蜜蜂外寄生螨的主要种类和恩氏瓦螨(Varroaunderwoodi)在中国的首次发现

本文综述了全世界12种蜜蜂外寄生螨及1种附生螨的分类地位、形态和危害特点,报道了2002年恩氏瓦螨在中国云南省中华蜜蜂雄蜂房中的首次发现.     

中国狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor,大蜂螨)研究进展

狄斯瓦螨（Varroa destructor Anderson ＆ Trueman 2000，通称“大蜂螨”）是对世界养蜂业威胁最大的蜜蜂病虫害。2000年重新命名之前，它一直被称为雅氏瓦螨（Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans1904）。2000年初，澳大利亚安德森（Denis L．Anderson）对采集自亚洲各地东方蜜蜂（蜂螨原始寄主）和世界各地西方蜜蜂的大量大蜂螨样本进行线粒体（mtDNA）测序的综合研究。结果表明：原被归入雅氏瓦螨的东方蜜蜂寄生螨，应划分为2个种，一个是新界定的雅氏瓦螨，主要分布在印尼和马来西亚，已发现9个基因型；另一个是新定名的狄斯瓦螨，分布于亚洲大陆的东方蜜蜂和世界各地的西方蜜蜂，已发现11个基因型。     

杀手瓦螨

20世纪初 ,雅各布森在印度尼西亚爪哇本地的东方蜜蜂采集到一种螨 ,他将它们送到荷兰。以后奥德门鉴定它为一个新种 ,定名为雅氏瓦螨 (Ｖａｒｒｏａｊａｃｏｂ ｓｏｎｉＯｕｄｅｍａｎ 1 90 4)。雅氏瓦螨的分布很广 ,亚洲东方蜜蜂分布地区都有它们的踪迹。大约在 5 0年前 ,瓦螨转移到西方蜜蜂 ,使亚洲、欧洲、非洲、北美及南美的西方蜜蜂都受到感染 ,对世界养蜂业造成了巨大损失。德尔芬纳多 贝克和霍克 (1 989)采用多变量形态测定技术 ,发现雅氏瓦螨的不同种群在形态上有些差别 ,尤其在体格大小上。一般说来 ,寄生在东方蜜蜂的瓦螨比寄生在…     

蜜蜂的抗螨机理

蜜蜂的抗螨机理中国养蜂学会（北京香山卧佛寺西侧：１０００９３）黄立诚雅氏瓦螨（简称瓦螨），俗称大蜂螨，自本世纪５ｏ年代由原寄主东方蜜蜂传入西方蜜蜂以来，除大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰尚未发现以外，瓦螨已经由亚洲传播到欧洲、非洲和南北美洲，对西方蜜蜂造成了...     

瓦螨的遗传多样性(下)

(接上期 )4　雅氏瓦螨雅各布森在印度尼西亚爪哇东方蜜蜂上采集到的寄生螨 ,由奥德门进行了形态描述 ,定名为雅氏瓦螨 (ＶａｒｒｏａｊａｃｏｂｓｏｎｉＯｕｄｅｍａｎｓ,190 4 )。以后发现雅氏瓦螨的分布很广 ,在整个亚洲的东方蜜蜂以及印度尼西亚的印尼蜂都有雅氏瓦螨寄生。后来雅氏瓦螨中的 2种基因型转移寄生到西方蜜蜂。4 1　形态特征　　雌性雅氏瓦螨呈横椭圆形 ,与林氏瓦螨比较体格略小 ;气门片较短 ,弯度较大 ;足内刚毛较少 ;在颚须转节上有 1根刚毛 (见表1)。德尔芬纳多 -贝克等 (Ｄｅｌｆｉｎａｄｏ -ＢａｋｅｒａｎｄＨｏｕｃ…     

蜜蜂瓦螨研究的最新发现及其对探索瓦螨防治新途径的启示

本介绍了澳大利亚安德森（Denis L.Anderson)等人对蜜蜂瓦螨分类学和繁殖生物学方面的最新研究成果，以及本课题组对中国蜜蜂瓦螨的相关研究结果。提出将我国“大蜂螨”的学名从“雅氏瓦螨”改为“狄斯瓦螨”。     

抑制瓦螨繁殖的抗螨育种

杀手瓦螨严重危害蜜蜂,不仅使寄生的蜜蜂体重减轻、缩短寿命,还传播病菌和病毒。蜜蜂有多种抗螨机制,以抑制瓦螨繁殖为目标的抗螨育种,可以增强蜜蜂的抗螨力。     

远东蜂的抗瓦螨特性

东方蜜蜂自然分布在亚洲,它的北方边界延伸到俄罗斯的远东地区。前苏联在1952年查明,在远东地区的东方蜜蜂蜂巢内有雅氏瓦螨(简称瓦螨,俗称大蜂螨)寄生。远东地区原来没有西方蜜蜂,那里饲养的西方蜜蜂是上个世纪中叶以后从俄罗斯西部运去的,以后称为远东蜂,在当地定居已有...     

