Effects of phenylalanine and threonine oligopeptides on milk protein synthesis in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of phenylalanine (Phe) and threonine (Thr) oligopeptides on α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Primary mammary epithelial cells were obtained from Holstein dairy cows and incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium‐F12 medium (DMEM/F12) containing lactogenic hormones (prolactin and glucocorticoids). Free Phe (117 μg/ml) was substituted partly with peptide‐bound Phe (phenylalanylphenylalanine, phenylalanyl threonine, threonyl‐phenylalanyl‐phenylalanine) in the experimental media. After incubation with experimental medium, cells were collected for gene expression analysis and medium was collected for milk protein or amino acid determination. The results showed that peptide‐bound Phe at 10% (11.7 μg/ml) significantly enhanced α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis as compared with equivalent amount of free Phe. When 10% Phe was replaced by phenylalanylphenylalanine, the disappearance of most essential amino acids increased significantly, and gene expression of peptide transporter 2 and some amino acid transporters was significantly enhanced. These results indicate that the Phe and Thr oligopeptides are important for milk protein synthesis, and peptide‐bound amino acids could be utilised more efficiently in milk protein synthesis than the equivalent amount of free amino acids.     

细胞因子对牛乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖作用评价

分离纯化了乳腺上皮细胞,对细胞进行角蛋白免疫组化鉴定后,比较不同细胞因子对乳腺上皮细胞生长的影响.结果显示,生长因子EGF或HGF对牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖具有重要作用,17β-E2不能促进牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,但可与EGF协同促进牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,表明17β3-E2对EGF诱导的乳腺上皮细胞增殖具有重要作用.     

Leptin inhibits hepatocyte growth factor-induced ductal morphogenesis of bovine mammary epithelial cells

We examined the effect of stroma-derived factors, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and leptin, on morphological differentiation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in collagen gel three-dimensional culture in vitro. BMEC treated with HGF, but not leptin, formed duct-like organoids. The formation of organoids by HGF was enhanced by treatment with a mixture of insulin, cortisol and prolactin, while BMEC treated with the mixture alone did not produce the organoid. In contrast, the formation of organoids by HGF was dose-dependently inhibited by simultaneous addition of leptin, regardless of the presence or absence of the hormone mixture. These results suggest that stroma-derived factors intricately regulate mammary epithelial morphogenesis.     

雌激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白和甘油三酯表达的影响

为探讨雌激素对乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白及甘油三酯表达的影响,试验于2018年2月至2018年4月在新疆肉乳用草食动物营养实验室进行,实验选取扩增生长状态良好的乳腺上皮细胞,添加0、50、100、200μmol/l雌激素孵育乳腺上皮细胞后,分别在12、24、48、72 h后检测各组细胞酪蛋白及甘油三酯表达的情况。结果显示,在12 h时,添加50μmol/l雌激素组CSN1的表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),添加50μmol/l雌激素组TG表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);50μmol/l雌激素添加组CSN1表达量显著高于200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.05),且极显著高于100μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.01),100μmol/l雌激素添加组CSN2表达量显著高于200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.05),50μmol/l雌激素添加组TG表达量极显著高于100、200μmol/l雌激素添加组(P<0.01);添加50μmol/l雌激素时,12、48、72 h的CSN1表达量显著高于24 h(P<0.05),在72 hCSN2表达量显著高于其他各时间点(P<0.05),24、72 h时TG表达量显著高于12、48 h(P<0.05)。结果发现,添加雌激素可以促进乳腺上皮细胞中CSN1、CSN2及TG的表达。200μmol/l在一定条件下促进CSN1的表达效果最好;100、200μmol/l雌激素添加组均能够促进CSN2的表达,且100μmol/l促进CSN2的表达效果最好,尤其是在12、24 h;50、200μmol/l雌激素添加组可以促进TG的表达,但100μmol/l雌激素添加组能够抑制TG的表达。     

牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养

为了对牛乳腺上皮细胞(MECs)进行分离、培养和鉴定,并研究细胞分泌功能,试验通过胶原酶消化法分离得到了牛乳腺上皮细胞,采用传代法对细胞进行纯化,对细胞标志蛋白进行免疫荧光染色鉴定,通过体外诱导和RT-PCR分析鉴定细胞的分泌功能。结果表明:分离到的牛乳腺上皮细胞具有典型乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征,表达广谱角蛋白,经诱导后可分泌β-酪蛋白。     

苜蓿黄酮对脂多糖诱导下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡的影响

研究苜蓿黄酮对脂多糖(LPS)诱导下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡的影响。将奶牛乳腺上皮细胞分成4个组,即基础培养基、基础培养基中加入1 μg·mL^-1的LPS、基础培养基中加入1 μg·mL^-1的LPS和75 μg·mL^-1苜蓿黄酮、基础培养基中加入75 μg·mL^-1苜蓿黄酮。细胞在37 ℃, 5% CO₂的培养箱中培养。结果表明:1)LPS刺激12 h后奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活性下降,而添加苜蓿黄酮能够极显著抑制LPS诱导下细胞活性的下降(P<0.01)。2)在LPS刺激下,细胞内的活性氧(ROS)浓度升高,而添加苜蓿黄酮能够显著降低其浓度(P<0.05)。3)LPS显著上调细胞的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、TLR2、TLR4和MyD88表达(P<0.01),而苜蓿黄酮能够显著下调细胞的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和TLR2表达(P<0.01或P<0.05)。4)在LPS刺激下,p53、Caspase3、p38和P-p38蛋白的表达显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),而添加苜蓿黄酮能够显著降低p53和p38蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。在LPS诱导下,苜蓿黄酮能够通过降低ROS浓度,抑制细胞凋亡,提高细胞活性;可能通过抑制TLR2/MyD88信号通路来降低细胞炎症因子的表达,从而保护细胞免受炎性损伤。     

