美国梾木(Cornus spp.)花粉活力及萌发特性

为了了解美国梾木花粉活力及萌发特性,采用扫描电镜技术对13个美国梾木无性系花粉形态进行观测与方差分析,并采用荧光显微技术和TTC染色法对无性系2号花粉萌发特性及花粉活力进行观察。结果显示:(1)不同无性系间花粉大小差异不显著,但外壁纹饰差异较大,极面沟距的变异系数最高且遗传最为稳定。(2)花序开花率为75%时花粉活力最高,整花4℃条件下短期保存花粉活力较高。(3)授粉后,多数花粉可在柱头上正常萌发,72 h后花粉管即可进入子房。研究认为,花粉外壁及极面沟距可作为鉴定美国梾木无性系的形态指标,美国梾木花粉活力及萌发特性是抗逆及丰产杂交组合的重要保证。     

高温胁迫下不同杜鹃品种PSII活性变化及其耐热性比较

为了解杜鹃光合机构对高温的响应机制与筛选耐热品种,以7 个杜鹃品种‘胭脂蜜’、‘吐蕊玫瑰’、‘小青莲’、‘夏锦袍’、‘锦袍’、‘艳春’与‘紫鹤’为材料,研究了3 种高温(30℃/28℃、35℃/30℃、38℃/35℃)胁迫下,供试杜鹃品种的外观形态与叶绿素荧光参数Fo（初始荧光）、Fv/Fo（PSII 潜在活性）、Fv/Fm（最大光化学效率）、Fv’/Fm’（PSII 反应中心激发能捕获效率）与NPQ（非光化学猝灭系数）的变化。结果表明：供试杜鹃品种随着胁迫时间增加Fo 上升,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm与Fv’/Fm’下降,变化幅度与胁迫强度及时间成正比;NPQ表现为前期下降后期升高,耐热性强的杜鹃品种叶绿素荧光参数变化幅度小而耐热性差的品种变化幅度大,与外观表现一致。隶属函数综合分析表明,‘胭脂蜜’、‘吐蕊玫瑰’、‘小青莲’耐热性较强,可部分替代常规品种‘紫鹤’应用于城市绿化。     

Flowering, Pod Set and Reproductive Success in Soya Bean

Much of the variation in yield of soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and other grain crops is associated with changes in the number of pods and seeds per unit area. Photosynthesis and seed characteristics are the primary determinants of pod and seed number, but recent research suggests that the temporal distribution of flower production may also play an important role. Soya bean has a long flowering period (up to 40 days or more), but most of the flowers are produced in a much shorter time. The length of the period varies among cultivars, growth habits (indeterminate and determinate) and environments. The reproductive success of flowers produced early in the period is usually greater than those produced later. Little is known, however, of the regulation of the temporal distribution of flower production or its potential role in determining pod and seed number at maturity. Research is needed to determine first, if the temporal distribution can be manipulated to increase pod and seed set and secondly, if such increases would result in higher yields.     

万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

为探明造成万寿菊雄性不育系结实率低的原因,对万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性进行了研究。采用花粉离体萌发法研究万寿菊自交系V-01花粉萌发适宜温度、花粉活力日变化和适宜贮存条件;用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测万寿菊雄性不育系S-261、S-17-06-29、S-0191不育株柱头的可授性;水溶性苯胺蓝染色法检测花粉在柱头的萌发情况。结果表明：（1）万寿菊V-01适宜萌发温度介于25~30℃之间;V-01花粉活力日变化趋势为先升高后降低,11-13时采集的花粉萌发率最高;4℃干燥贮存是最适宜的花粉贮存条件。（2）万寿菊柱头形态呈‘γ’状时有可授性,可授性可持续3天。（3）万寿菊花粉授粉到柱头上1 h内即可萌发,授粉后2 h,花粉细胞达到花粉管内。     

酸枣花器官结构、花粉形态及生活力比较研究

为了给酸枣花器官研究、花粉生活力的快速测定提供理论依据,笔者测定了不同的酸枣类型花器官结构、花粉形态及花粉萌发率和生活力的差异。结果表明：（1）不同的酸枣类型花序花朵数、花冠直径、蜜盘直径、雄蕊长度等方面都有不同程度的差异。花序花朵数一般在2~9个;单花雄蕊个数为5个;蜜盘颜色一般有淡黄色和黄绿色2种。（2）酸枣花粉比较小,通常在18.86~26.19 μm,以近球形为主,萌发孔以三孔沟居多。（3）不同的酸枣类型花粉的萌发率存在显著差异,其中酸枣4的萌发率最高,为32.54%;TTC法和I-KI法测定的花粉生活力显著高于离体培养法,测定值误差较大,故离体培养法更适合酸枣花粉生活力的测定。     