瓦螨的生物学特性及防治措施

<正>狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)会引起蜜蜂的一种体外寄生虫病,主要危害成年蜂,也危害蜜蜂幼虫。国际兽医局(OIE)将其列为B类疫病。一、生物学特性狄氏瓦螨又称"大蜂螨",属寄螨目瓦螨科,是蜜蜂的体外寄生螨之一。瓦螨发育周期经过卵、幼螨、前期若螨、后期若螨、成螨5个不同虫态。雌螨     

量化对瓦螨行为抵抗的代价和利益

寄主和寄生虫的关系可以为评价某些行为的代价和利益提供一个模型。欧洲蜜蜂和非洲化蜜蜂(欧洲蜜蜂和非洲蜜蜂的杂交种)共同存在于墨西哥;前者与瓦螨相容,后者与瓦螨的相容性较差。Vandame等人考查了蜜蜂对待瓦螨的两种行为,可以说明非     

运用ISSR分析蜂螨对不同亚家系的选择性寄生

以被大蜂螨(Varroa destructor)寄生的意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera Ligustica)实验材料,分别采集有螨工蜂、无螨工蜂、有螨工蜂蛹和无螨工蜂蛹各36只,运用ISSR(in-ter-simple sequence repeat)标记和NTSYS聚类软件计算各个样品间的亲缘关系指数,并分析大蜂螨在寄生时是否存在亚家系趋向性.结果表明:144个样品分别分布在9个亚家系中,蜂螨在各个亚家系中的分布差异极显著(P<0.01),说明蜂螨在选择性寄生过程中存在亚家系的趋向性.     

中、意蜂Atg12基因克隆表达及生物信息学分析

试验旨在探究自噬相关基因Atg12(autophagy-related 12 gene)在中华蜜蜂(中蜂)、意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)中的表达差异,为探讨中蜂抗螨分子机理提供参考。参照GenBank中东方蜜蜂Atg12基因序列(登录号:XM_017048509.1)设计引物,扩增中、意蜂头部组织Atg12基因,并对其进行克隆、测序、原核表达及其氨基酸序列和蛋白结构分析,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在中、意蜂头部组织中的表达差异。结果显示,本试验成功扩增出大小为450 bp的目的片段,并表达出大小约42 ku重组蛋白;遗传进化树分析表明,在Atg12基因进化过程中,中蜂(Apis cerana cerana)、意蜂(Apis mellifera)、大蜜蜂(Apis dorsata)和小蜜蜂(Apis florea)亲缘关系较近;重组蛋白生物信息学分析显示,该蛋白的二级结构中共含有6个多肽结合位点、6个β-折叠和4个α-螺旋,分子质量约为16.13 ku,等电点为6.73;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Atg12基因在中蜂头部组织中表达极显著高于意蜂(P<0.01)。本试验结果为后续深入研究Atg12基因在中蜂抗螨上的作用机制提供了参考。     

狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)的研究进展

狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)是严重危害西方蜜蜂(Apismellifera)的一种寄生螨,近几年对狄氏瓦螨的研究有了新的进展,本文就血统进化、生理机制、携带病原菌和最新的防治方法等领域作一综述。     

东方蜜蜂抗螨的试验研究

选择3群没有受大蜂螨感染，群势不同的东方蜜蜂蜂群，分别引入受大蜂螨感染的雄蜂幼虫脾，和工蜂幼虫脾，在蜂群底部放入收集蜂集废屑的纸板，以后每隔24小时，检查蜂群底部的落螨数；先2脾未受蜂螨感染的东方蜜蜂为幼虫脾放入受大蜂螨感染的西方蜜蜂蜂群里，让其受大蜂螨感染，72小时后还回原蜂群，工蜂为其清理蜂螨，结果表明：东方蜜蜂有很强的抗螨性，5－6天后，基本上可以清出，原引入的西方蜜蜂幼虫脾或东方蜜蜂幼虫脾上的所有蜂螨。     

蜂蟹螨(Varroa destructor)对福化利抗药性及其防治的研究

建立培养皿药膜法进行蜂蟹螨福化利(Fluvalinate)抗药浓度检测方法。分别以福化利浓度为0、12.5、25、50、100mg/L进行台湾5处蜂场蜂蟹螨抗福化利剂量调查,经回归分析,计算LC50之浓度介于23.75～79.25mg/L之间,比意大利抗性螨385～857mg/L仍低很多,显示抗药性尚未大幅增加。以隔落螨法防治蜂蟹螨平均每日可捕捉44.7～49.1只。比较隔落螨法、割雄蜂蛹加隔落螨法、蚁酸加隔落螨法、福化利防治法的效果,当蜂蟹螨密度不高时,可采用隔落螨法或加割雄蜂蛹方式进行防治,蜂蟹螨密度高时,可先以福化利、蚁酸进行1～2次防治,再配合隔落螨法,将可达到长期防治效果。     

The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

The Control of Varroa destructor Using Oxalic Acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

Experimental examinations concerning the problem of deformed emerging bees after infestation with Varroa jacobsoni

The deformations of bees occurring in connection with varroatosis was examined both in case of natural and artificial infestation. Under both conditions, the number of bees showing wing deformations increased with the degree of mite infestation. Shortened abdomina, however, only appeared in the case of natural infestation. Inadequate brood care in colonies severely infested by Varroa mites is supposed to be responsible. Wing deformations could be produced by experimental haemolymph extraction.     

A new product with formic acid for Varroa jacobsoni Oud. control in Argentina. I. Efficacy

An organic product based on formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated for use in Varroa control under autumnal climatic conditions in Argentina. Twenty colonies each received two gel packets with formic acid in two applications and numbers of falling mites were registered. After this treatment colonies received two other acaricides in order to compare efficacy. Average final efficacy in colonies treated with the organic product was 92% with a low variability. The gel matrix kept an adequate formic acid concentration inside the colonies with only two applications. This product is, therefore, a good alternative for Varroa control because it is organic, easy to use and presents a low variability in final efficacy between colonies. No queen, brood, or adult honeybee mortality was registered.