不同生物炭浸提液对水稻发芽及幼苗发育的影响

使用不同生物炭浸提液对水稻种子进行培养,研究生物炭种类对水稻萌发和幼苗发育的潜在影响。3 种生物炭为竹炭、烟杆炭和稻杆炭,生物炭浸提液梯度为原液（1:5）、10 倍稀释液和50 倍稀释液,处理培养后观察水稻种子发芽率和幼苗生长情况。烟杆炭原液处理培养后第3 天水稻种子发芽率只有8.7%,远低于对照的43.3%,芽根长度、干鲜重等指标也均显著低于对照（p<0.05）。所有低浓度的生物炭浸提液对水稻萌发具有一定促进作用。竹炭10 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高9.3%,烟杆炭和稻杆炭50 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高11.3%,但芽根长度、干鲜重等指标大部分与对照无显著差异。本结果初步证明高浓度烟杆炭对水稻生长具有抑制作用,而适当的生物炭用量则有益于水稻生长。     

Impact of Wood Biochar and Its Interactions with Mycorrhizal Fungi,Phosphorus Fertilization and Irrigation Strategies on Potato Growth

Biochar amendment to soil has the potential to improve soil quality and increase crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF ) provide beneficial plant services of stress alleviation with respect to phosphorus (P) deficiency and drought. The aim of this study was to explore interactive effects of biochar with AMF , P fertilization levels and irrigation strategies on growth of potato plants. Potato plants were amended with wood biochar of 0.74 % w/w (B+) or not (B?), fertilized with phosphorus of 0.11 mg P g^?1 soil (P1) or not (P0), irrigated with full irrigation (FI ) or partial root‐zone drying irrigation (PRD ) and inoculated with AMF of Rhizophagus irregularis (M+) or not (M?) in split‐root pots in a sandy loam soil. Plants were analysed for growth performance, P and nitrogen (N) uptake and water use efficiency (WUE ). Biochar adsorption of mineral P and N in aqueous solution was tested in subexperiment. B+ significantly decreased plant biomass production except under P0 FI M?, where B+ increased plant biomass. This growth stimulation was counteracted by treatments of P1, PRD and M+. B+ significantly decreased plant leaf area, P and N uptake and WUE , but had no significant effect on root biomass and soil pH. The positive plant growth response to AMF was substantially reduced by biochar amendment. The wood biochar had no adsorption for mineral N, and it had 0.96 % adsorption for mineral P in aqueous solution. The results suggested that the negative effect of wood biochar application on plant growth may due to the reduced plant uptake of P and N and the possibility of phytotoxic effects of wood biochar on potato growth. It was concluded that the wood biochar used in current study had negative impact on plant growth and P/N uptake and it is not recommendable to apply this wood biochar to mycorrhizal agro‐system, to soil fertilized with high rate of P or to soil suffering water deficiency.     

生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放影响的研究进展

为了探讨生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放影响的途径和机理,在综合评述前人研究的基础上,就生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响因素、途径和影响机理进行了分析,提出了不同土壤的生物炭施用原则,并指出了今后生物炭研究应注意的问题:(1)明确土壤中2种温室气体排放特点,园地制宜地选择合适的生物炭类型;(2)注意生物炭的添加时机和用量;(3)目前学者所用的生物炭类型以及土壤种类不同,关于生物炭影响土壤N2O和CH4排放的研究结论不同.在这方面的研究工作还应在完善生物炭施用标准的基础上,继续进行生物炭还田的本地化试验验证,才能为生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响得出更明确的结论.     

Effects of high oleic acid soybean on seed yield,protein and oil contents,and seed germination revealed by near‐isogeneic lines

Typical soybean oil is composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. High oleic acid content in soybean seed is a key compositional trait that improves oxidative stability and increases oil functionality and shelf life. Using a marker‐assisted selection method, near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of G00‐3213 for the high oleic trait were developed and yield tested. These NILs have various combinations of FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles that were derived from the same backcrossing populations. The results indicated that G00‐3213 NILs with both homozygous mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles produced an average of 788 g/kg oleic acid content. The results also demonstrated that possessing these mutant alleles did not cause a yield reduction. Furthermore, seed germination tests across 12 temperatures (12.8–32.0°C) showed that modified seed composition for oleic acid in general did not have a major impact on seed germination. However, there was a possible reduction in seed germination vigour when high oleic seeds are planted in cold soil. The mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles did not hinder either seed or plant development.     

