在土壤中的降解过程,主要阐述了微生物与植物对大环内酯抗生素的生物降解作用,旨在为土壤污染防治与修复提供理论依据。     

不同种植年限温室土壤中铜、铅垂直分布特征

以河北省某市黄瓜生产基地不同种植年限的温室大棚土壤作为研究对象,采用经改进的BCR法对不同层次(0—20cm,20—40cm,40—60cm)土壤中Cu、Pb的总体含量及赋存形态进行了分析,探讨不同种植年限和不同层次温室土壤重金属(Cu、Pb)的垂直分布和形态分布特征。结果表明,Cu、Pb在温室土壤中的分布自上而下呈递减趋势,在不同层次间表现出明显的分异特征;Cu在土壤中的迁移能力大于Pb;Cu、Pb在温室土壤中形态分布存在很大差异,Cu以残渣态为主,其次为可还原态,有一定的潜在威胁性;Pb以可还原态为主,其他形态所占比例较少,具有很高的潜在威胁性;2种重金属的弱酸态所占比例都不大;Cu、Pb在温室土壤中的潜在危害性较之常规土壤有所增加,因此温室土壤在生产过程中,重金属污染问题不容忽视。Cu、Pb含量在本试验中并未表现出随种植年限的增加而递变的规律。     

Contemporary Flux of Radionuclides to Contaminated Saltmarshes in the Esk Estuary,Cumbria

The Esk estuary is approximately 10 km from the marine outfall fromBritish Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) Sellafield Site and saltmarshes here havereceived significant quantities of radionuclides as reported in many studiessince 1975. These studies have concentrated on the inventory ofradionuclides in the estuary, but they have not addressed the continualreworking of radionuclides from these deposits. A detailed investigation ofboth the concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in the surface 10 cm and gammaair-kerma dose rates has been made where 120 determinations were made in agrid over 14600 m² of saltmarsh. The surface microtopographyis shown to be important for the continuing deposition of contaminatedsediments to the saltmarsh surface. This study has concentrated on thedevelopment and the possible application of sediment traps made fromAstroturf (an artificial grass). They were deployed at three sites whichwere representative of the major saltmarsh units in the estuary. The trapswere used to investigate the mobile sediments during a single tide, for aweek, and for a month. The Astroturf provided a reasonable analogue for thesaltmarsh surface and was arranged such that the radionuclide concentrationof the trapped sediment was measured directly by gamma spectrometry. Sediment deposition rates of between 30 and 240 g m^-2d^-1 were determined for the study sites, and these wereconsistent with earlier studies. Measurement of the radionuclideconcentration of the deposited sediment showed the addition of between 90and 750 Bq ³¹⁷Cs m^-2 d^-1 and 200and 1400 Bq ²⁴¹Am m^-2 d-1. At thedepositional sites over the saltmarsh this would represent an annualaddition of about 90 kBq m^-2 of ¹³⁷Cs and 180kBq m^-2 of ²⁴¹Am.     

Prediction of Vertical DNAPL Vapour Fluxes in Soils Using Quasi-Analytical Approaches: Bias Related to Density-Driven and Pressure-Gradient-Induced Advection

This study focuses on a detailed analysis of the errors introduced by two quasi-analytical approaches based on either Fick??s first law or a combination of Fick??s and Darcy??s laws to evaluate the vapour flux of chlorinated solvents from a source zone located in the unsaturated zone towards the atmosphere. A coupled one-dimensional numerical flow and transport model was developed and applied to three case studies characterised by different water content profiles in the vadose zone and under different levels of maximum dense nonaqueous-phase liquid vapour concentrations and vapour pressure conditions of the source zone. The steady-state concentration and pressure profiles obtained were then used in the two quasi-analytical approaches to estimate the flux towards the atmosphere. When mass fluxes due to density-driven advection become dominant and the vertical advective mass fluxes are increased due to strong pressure gradients in the soil air, the error was observed to increase when using the pure diffusion approach in the quantification of the surface flux calculated by the numerical model with increasing dimensionless Rayleigh numbers. Without taking into account the advective transport in the approach, the relative error calculated with only Fick??s law overestimates the real vapour flux when density-driven advection is dominant and underestimates it when pressure-gradient-driven advection dominates. The more advanced advective?Cdiffusive quasi-analytical approach fits reasonably well with the numerically obtained mass fluxes except near soil layer discontinuities, where the evaluation of both the concentration gradient and pressure gradient in the porous media as well as the determination of the average effective diffusion coefficients are rendered more difficult.     

