速收除草肥在胡麻田的药效及安全性初报

采用随机区组设计方法,就速收除草剂与肥料混用在胡麻田中的药效及安全性作了盆栽试验,对不同速收除草肥浓度下胡麻及其模拟杂草的出苗、株高、鲜重等形态指标及胡麻的叶绿素、硝酸还原酶、POD、可溶性糖等生理指标进行了测定分析,结果表明:速收(180g/hm2)与肥料混用对胡麻田有较好的安全性不会对胡麻产生危害,可作为胡麻田良好的除草肥。     

除草剂混用苗期茎叶喷雾防除胡麻田杂草与大面积应用示范

为达到一次使用除草剂兼防胡麻田阔叶杂草与禾本科杂草,笔者开展了2甲·辛酰溴等3种新型阔叶杂草除草剂与高效氟吡甲禾灵等7种禾本科杂草除草剂混用苗期茎叶喷雾防除胡麻田杂草试验。结果表明:40%2甲·辛酰溴EC 1500 mL/hm2或30%辛酰溴苯腈EC 1500 mL/hm2与108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1500 mL/hm2等7种禾本科杂草除草剂混用对胡麻田阔叶杂草均具优良防效,株防效和鲜重防效在94.17%~98.71%之间。40%2甲·辛酰溴EC 1500 mL/hm2或30%辛酰溴苯腈EC 1500 mL/hm2、80%溴苯腈SP 600 g/hm2与108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1500 mL/hm2或10%精喹禾灵EC 900 mL/hm2、50 g/L唑啉草酯EC 1350 mL/hm2、15%炔草酯WP 750 g/hm2混用对胡麻田禾本科杂草均具优良防效,株防效和鲜重防效在97.22%~100%之间。从安全性、兼防效果、用药成本和增产效果综合评价,40%2甲·辛酰溴EC 1500 mL/hm2或30%辛酰溴苯腈EC 1500 mL/hm2+108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1500 mL/hm2或10%精喹禾灵EC 900 mL/hm2是苗期茎叶喷雾一次用药兼防胡麻田阔叶杂草与禾本科杂草的最佳组合,宜在胡麻生产中大面积推广应用。     

固原地区胡麻田昆虫群落组成及多样性研究

为了解固原胡麻田昆虫群落组成及其多样性,从群落水平考虑胡麻田害虫防治,进而为胡麻生产的有害生物综合管理提供参考,用常规扫网法在宁夏固原市头营镇和张易镇定期对胡麻田昆虫数量和种类进行调查。结果表明：胡麻地共有昆虫9目35科59种,其中害虫7目27科43种,天敌昆虫5目9科16种。主要害虫有亚麻蚜、苜蓿盲蝽、豌豆潜叶蝇、牛角花翅蓟马,主要天敌昆虫有多异瓢虫、异色瓢虫、中华草蛉。2个调查区昆虫群落组成为头营田间昆虫种类数大于张易,整个生育期内盛花期昆虫种类数最多。头营的群落特征指数与样地所处海拔有关,海拔高的胡麻田昆虫群落种类较海拔低的胡麻田丰富,昆虫群落结构较稳定。张易的群落特征指数与当地胡麻生长状况及周围环境有一定关系。头营各点胡麻田昆虫群落差异较大,张易各点相关性系数值普遍大于头营,群落关系较为紧密。该试验获得了固原地区胡麻田昆虫群落组成的基础资料数据,了解了不同地区昆虫群落多样性存在的差异,为胡麻田害虫研究及科学管理奠定了基础。     

噻吩磺隆混加苯唑草酮或灭草松对胡麻田阔叶杂草防效好且安全

<正>为了筛选出防除阔叶杂草高效安全的胡麻田化学除草剂,内蒙古乌兰察布市农牧业科学院于5月在苗期用30%苯唑草酮SC等5种单剂除草剂、30%苯唑草酮SC180m L/hm~2+48%灭草松AS 2250m L/hm~2等7种混用组合除草剂,开展了茎叶喷雾防除胡麻田阔叶杂草试验。试验结果表明,有2个混用组合除草剂对胡麻田阔叶杂草防效优良,30%苯唑草酮S C180m L/hm~2+15%噻吩     

