林业害虫综合管理

害虫防治史可划分为初始控制阶段、化学防治阶段、综合防治阶段和有害生物综合管理阶段。文章着重说明了综合管理阶段。该阶段从生态学角度,全面考虑生态平衡、社会安全、经济效益及防治效果。它有3个基本观点,即生态学观点、辨证观点和经济学观点。文中介绍了综合管理的一个典型研究课题-"赫法柯研究课题"的内容和意义。还介绍了先进国家的信息系统和决策系统。     

计算机在林业中的应用

本文论述了计算机在林业中的应用方法、范围和前景。着重介绍了计算机在林业信息分析处理上的作用、信息自动收集及计算机自动控制,以及目前发展中的3个主要方面:森林资源信息管理系统;森林经营决策系统及林业专家系统。     

苏联林业改革的核心问题

苏联的林业和森林工业改革集中在两个问题上。1.由预算拨款向经济核算转变。这个问题的讨论已逾50年,迄今没有一个企业真正实现了转变。本文讨论了其困难与原因。2.体制问题。1929年以来,苏联林业与森林工业分合已三四次。1985年3月苏共决定,林业、森工中央机构仍保持独立,但企业一律改变为永续性的、综合的,即把营林、采运、木材加工等集中在一个企业里。以往实践表明,第二个问题似乎容易解决,但第一个问题更具实质意义。     

优化林业产业结构 提高系统经营效果

作者在指出单效林业的弊病后,提出建立系统林业的观点。文中详尽介绍了系统林业的产业结构、功能和效益。还对其建设步骤和具体实施方法作了说明。     

世界林业经营模式探讨

林业经营模式对林业发展具有重要的意义。当代世界林业主要有三种经营模式:森林经济、社会和生态三大效益一体化经营模式,森林多效益主导利用经营模式和森林多效益综合经营模式。本文重点就林业三种经营模式的内涵、特点及发展趋势进行了探讨。     

民主德国林业特点及其发展趋势

民主德国的森林95%属于人工林且生长量超过年代量,已无宜林地。作者介绍了该国在森林资源管理、资金筹集、林业教育、管理体系、集约经营和稳定职工队伍等方面的经验及今后的发展趋势。     

关于我国林业科研体系的探讨

我国林业科研管理宏观失控是造成研究方向任务不明、课题重复、力量分散的主要原因。文章借鉴国外经验,结合国情,提出了以间接调控为主的观点。即通过规划、课题、情报信息实行间接调控;强调区域性研究,将中国划分为东北地区、南方山地丘陵区、西南高山区、华北中原农用林区和西北干旱半干旱区等5个大区。对西北区提出建立以甘肃为研究中心的构想。此外,本文还提出了各级林业研究单位的方向和任务。特别提及中国林科院应在学科、机构、信息网络和宏观决策等方面加强建设。     

社会林业促进印度林业与乡村经济综合发展

印度开展社会林业的基本经验是:(1)注重近期经济效益,其主要作法是,选用多用途树种,多种树种混交造林和集约经营;(2)积极引进并充分利用国际援助资金。文章还介绍了印度社会林业的实施效果及存在的问题。     

联邦德国林业发展道路

文章介绍了德意志帝国乃至联邦德国的森林利用史,林业的起源,各个历史时期的管理政策以及林业发展过程中的经验教训。作者据此认为,联邦德国林业发展道路是:农业毁林、工业毁林、工业扶林和农地还林。     

国外林业科技进步保障系统浅析

本文针对我国林业科技成果推广工作存在的问题,着重介绍了国外林业科技进步保障系统建设的状况和推进科技进步的主要经验.文中对如何借鉴国外经验提出了建议.     

美国国有林的发展与对策

文章回顾了美国国有林的发展历程,并介绍了一些重大历史事件。作者着重阐明了美国国有林的管理体制和技术经济政策。     

The political situation facing the United States Forest Service

Congressional hearings pertaining to national forest management, timber sales, the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), and the Resources Planning Act (RPA) were censused and subjected to content analysis. Trends in interest group attitudes toward the Forest Service, as revealed by their formal position statements to Congress, were identified for the period 1984 to 1993. The resulting quantitative data were converted into percent pro and con values and plotted over time. Industry support has waned, and although positive responses from environmental groups have increased, they have not been enough to offset the industry decline. Opinions toward management issues have shown the greatest shift, while attitudes regarding timber sales and NFMA/RPA have remained relatively uniform throughout the time period. This analysis suggests that the United States Forest Service has lost an element of leverage in its dealings with Congress. As its programs have become broader, its support from interest groups has weakened. Research Assistant Professor and Department Head.     