桂林毛村不同地质背景主要元素迁移特征及与植物蒸腾作用的相关性

对桂林毛村不同地质背景(石灰岩、白云岩和砂页岩)土壤中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等主要元素的迁移特征进行了研究,结果表明母岩的地球化学背景对岩溶土壤系统的元素迁移具有重要影响.同时,以不同地质背景生长的典型植物黄荆为例,研究了上述元素的迁聚与植物蒸腾作用的相关性.结果表明,植物蒸腾作用对土壤中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等主要元素迁聚的影响程度因不同地质背景以及不同元素而有明显差异.植物蒸腾作用对Mn、Cu等较难迁移元素的迁移具有一定促进作用.土壤中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素的迁聚对植物吸收系数的影响程度因不同地质背景而有显著差异.岩溶山区进行植被恢复时必须考虑不同地质背景的差异,因地制宜地选择合适的植物品种.     

基于模拟退火算法的土壤样点布局和土壤景观模型优化

本研究利用多重线性回归方程,以地形因子为预测变量,构建关于土壤有机质的土壤景观模型,并以西南山地丘陵区的一块面积为2 km2的汇水盆地为研究区,对该区域的土壤有机质空间分布进行预测。在此基础之上,探讨最少可用多少个点来预测土壤有机质的空间分布,并使之预测精度不低于原始集合的精度;同时,找出最优土壤样点布局,确定不同地形部位的取样单元,使之预测精度最高。研究结果表明:在预测误差最小化的情况下,最少可用7个优化的样点就可以代替原始200个采样点,且优化的样点数为124时,模型预测土壤有机质空间分布的精度最高。优化后的土壤景观模型的拟合度比原始模型提高了3.28%,MAE降低了5.3%,RMSE降低了3.94%。     

地表水-地下水交互下傍河土壤硝酸盐氮迁移规律试验研究

为了研究地表水与地下水不同补给关系下硝酸盐氮在傍河农田的迁移规律,选取大沽河河床沙样作为沙槽试验介质,设计地表水与地下水相互补给装置,模拟无补给、地表水补给地下水和地下水补给地表水3种方式下硝酸盐氮在土壤中的迁移,通过测定各取样点硝酸盐氮含量和到达时间,分析了其迁移规律。结果表明:纯淋洗实验中,淋洗强度与沙样颗粒越小,硝酸盐氮在表层沙中的累积越明显,硝酸盐氮的迁移也越慢。地表水与地下水相互补给试验中,补给水位上升,硝酸盐氮的积累量增加、迁移到饱水带的时间缩短;补给水力坡度为0.5时,硝酸盐氮在细沙饱水带中迁移速度约为5.3 cm/min;水力坡度变为0.7时,迁移速度约为9.4 cm/min;补给水力坡度为0.5时,硝酸盐氮在中沙饱水带的迁移速度约为12.3 cm/min。硝酸盐氮在包气带中的积累量随着沙层深度的增加而减少;淋洗强度、水力坡度及沙样颗粒越大,硝酸盐氮在包气带和饱水带中的迁移速度越快;补给水位越高,硝酸盐氮迁移至饱水带的时间越短。     

Quantitative Estimate of the Heterogeneity of Solute Fluxes Using the Dispersivity Length for Mathematical Models of Pesticide Migration in Soils

Mathematical models of solute movement in soils are used as management means for assessing the migration of agrochemicals and calculating environmental risks. In these models, the soil block includes the soil values of dispersivity length or solute diffusivity as one of the main parameters. Under laboratory conditions, this parameter was determined experimentally in soil columns by recording the dynamics of the effluent concentration and solving inverse problems. A direct experimental method of field determination based on the movement of marker solution was tested. For the prediction, risk calculation, and management of pesticide application using physically based mathematical models, the following stepwise procedure is recommended: (1) model parameterization based on experimental soil properties; (2) use of the field dispersivity length, which was 3–11 cm for the 0- to 40-cm layer, exceeded 12 cm for deeper fissured BEL and BT (40- to 60-cm) horizons with prismatic structure, and had a median value of 21 cm in layers below 60 cm in experiments on an agrosoddy-podzolic soil (Eutric Albic Glossic Retisol (Abruptic, Loamic, Aric) (WRB, 2014) from Moscow oblast.     