有机肥配施生物质炭对土壤肥力性状与蔬菜生长的影响

为探讨科学施用生物质炭的方法，该研究采用盆栽方法比较了施用等质量生物质炭、有机肥和生物质炭与有机肥配合对土壤肥力性状和蔬菜生长的影响,试验设对照(不施有机肥和生物质炭)、单施生物质炭、生物质炭与有机肥配合施用及单施有机肥等4个处理。结果表明,与对照相比,单施生物质炭对增加土壤有机碳的固定和降低土壤酸度的作用大于生物质炭与有机肥配合施用,生物质炭与有机肥配合施用对增加土壤水稳定性团聚体、CEC、总氮、矿物氮、有效铁、有效锰、有效钼、易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳含量,及改善土壤微生物区系与土壤酶活性要优于单施生物质炭的处理；在影响土壤容重、有效钾、有效磷、有效钙、有效硅、有效镁、有效锌和有效铜等肥力性状方面二者基本相似。生物质炭与有机肥配合施用的蔬菜产量略高于单施生物质炭的处理。总体上,生物质炭与有机肥配合施用对改善土壤肥力性状与促进蔬菜生长的效果好于单施生物质炭。     

The effect of different biochars on the growth and water use efficiency of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

In two identical pot trials, we investigated the effect of different biochars on the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown with and without water stress. Plants were grown in pots with and without biochar. Rice husk (RH), standard rice husk (SRH), standard wheat straw (SWS) or standard oilseed rape straw (SOS) biochars were added at a rate of 2% by weight. Irrigation was reduced from 80% of field capacity to 40% in half of the pots to create water stress when 50% of the plants flowered. No significant interaction was observed between irrigation and biochar treatments. Water stress resulted in smaller plants (11.5%), fewer pods (16.1%) and reduced 100-seed weight (12.6%), seed yield (20.1%) and plant dry weight (55.0%). All standard biochars increased plant dry weight in a range of 18%−25% compared with the controls. There was no significant effect of biochar on the number of pods and seed weight. Only RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the number of seeds pod⁻¹ by 9.0%−14.5% compared with the controls regardless of water stress. RH and SOS biochars increased seed yield by 16.7 and 21.6%, respectively. RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the WUE by 17.3%, 10.1% and 16.2% regardless of water stress, respectively. Based on the experiment, we recommend farmers to add biochar whatever type they have available. However, RH and SOS seem to be better than the others are, as they seem to be able to increase seed yield and WUE considerably.     

核桃壳基生物质炭的制备工艺及其性能的研究

为了优化生物质炭制备工艺,得到高性能、低成本的生物质炭产品。笔者以核桃壳为原料,分别考察了炭化温度、活化剂种类、活化时间、活化温度、活化剂浓度对生物质炭得率、碘值、亚甲基蓝值的影响,并对炭化与活化后的产物进行对比。结果表明：活化剂种类是影响生物质炭性质的主要因素,最优工艺条件是以磷酸为活化剂,液固比为2:1,活化剂浓度为50%,活化温度为400℃,活化时间为120 min,其产物具有发达的孔隙,高比表面积和完好的整体结构,碘吸附值为1574.8 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为120 mg/g。     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

外源生长调节物质对甜高粱种子萌发过程中盐分胁迫的缓解效应及其生理机制

盐渍化土壤中盐胁迫是作物种子萌发和生长发育的主要限制因子, 探究盐分胁迫下提高种子萌发率的技术及机制对开发利用盐碱地有重要意义。本文以不同耐盐能力的高粱品种国甜2011和国甜106为材料, 研究了盐分对甜高粱种子萌发期生长过程的影响, 并比较了耐盐性差异。以耐盐性弱的国甜106为试材, 探究盐分胁迫下不同生长调节物质[γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、激动素(KT)和水杨酸(SA)]对甜高粱种子吸水萌发过程中生长特性的调节效应。表明, 盐分胁迫显著抑制种子的吸水萌发, 降低种子的吸水速率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数, 增加种子的相对盐害率和丙二醛(MDA)含量。外源生长调节物质可有效缓解盐害, 显著增加种子的吸水率、发芽率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量, 提高SOD (超氧化物岐化酶)、POD (过氧化物酶)、CAT (过氧化氢酶)的活性, 促进K ⁺、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺离子的吸收, 降低Na ⁺和MDA含量。外源生长调节物质主要是通过提高保护酶活性、渗透调剂物质含量和维持体内离子平衡来提高耐盐性。GA₃和GABA对盐害的缓解效应较好, 而KT促进种子对Mg ²⁺的吸收效果较好。本研究表明外源生长调节物质(尤其是 GA₃和 GABA)可用于盐碱地高粱生产, 为减轻盐碱地对高粱的盐碱胁迫提供了理论依据。     