推荐氟咯草酮与二甲戊灵或乙草胺复配在棉田播后苗前防治杂草

正为明确氟咯草酮分别与二甲戊灵、乙草胺混用在棉田的除草效果及安全性,山东农业大学植物保护学院研究人员采用土壤喷雾法测定比较了各单剂及相应混剂对杂草的田间防效,并对棉花的安全性进行了评价。结果表明,氟咯草酮分别与二甲戊灵、乙草胺混用时对反枝苋、铁苋菜、醴肠、马齿苋、牛筋草等棉田主要杂草均具有较好的防效。氟咯草酮与二甲戊灵、乙草胺混用处理,低剂量处理组棉花基本无药害现     

除草药肥的研究及应用前景

<正>一、除草药肥的研究进展日本从20世界60年代初便开始研究将除草剂五氯苯酚(PCP)混入肥料中作基肥施用,以期达到节省人力,延续除草效果的目的。美国科研人员在60年代中期发现扑草净能强烈抑制硝化作用和反硝化作用,减少氮的损失,还能增强生物固氮作用,增加土壤中氮的含量。20世纪80年代初,美国提出可供混用的除草剂300     

4种除草剂对胡麻田油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦的防除效果

中国西北和华北地区油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦种植面积较大,其收获时遗落在土壤中的种子翌年出苗后变成了严重危害胡麻的杂草,已成为胡麻生产中亟待解决的突出问题。笔者对2甲·辛酰溴等4种除草剂防除胡麻田油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦开展了应用试验,结果表明：40% 2甲·辛酰溴乳油、25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油和80%溴苯腈可溶粉剂3种除草剂是防除胡麻田油菜的高效除草剂,在600、450、480 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效和鲜重防效均达100%,胡麻增产率分别为83.24%、87.79%、88.13%,3种除草剂在推荐剂量下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量分别为600、450、480 g/hm²。40% 2甲·辛酰溴乳油、25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油、80%溴苯腈可溶粉剂和24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂4种除草剂是防除胡麻田荞麦的高效除草剂,在660、450、540、180 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效在90.32%~98.07%,鲜重防效在97.30%~99.27%,胡麻增产率在87.31%~92.80%,4种除草剂在推荐剂量下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量分别为660、450、540、180 g/hm²,24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂需使用防护罩喷头进行定向喷雾。24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂是防除胡麻田苦荞麦的高效除草剂,在216 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.42%和98.71%,胡麻增产率为94.24%,此种除草剂在使用防护罩喷头进行定向喷雾条件下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量为216 g/hm²。     

二氯吡啶酸适用于防除胡麻田刺儿菜

正针对胡麻田恶性杂草刺儿菜,宁夏农林科学院固原分院研究人员选用75%二氯吡啶酸钾盐可溶粉剂加以防除,并对其药效及对胡麻的安全性进行了综合评价。结果表明,75%二氯吡啶酸钾盐可溶粉剂对刺儿菜具有很好的防除效果,可使刺儿菜的根部生长受到抑制,最终导致其腐烂。当药剂有效剂量为236.3、270.0g/hm~2时,药后45天株防效可达到96.97%和96.53%,药后60天烂根率可达到94.20%和94.90%。选择在刺儿菜全部出苗后施药可显著提高防除效果。药剂对胡麻营养生长和生殖生长     

氟咯草酮及其混剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为明确氟咯草酮分别与二甲戊灵、乙草胺混用在棉田的除草效果及安全性,采用土壤喷雾法测定比较了各单剂及相应混剂对杂草的田间防效,并对棉花的安全性进行评价。结果表明,氟咯草酮分别与二甲戊灵、乙草胺混用时对反枝苋、铁苋菜、醴肠、马齿苋、牛筋草均具有较好的防效。根据室内及田间试验观察,并综合防效、成本等因素,在实际生产应用中,推荐以下2种药剂混用组合在棉花田播后苗前进行推广应用：氟咯草酮450.0 g a.i./hm² 二甲戊灵495.0 g a.i./hm²;氟咯草酮450.0 g a.i./hm² 乙草胺750.0 g a.i./hm²。     