高温胁迫下白三叶种子萌发特性及耐热性研究

通过不同温度处理,对7个白三叶品种的种子萌发特性和耐热性进行了研究。结果表明,40℃胁迫下种子不发芽;在20～35℃范围内,白三叶种子发芽率随温度升高而降低,变温(20℃16 h,35℃8 h)处理可改善高温对种子萌发的抑制程度;相比变温和低温处理,高温(25～35℃)处理缩短了种子萌发所需的时间。高温处理可促进胚根的发育,变温处理对胚根也有这种作用,但抑制胚芽的生长。不同品种对高温的耐受能力不同,通过耐热性综合评价,可将白三叶品种划分为3个耐热等级,其中胡依阿属于耐热性强的品种,雷托、克劳和鄂牧1号耐热性中等,海法、路易斯安那和G 18耐热性较弱。     

芋花粉活力测定及最佳贮藏方法的选择

为确保芋杂交育种实验的有效开展,研究芋花粉活力测定和花粉贮藏的方法。实验结果表明,柱头稀释液培养法和培养基萌发法均能有效测定芋的花粉活力;芋花粉萌发的最佳培养基配方是:10 mg/L硼酸+0.01%无水氯化钙+5%蔗糖。芋花粉的寿命短,但不同芋品种的花粉寿命不同;芋花粉在15%空气湿度或-20℃干燥条件下可以贮藏相对较长的时间。     

桃花粉活性检测和离体萌发特性的研究

果树花粉活力直接影响授粉、受精乃至座果。为了解果树品种的花粉生活力,给引种栽培和杂交育种工作创造有利条件,以桃花粉为试验材料,采用染色方法检测花粉的活性。试验结果表明,含有蓝墨水的花粉培养基,花粉萌发率可以达到64.67%,与对照相比差异不明显,因此该方法比较适合于快速检测花粉活性;固体培养基培养2个品种桃花粉,萌发率比液体培养基培养分别高25%和20%。另外温度、花粉密度、培养基中蔗糖及硼酸浓度都对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度有影响,在温度为24℃、1粒花药/100 μL、10%的蔗糖或100 mg/L的硼酸的条件下,均有利于花粉萌发和花粉管生长。     

蚕丝蛋白溶液对高温胁迫下生菜种子萌发的影响初探

【研究目的】初步探讨不同浓度的3种蚕丝蛋白溶液（大分子量丝素蛋白溶液、小分子量丝素蛋白溶液、丝胶溶液）对高温胁迫下生菜种子萌发的影响【方法】以瑞比特、津科、皇帝、圣代四种生菜品种为材料,用不同浓度的3种蚕丝蛋白溶液浸种4小时,对照为蒸馏水浸种。之后在高温环境下（35℃）进行催芽,并测定发芽率、发芽势、活力指数和单株鲜重。【结果】经适应浓度的3种蚕丝蛋白溶液处理的生菜种子,在高温胁迫下,发芽率、发芽势、活力指数和单株鲜重均不同程度的高于对照。【结论】实验初步确定蚕丝蛋白溶液处理能缓解高温胁迫对生菜种子萌发的抑制效应。同时通过综合比较50mg/L大分子量丝素蛋白溶液和100mg/L小分子量丝素蛋白溶液处理效果较好。     

大丽花花粉活力及离体萌发研究

为筛选大丽花花粉活力有效的测定方法,了解大丽花不同品种的花粉活力,以大丽花栽培品种为试验材料,采用4种方法检测大丽花花粉活力,在此基础上,采用单因素试验和正交设计试验分别对大丽花花粉的离体萌发培养条件及培养基组分进行优化,得到最优方案后进一步检测、比较不同品种之间的花粉活力。研究结果显示,TTC染色法不能使花粉着色,I₂-KI和孢粉染色法不能有效区分有活力和无活力花粉,离体萌发法效果良好,可准确直观地反映大丽花花粉活力状况, 是测定大丽花花粉活力的有效方法。当培养条件为pH 6.0、温度25℃、培养时间2.5 h时,花粉萌发率最高。培养基组分对大丽花花粉萌发的影响程度依次为PEG>蔗糖>硼酸,实际最佳处理组合为A₃B₄C₂,即PEG4000 25 g/L、蔗糖60 g/L、硼酸50 mg/L的处理组合下,大丽花花粉萌发率最高达62.1%。采用上述获得的最优方案检测22个大丽花品种的花粉活力,花粉萌发率为11.75%~78.72%,不同品种的花粉萌发率差异大,其中,‘兰花公主’的花粉萌发率最低,‘波彻儿’最高。大丽花品种的花粉活力多样性丰富,所测定的22个大丽花品种有14个品种正常可育,杂交时可用作父本;8个品种为半不育或低不育,杂交时更适合作母本。     