Waterlogging tolerance of pea at germination

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) are exposed to waterlogging at germination when grown as relay in rice‐based cropping. Ninety‐one germplasm accessions were evaluated in relay (sown in waterlogged soil), and subsequently 10 diverse genotypes compared under relay and sole cropping (conventional tillage sowing) over two seasons in Bangladesh. Contrasting genotypes, BM‐3, NL‐2 and Kaspa, were further evaluated in three waterlogging treatments (drained control, 4 and 8 days waterlogging) in the glasshouse. Conspicuous variation in waterlogging tolerance at germination was observed in the field and confirmed under controlled conditions. In relay sowing in 2011, emergence of a few genotypes was affected by waterlogging. In 2012, emergence in relay was severely affected (12 plants/m²) compared to sole sowing (37 plants/m²). Among genotypes BM‐3 had 6 plants/m² emerge, which all subsequently died, in contrast to NL‐2 in which emergence was 13 plants/m² with all plants surviving. In the glasshouse, there was 14% emergence in BM‐3, 40% in NL‐2 and 55% in Kaspa after 8 days of waterlogging. Such marked differences in waterlogging tolerance at germination in the model pea are the first reported and illustrate prospects for selection to improve adaptation to relay sowing in South Asia.     

Enhancing Seed Germination Rate of Four Turfgrass Genera by Acid Treatments

Turfgrasses are commonly propagated by seeds. In some genera of turfgrasses, the presence of low germination percentage (GP) or rate is the main problem in seed propagation. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the best concentration and duration of sulphuric acid treatment for seeds of the following turfgrass genera: Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.; Festuca rubra L. var. rubra‘Shadow’; Lolium perenne L. ‘Barball’ and Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion’. In the first experiment, sulphuric acid was used with concentrations of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 % for 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. In the second experiment, effects of light/dark (16/8) or dark conditions on germination rates of different mentioned genera were investigated using the best specific acid treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with 100 seeds per replicate kept in plastic Petri dishes. The results indicated that in Cynodon, using 50 % acid for 20–25 min had highest GP and mean daily germination (MDG) in light/dark; in Festuca, using 25 % acid for 15 min had highest GP and MDG in light/dark; in Lolium using 50 % acid for 10 min had highest MDG in dark and in Poa, using 50 % acid for 15–25 min had highest MDG in dark. Both Cynodon and Poa had the highest and Festuca had the lowest GPs. Cynodon and Festuca had the highest and lowest MDGs, respectively. This simple procedure, with considerable results, may be replaced to time-consuming and expensive methods such as seed priming.     

炭化温度对小麦秸秆炭化产率及理化特性的影响

研究了炭化温度对小麦秸秆生物炭产率及理化特性的影响,为小麦秸秆生物炭的制备及还田作用机制提供理论依据。通过低氧炭化法,以20℃/min的升温速度将小麦秸秆炭化至特定温度(100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800℃),然后对其炭化产率和理化性质(孔隙状况、全碳及无机碳含量、CEC含量、表面含氧官能团情况及p H值、FTIR)进行分析,结果表明,低温炭化时小麦秸秆生物炭呈酸性,400℃之后呈碱性;随热解温度的升高,小麦秸秆生物炭的炭化程度逐渐增大,100~400℃产率自91.32%降至18.52%;炭化过程中,小麦秸秆生物炭孔隙增加,结构疏松;比表面积、孔径和比孔容均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且均在400℃时达到最大,分别为6.675 m2/g、13.992 nm、0.015 cm3/g;有机碳含量在200~400℃较高;CEC含量于400~800℃维持在较高水平,处于69.13~84.35 cmol/kg;FTIR和表面含氧官能团的结果显示,小麦秸秆生物炭的芳香化程度随着热解温度的升高而增大,结构也愈加稳定。小麦秸秆的制备以400℃左右的炭化温度条件较为理想。     