Characterizing the sustainable forestry issue network in the United States

Issue network analysis techniques were applied to the issue of sustainable forestry in the United States to identify potential public and private outcomes for the issue. A quantitative approach based on work by Laumann and Knoke [The Organizational State (1987)] was utilized in conjunction with the Delphi method. Results suggest that the parity in the distribution of influence among network sectors means that moving the issue of sustainable forestry onto the formal policy agenda will require more consensus on problems and solutions than exists at the present time. Accordingly, broad policy actions resulting from the expansion of the issue of sustainable forestry are unlikely in the short-term. However, experts on the Delphi panel anticipate that changes will occur in response to sustainability issues. At the federal and state level, this is likely to result in changes to public forest management and to the objectives assigned to the USDA Forest Service and to the state forestry agencies. States are projected to draft new and to change old private forest practices regulations as a result of sustainable forestry concerns. In the private sector, the trend of applying criteria and indicator-based sustainable forestry management standards and certification programs will continue. Non-industrial private forest owners are projected to make the fewest direct accommodations. Finally, where directly comparable, the Delphi study's results were not significantly different from the quantitative approach, suggesting that Delphi has promise for network research applications.     

美国林地权属管理制度探析

文中从联邦与州2个层级介绍美国与林地权属相关的主管机构及职责以及不同权属变更的形式、对象、条件及资金管理。研究发现,联邦主管机构主要为内政部的土地管理局、国家公园管理局、鱼类与野生动物保护局,农业部的林务局以及国防和能源部,各州主管机构主要有其自然资源部的自然资源委员会或林业委员会等;林地权属变更的形式主要是出售和交换,变更对象要求任何林地不得出售、交换或捐赠给非美国公民或不受任何州或联邦法律约束的公司;联邦与不同的州关于权属变更的规定详细程度存在差异,而内容却存在一定相似性;联邦与部分州政府建立相关基金或账户,以储存出售或交换土地所获收入并用于购买土地等。     

美国森林火灾扑救指挥系统及借鉴

扑救森林火灾是一项十分复杂的系统工程,因此建立科学规范高效的指挥系统十分重要。在对美国森林火灾扑救指挥系统简要介绍的基础上,从架构理论和系统特征两方面对其安全高效运行的机制进行了分析,认为借鉴美国森林火灾扑救指挥系统的先进理念和成功经验,可以加快完善我国的森林火灾扑救指挥体系,进一步提升科学指挥的水平。     

Commercial harvests of edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States: issues,management, and monitoring for sustainability

Widespread commercial harvesting of wild edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States (PNW-US) began 10–15 years ago. A large proportion of suitable forest habitat in this region is managed by the Forest Service (US Department of Agriculture) and Bureau of Land Management (US Department of the Interior). These lands are managed under an ecosystem management philosophy that entails multiple-use, sustainable forest product harvesting, resource monitoring, public participation in forest management issues, and holistic planning. Managing the harvest of edible mushrooms engages every aspect of this management philosophy. We examine a variety of issues raised by mushroom harvesting and how these issues interact with forest ecosystem management choices. We discuss regulations currently being used by managers to conserve the mushroom resource while further information is gathered, unique challenges and considerations inherent to sampling fungi, and current research and monitoring activities in the Pacific Northwest. Although current scientific evidence suggests that harvesting likely will not harm the resource in the short term, no statistically-based monitoring information exists about the cumulative impacts of intensive and widespread commercial harvesting over long-time periods. We outline a three pronged approach to long-term monitoring of the resource: (1) tracking harvest quantities in areas with intense commercial harvests; (2) sampling productivity in areas with no mushroom or timber harvests; and (3) conducting research to model the relations between forest management and mushroom productivity. Public participation and a broad collaboration among public land management agencies, private forest landowners, forest managers, researchers, and research organizations will make this approach cost effective and the results widely applicable.     