不同成土模式下黑土有机质热稳定性剖面分异特征

土壤有机质（soil organic matter，SOM）含量及其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标，热重分析法在反映SOM含量与热稳定性方面显示出了较好的潜力而受到重视。探究不同成土模式下黑土SOM热稳定性在剖面尺度的分异规律及影响因素，可以为黑土资源保护与碳固定提供理论参考。本研究在东北典型黑土区采集了相对稳定地形条件下（平坦）自然发育的3个典型黑土剖面和非稳定地形条件下（有地表侵蚀和沉积）受侵蚀堆积过程影响的2个黑土剖面，采用热重分析法，基于不同温度区间的质量损失，分别以Exo1（200～350℃区间的质量损失）和Exo2（350～550℃区间质量损失）代表热易分解SOM和热稳定SOM，以微分热重曲线及热重参数指标（Exo1/Exo2和TG-T50）表征不同土壤剖面的SOM热稳定性分异特征，并结合傅里叶红外光谱讨论了SOM化学稳定性剖面分异特征。结果表明：稳定地形下自然发育的黑土，热易分解SOM（Exo1）含量相较于热稳定SOM（Exo2）含量随深度下降更快，Exo1/Exo2随深度减小，TG-T50随深度增加，脂肪族碳/芳香族碳减少，SOM稳定性随深度增加。非稳定地形条件下，黑土SOM热稳定性并未随深度表现出规律性下降趋势，存在深层SOM含量和Exo1/Exo2高于表层的现象，这主要是由于复杂的地表历史过程导致母质和SOM来源不同。本研究证实了热重分析法在反映SOM稳定性方面的适用性。黑土中SOM稳定性的剖面变化在很大程度上受成土模式的制约，而成土模式与地貌稳定性密切相关。侵蚀过程携带的大量热易分解SOM在坡面下部及流域沉积地形部位堆积，由于埋藏作用，这些热易分解SOM可以长期存在于深层土壤中。然而，非稳定地形区域一旦再遭侵蚀，这些埋藏的不稳定SOM很可能再次启动分解过程，同样可以导致大量埋藏的“老碳”被释放，成为黑土区碳排放的“热点”。     

土壤粒径对邻苯二甲酸酯垂向迁移影响的淋滤模拟实验

以5种优先控制邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)为研究对象,设置2种土壤粒径(0.25 mm、0.25~1 mm),采用淋滤模拟实验,在PAEs污染土(3 cm)下方设置不含PAEs的清洁土(20 cm),研究土壤粒径对PAEs垂向迁移的影响。结果表明,淋滤前污染土中5种PAEs含量(5PAEs)为136.55 mg kg-1,淋滤后显著降低,0.25 mm和0.25~1 mm条件下分别只有1.16和1.25 mg kg-1,两种粒径下没有显著差异;淋滤后清洁土中0.25 mm粒径下5PAEs为11.16 mg kg-1,显著高于0.25~1mm条件下(5.77 mg kg-1);总体上,0.25 mm粒径时淋洗率低于0.25~1 mm粒径时。但是,粒径对5种PAEs含量和分布的影响不同,淋滤后清洁土中DMP和DEP含量均低于0.1 mg kg-1,不同粒径下没有显著差异;DBP和BBP在0.25 mm粒径时清洁土上层中的含量最高,而0.25~1 mm粒径下各土层均低于0.2 mg kg-1;DOP在0.25 mm粒径时清洁土上层中的含量最高,但0.25~1 mm粒径时下层含量最高。因此,对于分子量低的DMP和DEP,粒径没有对它们的迁移产生影响;但对于分子量相对高的DBP、BBP和DOP,土壤粒径大有利于迁移。