Gene cloning of ZmMYB59 transcription factor in maize and its expression during seed germination in response to deep‐sowing and exogenous hormones

Discovering the key genes responsible for deep‐sowing germination is very meaningful to cultivate maize varieties with strong germination ability in soil. In this study, ZmMYB59 gene whose functions remain unknown was successfully cloned. Subcellular localization showed that ZmMYB59 was localized in the nucleus. By analysing cis‐acting elements of its promoter sequence, many elements of MYB binding domain responsive to hormones (particularly gibberellin, GA) were found. On this basis, ZmMYB59 expression in different sowing depths, germination stages, tissues and treatments was analysed by real‐time PCR. ZmMYB59 expression levels in embryos or seedlings were significantly decreased with the increase in sowing depth at 2 days or 4 days after sowing (DAS). Further analysis showed that its expression in mesocotyls was also significantly downregulated with the increase in sowing depth at both 6 DAS and 8 DAS. Similarly, seed soaking with 10^‐5 M GA₃ inhibited ZmMYB59 expression in mesocotyls at 3 DAS. These results suggest that ZmMYB59 may play a negative regulatory role in seed germination in deep soil and the regulation is involved in GA signalling pathway.     

Genetic variation for secondary seed dormancy and seed longevity in a set of black‐seeded European winter oilseed rape cultivars

Secondary seed dormancy in oilseed rape is a phenomenon that allows seeds to survive in the soil for many years without germination. Following soil cultivation, dormant seeds may germinate in subsequent years, and they are the main reason for the occurrence of volunteer oilseed rape plants in successive crops. Inheritance of secondary dormancy may be related to seed longevity (SL) in the soil. Genetic reduction in secondary dormancy and SL could provide a mean to reduce the frequency of volunteer plants and especially the dispersal of transgenic oilseed rape. The aim of the present study was to analyse secondary dormancy, germination rate and SL of 28 black‐seeded winter oilseed rape cultivars using in vitro laboratory tests. The material was tested in field experiments at six different locations in Germany in 2008/2009. Significant effects of the genotype and the location on all traits were found. Heritability was high for secondary dormancy (0.97) and moderate for germination rate (0.70) and SL (0.71). Results indicate that a selection for low secondary dormancy would be effective.     

腐植酸和生物炭配施对饲用甜高粱氮素吸收与土壤氮变化影响研究

为了提高设施农田氮素利用,减轻土壤氮素积累,本研究利用饲用甜高粱为供试作物,将腐植酸和生物炭作为供试材料进行盆栽试验,研究腐植酸和生物炭按照不同比例配合施用对饲用甜高粱氮素吸收与土壤氮变化的影响。试验设对照、生物炭、腐植酸、腐植酸+生物炭、腐植酸+1/2生物炭、1/2腐植酸+生物炭等6个处理。结果表明：腐植酸和生物炭不同配比各处理中,1/2腐植酸+生物炭处理地上部吸氮量占植株总吸氮量最大,说明此处理可以使氮素向地上部比例增加,对于饲用甜高粱氮素吸收效果较好;腐植酸+生物炭处理可以降低土壤氮素含量,有利于土壤氮素转化。因此,腐植酸和生物炭按照适宜比例进行配合施用对提高氮素利用率、促进土壤氮素转化、降低土壤氮素积累有积极作用。     

Hydrotime Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) Seed Germination Under Different Temperatures