施肥切记“五不混“

农家肥不能与草木灰、石灰氮、石灰、钙镁磷肥等碱性肥料混用。因为人畜粪尿中的主要成分是氮,若与强碱性肥料混用,则会中和而失效。过磷酸钙不能与草木灰、石灰氮等碱性肥料混用,否则会降低磷的有效性。磷矿粉、骨粉等难溶性磷肥也不能与草木灰、石灰氮等碱性肥料混用,否则会使难溶性磷肥更难溶解,作物无法吸收利用。钙镁磷肥等碱性肥料不能与铵态氮肥混施。因为碱性肥料若与铵态氮肥料如碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵等混施,则会增加氨的挥发性,从而降低肥效。未腐熟的农家肥不能与硝酸铵混施。因为未腐熟的农家肥要经过分解腐烂后才…     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

包膜互混肥对油菜养分吸收和产量的影响

为了探明包膜肥对油菜产量和养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,研究包膜互混肥对‘湘杂油1613’氮磷钾养分吸收和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：施肥量相同的条件下,包膜互混肥能够显著提高油菜籽粒产量,产量达到2646.1 kg/hm2,增产幅度为26.9%。包膜互混肥能够有效提高有效角果数和每角果粒数,千粒重也有小幅提高。包膜互混肥处理氮磷钾积累量相对较高,且氮磷钾积累量与产量的相关性达到显著水平。     

Nitrogen nutrition index and its relationship to N use efficiency in linseed

Plant-based diagnostic techniques such as the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) are used to determine the level of crop N nutrition, but research, especially on linseed, is limited. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there is a relationship between the NNI of linseed and N use efficiency (NUE) and to use NNI as a diagnostic tool for predicting seed yield response to N fertilization. The relationship between NNI and NUE was investigated in a two year field study of three linseed cultivars (Livia, Lirina, Creola) under different N fertilization conditions (0, 40, and 80 kg ha^?1). N fertilization affected N concentration in different plant parts. The NNI varied from 0.65 to 1.16 across years, growth stage, and cultivar and was affected by the fertilization level. Linseed NUE and its components (N uptake efficiency and N utilization efficiency) were also affected by the cultivar, N fertilization, growing season, and interactions among these variables. N utilization efficiency accounted for more of the variation of NUE than did N uptake efficiency in most cases, and a negative correlation was found between NUE and N utilization efficiency and also between seed yield and NNI. This study provides new information about the effect of N application on NNI and NUE in linseed. High yields of linseed are dependent on an adequate supply of N, which can be diagnosed using NNI.     

不同类型生物炭混施对土壤磷素淋失的影响试验研究

[目的]研究旨在将竹炭和木炭混施入土壤,比较分析不同生物炭处理对土壤磷素淋失的影响,以期为寻求更高效的生物炭土壤改良技术提供新的思路。[方法]基于土柱淋洗模拟试验,设置CK(不施生物炭和磷肥)、P(单施磷肥)、1:0(施磷肥和木炭)、0:1(施磷肥和竹炭)和1:1(施磷肥和按1:1混合的木炭、竹炭)5组处理,以不同填装容重和淋洗间隔进行两轮实验,测定淋溶液中正磷酸盐含量及pH 值。[结果]两轮实验结果表明:施用生物质炭可显著增加土壤pH值,有效抑制磷素淋失20 %以上。竹炭抑制土壤磷素淋失的效果显著优于木炭,将木炭和竹炭以1:1的比例混施能够提高木炭对磷素淋失的抑制效果。[结论]不同类型生物炭混施技术在控制土壤磷素淋失方面具有良好的应用前景,为寻求更高效的生物炭土壤改良技术,应进一步加强对生物炭的性质、施用量、土壤类型和肥力状况等的综合试验研究。     