美国森林服务管理经验与启示

森林服务管理是融合了生态效益、社会效益、经济效益的管理科学。目标是环境可持续发展、创造社会生产力和服务公众利益，以满足现在和未来人类对环境的需求。美国林务局作为美国森林服务管理的责任机构，其管理水平一直处于世界领先地位。文中从美国林务局历史演变、机构设置、管理模式、服务领域和战略规划等方面对美国森林服务管理模式进行概括和梳理；分析其管理模式的优越性和先进性；提出对完善我国森林服务管理的启示:加大科技投入，健全政策法规，发挥森林多功能效益。     

Assessing Sustainability Using Data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Forest Service

Abstract

Forest sustainability has emerged as a crucial component of all current issues related to forest management. The seven Montreal Process Criteria are well accepted as categories of processes for evaluating forest management with respect to sustainability, and data collected by the Forest and Inventory Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service are well suited for such evaluations. The FIA program focuses on the collection, analysis, and distribution of data for a core set of variables obtained using a plot configuration, a sampling design, and measurement protocols that all feature national consistency. Plot, subplot, and tree-level observations include traditional mensurational measurements such as forest area, tree species, diameter, and survival and a suite of non-tree measurements related to the health of the forest. FIA data are recognized for their completeness, geographic coverage, and accessibility to users via a user-friendly interface to a national database. Three examples for three different regions of the United States illustrate the relevance and utility of FIA data for environmental and ecological assessments in the context of the Montreal Process. Several conclusions may be drawn from the examples: (1) for the Southern region, the forest land base is stable, and growing stock volume is increasing; (2) for the Mid-Atlantic region, contributions to carbon accumulation are slightly greater than for storage, and storage increases from north to south; and (3) for the Central Hardwoods region, tree species richness increases from north to south and from west to east and is stable or slightly increasing.     

Assessing the role of federal community assistance programs to develop biomass utilization capacity in the western United States

As forest biomass utilization becomes cost effective to harvest, more areas at risk of catastrophic wildfire can be thinned of dense brush and small diameter trees. In an effort to increase biomass utilization, the USDA Forest Service granted more than $36 million in National Fire Plan-Economic Action Program funds in the western United States during fiscal years 2001 to 2003. Interviews with program coordinators and grant recipients were used to characterize the types of investment strategies used and to assess accomplishments relative to national fuels reduction objectives. Findings include a strong emphasis on grants leveraging other funding sources, coordination of resources to increase utilization capacity, and the need for technical assistance to facilitate project design and implementation. We conclude that community assistance programs may help to create the type of utilization capacity necessary to reduce hazardous fuels, but that sustained progress will depend on synergistic activities on multiple fronts and improved demonstration of program accomplishments.     

Owner mapping for forest scenario modelling — A Lithuanian case study

Ample research on private forest owners (PFOs) has established high heterogeneity in owners' objectives, motivations and management decisions. Such heterogeneity is, however, rarely taken into account in forest scenario modelling. This study, in contrast, conducts a detailed forest owner mapping that feeds into simulations of ecosystem services (ES) under alternative future scenarios. First, we identify four private forest owner types (FOT) – Forest Businessmen, Household Foresters, Passive Forest Lovers, and Ad Hoc Owners through in-depth interviews and qualitative analyses on a case study area in western Lithuania. Next, each forest estate and forest compartment is assigned a FOT by combining the property registry and forest characteristics with opinions of two types of local experts: state forest managers and inspectors from the State Forest Service. Third, a set of forest management (FM) programmes is specified using field interviews and desktop research, FM records, and expert judgement for each forest compartment. Finally, ES provision is projected using a behavioural matrix combining management styles of FOTs with details of FM programmes. We simulate the dynamics of profits from forestry activities, accumulated carbon in live biomass and tree species diversity under a reference scenario without substantial changes; and a policy intervention scenario. The study demonstrates that treating forest owners as a homogenous group overestimates profits from timber and underestimates the provision of the other analysed ES, potentially misinforming policy decisions.