国家水土流失重点治理县水土保持实践与探究——以江西省南城县为例

基于《江西省水土保持公报(2021)》以及第一次全国水利普查江西省水土保持情况普查等重要成果,选取国家级水土流失重点治理县江西省南城县为典型代表,阐述了南城县水土流失现状及其变化,水土保持工作形式分析、工作做法与成效等,希望为其它地区和未来的水土保持工作提供借鉴与参考。     

甘肃水土保持实践与可持续发展思考

多年来,甘肃省认真贯彻落实水土保持法等一系列法律法规,以大示范区建设为突破口,以小流域综合治理为主线,以梯田建设为重点,突出预防监督和规范化建设,走出了一条"以防治水土流失为基础,以建立市场经济为导向,以培育支柱产业为纽带,以促进生态建设为目标"的可持续发展之路。从甘肃水土资源现状与环境背景出发,分析了多年来水土保持建设的成功实践和防治成效,提出了进一步深化水土保持工作机制与建设理念的构想。     

云南以重点工程为龙头全面推进水土保持生态建设

<正>"十一五"期间,云南省在水土保持生态建设中,坚持重点工程带动战略,以"长治"工程、"珠治"工程等重点工程为龙头,以县为单位,以小流域为单元,山水田林路统筹规划,生物、工程、农艺措施相结合,实行综合、集中、规模、连续治理,取得了显著成效。5年来,全省共治理水土流失面积1.39万km2。通过持续的综合治理,水土保持重点治理区实现了"三增加、三减少、三改善"的显著效益:增加了基本农田、增加了粮食产量、增加了群众收入;减少     

青海省水土保持规划难点与成果分析

水土保持是青海实现以生态保护优先理念协同推进经济社会发展与生态文明建设的重要抓手。《青海省水土保持规划(2016—2030年)》在准确把握水土保持工作面临的新形势、新机遇、新挑战基础上,以防治水土流失,合理利用、开发和保护水土资源为主线,科学制定了水土保持方略、防治目标与总体布局,建立了数据融合挖掘、区划精准界定、分区量化布局和监督体制机制,以全国水土保持区划为依据,以省级水土保持区划为基础,以国家级和省级水土流失重点防治区复核划分成果为重点治理区域,全面实施预防保护,重点加强江河源区、重要饮用水水源地、环青海湖区域和风沙区生态保护,充分发挥自然修复作用,以小流域为单元开展综合治理,加强重点区域、坡耕地和侵蚀沟水土流失治理,构建水土保持决策支持平台和规划设计—保护治理—工程建设—监测评估—监督管理全链条监管制度体系,是青海省保护和改善生态环境、加快生态系统建设、推动经济社会高质量持续发展的重要支撑。     

重庆市潼南区水土流失重点防治区划分研究

水土流失重点防治区划分是水土保持规划的重要组成部分.在重庆市市级水土流失重点防治区划分的基础上,结合潼南区实际情况,以村为基本划分单元,运用ArcGIS空间分析工具,采用定量指标与定性指标相结合的方法,建立专题图层数据库,采用空间分析法进行了潼南区水土流失重点防治区划分,确定重点预防区面积为112.41 km2、重点治...     

仁怀市水土保持规划编制探讨

水土保持规划是今后水土保持工作开展的重要依据。通过对仁怀市水土流失和水土保持现状的分析和评价,结合贵州省水土保持区划成果,将仁怀市划分为5个水土保持类型区,提出仁怀市水土流失治理的基本思路及总体布局:以省级水土流失重点治理区、市级水土流失重点治理区为重点,兼顾县级水土保持重点预防区和重点治理区。     

平罗县水土保持工作实践与思考

平罗县牢固树立生态建设理念,以水土保持综合治理、宣传教育、水土流失监测、预防监督为重点,深入开展水土保持各项工作,全面开展了系统治理与保护,严格落实了水土保持"三同时"制度,不断强化日常监督检查,有效控制了人为水土流失。进入新时代,对照高标准,平罗县将在转变思路、提升治理体系和治理能力、构建科学完备的水土保持监测服务体系等方面开展积极有益的探索。     

黄河故道田马园水土保持科技示范园建设成效

近年来,黄河故道上游的冠县田马园村,坚持以人为本、人与自然和谐相处的理念,以生态环境保护和经济效益为中心,以科技进步为先导,以防治水土流失、合理开发利用水土资源为重点,大力推进水土保持生态工程建设,在昔日不毛之地上建成了具有水土保持生态建设、农业科技示范、城郊旅游等多功能的科技示范园区,被水利部命名为国家级水土保持科技示范园,为黄河故道风沙区综合治理与社会经济的可持续发展提供了良好范例。     