高温胁迫对芹菜种子萌发和幼苗生长以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以耐热性不同的4个芹菜品种(韩育黄芹,3号,黄心芹,申香芹)为材料,在15,25,30,35℃不同温度条件下(以20℃为对照),通过对不同耐热品种的比较分析,研究高温胁迫对芹菜种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,在30℃高温条件下芹菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数显著降低,且品种耐热性越强,受抑制程度越低.高温对幼苗的根系有显著抑制作用,但对株高影响不明显.同时,在35℃高温处理下,不同耐热性芹菜品种植株相对生长量表现差异显著,叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm,YⅡ和qP都有不同程度下降,且表现为芹菜品种耐热性越差,下降趋势越明显,NPQ则呈现相反的趋势.进一步模拟38℃高温,调查热害指数发现72 h高温处理后各品种芹菜差异最显著,且与田间观察结果一致.     

Floral Traits and Seed Production of Sorghum A-, B- and R-lines under Chilling Field Temperatures

In A-lines of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), seed production under field conditions with manual pollination is generally lower than that in self-pollinated B-lines. This may be associated with floral differences. Six pairs of A/B-lines and four R-lines were evaluated during 2005 and 2006 at Montecillo, State of México (2240 m altitude). Rachis length, number of primary branches and fertile flowers per panicle, 100-seed weight, seed number, seed yield and seed set per panicle were evaluated. In the A-lines, the pistil characteristics were also measured and in the male-fertile lines, the size of anthers and the amount and size of viable pollen were recorded. Compared with the A- and B-lines, the R-lines exhibited significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) numbers of flowers, seed set and seed yield per panicle and they also produced more pollen grains of larger size and with greater viability during their longer flowering period (FP). Between A- and B-lines, there were differences (P ≤ 0.05) in most of the yield traits, which also interacted with year. The proportion of viable pollen in B- and R-lines (75 %) was not considered to be a factor that might account for their low seed production. Chilling temperatures (3.5–8.4 °C) during the FP could have affected stigma receptivity in the three different line types and thus may have reduced seed set in the male-fertile lines.     

内蒙古河套灌区油用向日葵高温胁迫的关键温度

为了确定河套地区油用向日葵高温胁迫的关键温度,以防御或减轻高温对其影响,采用当地油用向日葵主栽品种进行试验,综合分析高温胁迫后叶绿素荧光参数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及过氧化物酶POD的变化情况,确定其高温指标。结果表明:(1)高温胁迫后,36℃和39℃分别是大多数荧光参数值变化的转折温度;(2)39~40℃是向日葵叶片及花可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及过氧化物酶POD活性进行自身调节的转折温度;(3)荧光参数在高温胁迫下变化更灵敏,综合分析各项指标表明,36℃和39℃是开展油用向日葵高温热害气象服务的关键温度。     

高温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

在40℃/30℃(d/n)高温条件下分别进行0d、2d、4d、6d 的处理,观察了蝴蝶兰幼苗的形态变化,研究了蝴蝶兰兰幼苗叶片某些生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,随胁迫时间的延长,超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)产生速率加快,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,细胞膜脂过氧化作用明显加强;可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量逐渐增加;高温胁迫2d,可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性迅速上升,但相对电导率的增加并不大,叶绿素含量的下降也较小,与对照处理的相比差异不显著,说明蝴蝶兰幼苗可通过增加可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性来提高其耐热性。之后可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降,相对电导率急剧上升。     

Causes of Sterility in Seed Set of Rice under Salinity Stress

The effects of salinity at 50 mM NaCl on floral characteristics, yield components, and biochemical and physiological attributes of the sensitive rice variety IR‐28 were studied under controlled conditions to determine the causes of sterility in seed set under salinity stress. The results showed significant decreases in panicle weight, panicle length, primary branches/panicle, filled seeds/panicle, unfilled seeds/panicle, filled seeds/plant, unfilled seeds/plant, total seeds/panicle, total seed weight/panicle, 1000‐seed weight and total seed weight/plant. The sodium content in different leaves and floral parts increased significantly. In contrast, the potassium content was decreased significantly in leaves and floral parts. A reduction in chlorophyll a and b was also noted in different parts of the leaves. Inhibition of transpiration and photosynthesis was observed in flag leaves at the grain‐filling stage. Soluble carbohydrates in different leaves were reduced significantly in salinized plants but their content in different floral parts was increased, with the exception of primary and secondary branch spikelets. Under salinity stress, total protein concentration in flag, second and third leaves were higher than in control plants. The viability of rice pollen was reduced significantly in salinized plants. It was further observed that starch synthetase activity (α1–4‐glucan glucosyle transferases) in developing rice grains was inhibited very significantly under salinity stress. From these results, it is inferred that sterility and significant reductions in seed set in rice were not merely due to reduction or inhibition of different biochemical constituents and physiological functions, but were mainly due to limitation of soluble carbohydrate translocation in primary and secondary spikelets, accumulation of more sodium and less potassium in all the floral parts, and highly significant inhibition of specific activity of starch synthetase in developing rice grains, thus resulting in failure of seed set.     