不同种植密度及施肥水平对三角叶薯蓣产量的影响

研究种植密度及施肥水平对三角叶薯蓣产量的影响,为三角叶薯蓣高效栽培提供理论依据和指导。采用种植密度、有机厩肥、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥5个可控栽培因子4水平正交试验设计,16个处理,3次重复,小区面积12 m2。试验结果表明:16个试验处理的产量折合在6241.67~26416.67 kg/hm2之间,种植密度、钾肥用量、底肥用量、氮肥用量4个试验因子F值达到极显著水平,磷肥用量F值达显著水平,不同试验处理对三角叶薯蓣产量影响显著。种植密度15万株/hm2,施用底肥45000 kg/hm2,氮肥375 kg/hm2,磷肥750 kg/hm2,钾肥480 kg/hm2为该试验设计的最优试验组合。合理的种植密度和施肥配比能有效提高三角叶薯蓣的产量;种植密度、钾肥用量、底肥用量、氮肥用量是影响三角叶薯蓣产量的关键因子。     

有机无机肥配施对云烟97烤烟品种产质量的影响

为筛选出最优的菜籽饼有机肥与无机肥配施比例,改善烟叶品质,通过设置不同处理,研究有机无机肥不同比例配施对烤烟品种‘云烟97’产质量的影响。结果表明,在曲靖沾益烟区,施用纯氮量为90 kg/hm2,腐熟菜籽饼有机肥等量替代20%纯氮,施用量360kg/hm2,烤烟专用基肥399kg/hm2 对植烟土壤有改良作用,能促进烤烟品种‘云烟97’的正常生长,显著降低烤烟主要土传病害的发病率(P<0.05),并能使烟叶内在化学成分更协调,协调性较对照平均提高14.4%,抽吸品质平均提升5.90%,烤后烟叶产量、产值、均价和中上等烟比例分别提高8.39%、13.17%、4.41%和6.93%,经济效益明显。     

Isolation of induced mutants in linseed (Linum usitatissimum) having reduced linolenic acid content

Summary Seeds of Linum usitatissimum cv. Glenelg were treated with either gamma-rays or EMS in an attempt to induce mutations with a lower level of linolenic acid in linseed oil. Two mutant lines were identified in which linolenic acid constituted approximately 29% of the total fatty acid content compared with 43% in seed oil from untreated Glenelg plants. The reduced level of linolenic acid in the mutants is accompanied by an increase in the level of linoleic acid to 30% compared with 18% in Glenelg, but there was no change in the proportions of other fatty acids. These proportions of linolenic acid and linolenic acid are respectively the highest and lowest yet reported in stable genotypes of L. usitatissimum. The strong inverse relationship between these two fatty acids in these genotypes suggests that linolenic acid is synthesised by desaturation of linolenic acid and indicates that it may be possible to breed an edible linseed oil having both low levels of linolenic acid and high levels of linolenic acid.     

基于休耕轮作的人与自然和谐的农村生态环境的构建

针对目前农村化肥、农药的过量使用造成日益严重的水源污染,以及土壤贫瘠化、物种单一化倾向,借鉴国外先进的农耕方式,提出了一种解决办法------休耕轮作,从粮食安全问题、农民收入、改善土壤、物种保护等几方面论述了采用该方法的必要性、可行性。     

不同类型钾肥对棉花苗期生长发育和叶片生理特性的影响

在田问试验条件下,研究了单独施用速效钾肥、控释钾肥以及两者配合施用对棉花苗期生长发育和叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明,施用钾肥能够不同程度地提高棉苗的株高、单株叶面积、倒四叶叶面积、单株叶片数和地上部干质量,促进棉苗的生长发育.同时施钾能够促进棉花功能叶片(倒四叶)叶绿素的合成,增强光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在的光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学效率(φP Ⅱ),从而提高了功能叶片的光合速率.同时施用钾肥还提高了棉花功能叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,降低了过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,减少了膜脂过氧化物MDA的产生,有利于延缓功能叶片的衰老.不同类型钾肥处理中,单独施用速效钾肥及速效和控释钾肥的配施均能够促进棉花的生长发育和改善叶片的生理特性,但单独施用控释钾肥的效果并不显著,因此在土壤缺钾较严重条件下单独施用控释钾肥时,配合施用一定的速效钾肥对于促进棉花苗期的生长发育和改善叶片的生理特性具有重要的意义.