总结经验 精心谋划 全力开创云南水土保持工作新局面

"十一五"期间,云南水利系统紧紧围绕预防监督、综合治理、生态修复、监测预报四项任务,以促进水土资源的可持续利用和生态环境的可持续维护为根本目标,围绕"七彩云南"保护行动计划,认真实施了"长治"工程、"国债"项目、"珠治"试点工程、生态修复试点工程、大示范区建设、水土保持世界银行贷款项目等综合治理工程,深入贯彻落实开发建设项目水土保持"三同时"制度,水土保持工作取得了显著成绩,积累了很多好经验、好做法。在"十二五"及今后一段时间,要认真总结经验,全面做好预防监督、综合治理、生态修复、监测预报、水源保护和人居环境改善等工作,坚持分区治理、分类指导,综合治理与生态修复相结合,采取小流域综合治理、坡耕地整治、生态修复等措施,扎实推进水土保持重点工程建设,有效防治水土流失,力争每5年减少水土流失面积2百分点以上,全力开创云南水土保持工作新局面。     

回顾“十二五” 展望“十三五” 水土保持为生态文明建设提供有力支撑

"十二五"期间,水土保持生态建设工作在完善水土保持法律法规体系、强化水土保持监督管理、扎实开展重点区域水土流失综合治理、搞好以规划为主的顶层设计、夯实基础性工作、深化水土保持改革等方面取得了显著成效,为促进生态文明建设,保障经济社会可持续发展提供了重要支撑。"十三五"期间的工作目标是推广应用"十二五"期间取得的十分珍贵的经验和做法,直面存在的问题和挑战,认真贯彻落实党的十八届五中全会精神和《中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》,深入实施水土保持法,落实国务院批复的《全国水土保持规划(2015—2030年)》,不断开创水土保持工作新局面。工作重点是以贯彻落实水土保持法为重点,认真履行社会管理职责;以全国水土保持规划为引领,推进水土保持工作全面发展;以重点工程为龙头,加快水土流失综合防治步伐;以深化改革为核心,提供优质高效的公共服务;以现代信息技术为载体,着力提高监管效能;以国策宣传教育为抓手,切实增强公众水保意识。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

建设类与建设生产类开发建设项目水土保持方案的异同分析

20世纪末,开发建设项目水土保持方案的编报工作已经实现了规范化和制度化,但有不少的编制者在编制建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案时往往出现失误.建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案在很多方面都存在很大区别.根据多年编制两类水土保持方案的实践经验,总结出了这两类项目水土保持方案的编报工作在水土保持要求、服务年限、预测时段划分、防治目标等方面的异同,以防止在编报过程中出现水土流失量预测、水土保持措施体系以及水土保持监测等方面产生较大的偏差.     

不同水氮管理对菠菜生长和水氮利用的影响

针对传统水肥方式中存在的投入过量问题 ,采用控制耕层土壤湿度以及应用KNS氮素推荐系统对菠菜的产量及水氮利用进行了研究。结果表明 ,推荐施氮处理与传统施氮处理对菠菜的生长没有明显的差异 ,而控制耕层土壤水分含量为植物有效的土壤含水量的 50%～80%及 60%～90%时的处理产量比传统灌水处理有显著性增加。推荐灌水施氮模式同传统灌水施氮模式相比 ,菠菜产量没有明显的差异 ,但是氮素以及水分供应量分别减少了 73.6 %和 39.2% ,相应地水分利用效率提高 64% ,氮素利用效率也有显著提高。推荐的水氮处理在菠菜收获后土壤无机氮残留量比传统处理明显降低。因此在合理灌溉的基础上进行氮素推荐 ,可有效地解决蔬菜生产中产量与环境之间的矛盾     

Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products

Cocoa and chocolate products from major brands were analyzed blind for total antioxidant capacity (AOC) (lipophilic and hydrophilic ORAC(FL)), catechins, and procyanidins (monomer through polymers). Accuracy of analyses was ascertained by comparing analyses on a NIST standard reference chocolate with NIST certified values. Procyanidin (PC) content was related to the nonfat cocoa solid (NFCS) content. The natural cocoa powders (average 87% of NFCS) contained the highest levels of AOC (826 +/- 103 micromol of TE/g) and PCs (40.8 +/- 8.3 mg/g). Alkalized cocoa (Dutched powders, average 80% NFCS) contained lower AOC (402 +/- 6 micromol of TE /g) and PCs (8.9 +/- 2.7 mg/g). Unsweetened chocolates or chocolate liquor (50% NFCS) contained 496 +/- 40 micromol of TE /g of AOC and 22.3 +/- 2.9 mg/g of PCs. Milk chocolates, which contain the least amount of NFCS (7.1%), had the lowest concentrations of AOC (80 +/- 10 micromol of TE /g) and PCs (2.7 +/- 0.5 mg/g). One serving of cocoa (5 g) or chocolate (15 or 40 g, depending upon the type of chocolate) provides 2000-9100 micromol of TE of AOC and 45-517 mg of PCs, amounts that exceed the amount in a serving of the majority of foods consumed in America. The monomers through trimers, which are thought to be directly bioavailable, contributed 30% of the total PCs in chocolates. Hydrophilic antioxidant capacity contributed >90% of AOC in all products. The correlation coefficient between AOC and PCs in chocolates was 0.92, suggesting that PCs are the dominant antioxidants in cocoa and chocolates. These results indicate that NFCS is correlated with AOC and PC in cocoa and chocolate products. Alkalizing dramatically decreased both the procyanidin content and antioxidant capacity, although not to the same extent.     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.