高温逆境胁迫对油桃生理特征影响的研究

为分析油桃的耐热特性,为耐热品种选育研究奠定基础,以‘早红珠’油桃嫁接苗为试材,研究不同高温胁迫对植株形态特征和生理指标变化。结果表明,高温胁迫对植株形态特征产生影响,随着温度升高和持续,受害指数加大,33℃和39℃高温胁迫对植株生长影响小,45℃高温胁迫3d后植株热害症状明显;高温胁迫下,植株生理指标呈规律性变化,随着温度升高,叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量降低,且随着胁迫持续下降幅度越大;除胁迫初期外,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈微增－减少－增加趋势;脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐增加,但45℃高温条件下,随着胁迫延长其含量急剧下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性持续缓慢升高,除45℃高温处理第3d外,其活性在其他处理时增幅小;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升后降,39℃处理时达峰值;高温下植株受害指数与Chl、Car、MDA、Pro、SOD及CAT等生理指标间具有显著相关性。     

Water Deficit Reduced Fertility of Young Microspores Resulting in a Decline of Viable Mature Pollen and Grain Set in Rice

Pollen formation in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is highly vulnerable to environmental stresses such as heat, chilling and drought. In rice plants exposed to drought during male reproductive development, the most obvious damage often observed is a decline in the number of engorged pollen and grain set. This has been well characterized in rice under chilling and to a lesser extent under drought stress. Moreover, detailed literature on the immediate effects of drought on developing young microspores in rice is still limited. Here, we report findings from experiments on rice plants exposed to water deficit for three consecutive days during early stages of anther development. When the osmotic potential of the growing medium was equal to or less than −0.5 MPa, as induced by polyethylene glycol, the leaf water potential was significantly lowered and grain set was reduced. A strong correlation between grain set and viable young microspores (P < 0.001, r² = 0.8223) indicates that water deficit immediately reduced fertility of rice plants at the time of exposure. This result suggests a new underlying mechanism of water deficit-induced pollen abortion in rice.     

PEG-6000模拟干旱及NaCl和温度胁迫对不结球白菜种子活力的影响

以不结球白菜品种矮脚黄种子为材料,研究聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫、NaCl胁迫和温度胁迫下,种子萌发和内部抗氧化相关特性及其渗透调节物质的变化。结果表明:不结球白菜种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数随3种胁迫的加重而显著下降,不正常苗率显著上升;随着3种胁迫的加重,SOD和POD活性均下降,CAT活性先有上升的趋势,胁迫加重时降低,活性氧产生速率加快,H_2O_2积累,造成生物膜破坏,相对电导率上升;逆境胁迫下,渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量显著增加。综上说明,不结球白菜种子在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫、NaCl胁迫和温度胁迫下,其种子抗氧化系统代谢失去协调作用的能力,并造成活性氧积累伤害,渗透调节紊乱,从而降低了种子活力直至种子死亡。     

开花期高温胁迫对水稻花粉粒性状及结实率的影响

为探明花期高温胁迫对水稻花器官及结实率的影响。利用人工气候箱在水稻抽穗开花期对特青及其渗入系YIL106进行高温处理,研究结果表明,高温胁迫下热敏感渗入系YIL106的花粉活力、花粉萌发率、柱头上花粉粒数、花药开裂系数和结实率降低幅度均大于耐热品种特青。表明高温胁迫下,水稻的花粉活力、花粉萌发率、柱头上花粉粒数、花药开裂系数、以及结实率都比常温条件下要低,且高温胁迫对热敏感品系的花粉粒性状及结实率影响更大。     

高温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探究高温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗叶片光合机构的影响,将蝴蝶兰幼苗置于38℃处理4天,以25℃为对照,测定了蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：随着高温胁迫时间的延长,蝴蝶兰叶片叶绿素总含量、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、有效光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)持续下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量、初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)不断上升。与胁迫前相比,胁迫后期的上述指标均存在显著差异。由此表明,高温胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗PSⅡ反应中心出现了可逆失活或损伤,使光合原初反应过程受阻,显著降低了原初光能转换效率,从而引起严重的光抑制,极大地减弱了光合电子传递活性,使反应中心积累过剩光能,对光合机构和叶绿素造成光氧化破坏,但蝴蝶兰幼苗能在一定程度上通过热耗散途径来减轻伤害。