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is an oil‐seed species that has recently become an object of great interest as a promising crop for energy purposes (biodiesel and biolubricant production). In semi‐arid regions of South Italy, soil moisture at sowing time is often inadequate, delaying and reducing seed germination. In this study, the effect of reduced water potential on seed germination in three cultivars of B. carinata (ISCI 7, CT 180 and Sincron) was investigated in the laboratory. Germination behaviour at constant temperatures under low water availability was also analysed through the hydrotime model. Six water potentials (ψ_s) in PEG solution (0, ?0.2, ?0.4, ?0.6, ?0.8 and ?1.0 MPa) and three temperatures (10, 20 and 30 °C) were used for the germination tests. A thermo‐inhibiting effect was observed at the highest levels of water stress. The hydrotime analysis revealed that the increase of temperature to 30 °C reduced predicted hydrotime (θ_H) by hastening the rate of germination, but shifted median base water potential (ψ_b(50)) to higher values (less negative), whereas the lowering of temperature increased θ_H. These observations may have a great agronomic impact because although fewer seeds germinated at 30 °C at the highest levels of water stress, they may germinate faster in rapidly drying soil. However, genetic differences were observed among cultivars in terms of estimated θ_H and ψ_b(50). The hydrotime modelling approach offered in this study may help predict B. carinata seed germination under soil water deficit conditions occurring under early or late autumnal sowing.     

不同生物质炭对玉米种子萌发及幼苗根系形态特征的影响

为探讨生物质炭对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以美玉(加甜糯)8号为试验材料,在光照培养条件下利用对照、500°C制取的竹叶生物质炭、烟秆生物质炭和小麦秸秆生物质炭进行萌发培养试验,分别对玉米种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数,以及幼苗根系形态等指标进行测定。结果表明：生物质炭对玉米种子萌发无显著影响,而不同生物质炭对玉米幼苗根系发育具有显著抑制作用；竹叶、烟秆和小麦秸秆生物质炭对玉米根长抑制率分别为14.4%、59.7%和37.3%。本试验可初步得出结论：在生物质炭条件下,玉米种子萌发的敏感性比幼苗根系伸长小；而根系抑制率可作为生物质炭对植物毒性评估的一种良好的测试方法。     

花楸树果实浸泡液的萌发抑制作用

对花楸树种子形态及果肉、种子、去皮种子不同浸泡时间下的浸泡液对小麦和白菜种子发芽率及幼苗生长的抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明,花楸树果实果肉、种子、去皮种子浸泡液中均含有水溶性萌发抑制物质,不仅抑制小麦、白菜种子萌发,而且抑制其幼苗高生长和根的伸长。在几种浸泡时间中,浸泡8小时的去皮种子浸泡液对白菜、小麦种子发芽率的抑制作用最为明显,其发芽率分别为65%、89%,但随着浸泡时间的延长而降低;浸泡8h的果肉浸泡液对白菜和小麦幼苗高生长和根伸长的抑制作用最为明显,种子和去皮种子浸泡液(8h)的抑制作用对小麦和白菜的抑制作用次之,随着浸泡时间的延长,果肉浸泡液的抑制作用逐渐减弱,因而采收下来的果实及时净种是清除果肉水溶性抑制物质简单有效的方法。种子内部所含的一些成分是引起种子休眠及发芽率低的内因。     

盐胁迫对不同油菜种子萌发的影响

为明确5种饲料油菜对新疆盐碱土壤的适应性,研究不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200、250 mmol·L-1)的盐(NaCl)胁迫对华油杂62、饲油2号、福油128、金油杂158、福油158等5个饲料油菜种子萌发、生长指标的影响.结果显示,不同浓度的盐溶液对5种饲料油菜种子发芽的抑制程度不同,随盐溶液浓度的增加,...     

Quantitative trait locus analysis of seed germination,seedling vigour and seedling‐regulated hormones in Brassica napus

Good germination and seedling vigour are major breeding targets in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), because seedling vigour and prewinter crop establishment are closely associated with postwinter growth and yield. Here, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to germination, seedling vigour and seedling‐regulated hormones in a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population from a cross between winter oilseed rape parents with high vigour (Express 617) and low vigour (1012‐98). By phenotyping in a climate‐controlled glasshouse, we identified a total of 13 QTL on nine chromosomes for germination and seedling‐related traits at 7 and 14 days after sowing (DAS), explaining up to 11.2% of the phenotypic variation for seedling vigour. Forty‐seven metabolic QTL on 15 chromosomes were identified for auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) at 5 and 12 DAS, explaining up to 49.4% of phenotypic variation in seedling hormone composition. Multitrait QTL hot spots contribute to our understanding of the genetics and metabolomics of germination and seeding vigour in B. napus, and represent potential targets to breed high‐vigour cultivars.