Effects of lactoferrin and milk on adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether lactoferrin (LF) or milk influenced adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells. SAMPLE POPULATION: Three strains of S uberis from cows with mastitis, pooled milk samples from 3 clinically healthy Jersey cows early in the lactation period, and bovine mammary epithelial cells from a clonal cell line. PROCEDURES: Adherence of S uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells in the presence of various concentrations of LF or milk and after pretreatment of bacteria with LF or milk was tested. Bacteria were cultured with mammary epithelial cell monolayers for 1 hour. The culture supernatant was removed, and the epithelial cells were lysed. Adherence index was calculated as number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the cell lysate divided by number of CFU in the supernatant times 10,000. RESULTS: All 3 strains of S uberis were found to bind to purified LF and LF in milk. Addition of LF to the culture medium enhanced adherence of all 3 strains to mammary epithelial cells, whereas addition of milk enhanced adherence of 2 strains and decreased adherence of the third. Pretreatment of bacteria with LF or milk increased adherence of 1 of the strains but decreased adherence of the other 2. Increased adherence was antagonized by rabbit antibovine LF antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that LF may function as a bridging molecule between S uberis and bovine mammary epithelial cells, facilitating adherence of the bacteria to the cells.     

体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的形态学观察

荷斯坦奶牛是我国饲养的主要奶牛品种。研究荷斯坦奶牛乳腺发育的生理、病理对于奶牛育种和保障奶牛健康均具有重大意义。因此，进行荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺上皮细胞分离培养及形态学研究，可为今后的工作奠定基础。本研究在形态学方面对培养的乳腺上皮细胞进行了系统的阐述，以期对今后的研究提供借鉴。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外分离培养及超微结构鉴定

通过组织贴块法取部分奶牛乳腺组织进行培养,并通过在培养基中添加适当浓度的营养因子以及控制消化时间将成纤维细胞去除,纯化出原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。通过免疫荧光鉴定,形态学观察,扫描电镜和透射电镜检测原代乳腺上皮细胞特性。观察结果显示,本试验分离培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色鉴定结果呈阳性。形态学观察及超微结构观察显示,试验所分离的上皮细胞呈鹅卵石样单层聚集,胞内有丰富的线粒体和内质网,细胞状态良好,传至15代以上细胞依然增殖旺盛,因此可以作为研究奶牛乳腺机能的重要工具。     

Functional identification of bovine mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells

Veterinary Research Communications -     

小白鼠乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养及形态学变化

以无菌手术法取健康妊娠期、泌乳期昆明小白鼠的乳腺组织，用胰蛋白酶、胶原酶1分段消化法获得小鼠乳腺细胞。生长培养液为DMEM／F12，含10％胎牛血清，添加胰岛素（5μg／mL）、EGF（5ng／mL）、氢化可的松（1μg／mL）、青霉素（200IU／mL）及链霉素（0．1mg／mL）。从乳腺组织中获得的细胞直接放入-80℃冰箱中进行冻存，冻存液为DMEM／F12，含20％胎牛血清、10％DMSO。用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态，发现乳腺组织消化后即可获得呈圆饼状的上皮细胞；培养过程中，乳腺上皮细胞的形态以鹅卵石型和多角型为主，增殖可形成乳头状结构，称之为乳球体，大量增殖后形成圆顶型结构。细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形，在传代过程中，乳腺上皮细胞可形成岛屿状的闭合型细胞群，边界清晰，细胞之间结合紧密，细胞间呈拉网结构。结果表明：获得典型上皮细胞形态的小鼠乳腺细胞原代培养物，从泌乳期小鼠获得的乳腺上皮细胞传至第1代时无法长成单层；而从妊娠期小鼠获得的乳腺上皮细胞传至第3代时才无法长成单层；冻存后复苏的乳腺细胞在培养过程中仍然具有典型的上皮细胞形态，并且增殖旺盛。     

Molecular and functional identification of organic anion transporter isoforms in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV)

Mammary epithelial cells express a diversity of membrane transporters including members of organic cation and organic anion (OAT) transporter subfamilies. Four mammal OAT isoforms have been identified: OAT-1, OAT-2, OAT-3, and OAT-4. The pharmacological significance of OAT isoforms has been emphasized because of their role in the movement of a wide variety of substrates across epithelial barriers. The present study identified (molecularly and functionally) bovine OAT isoforms in bovine mammary epithelial (BME-UV) cells. mRNA expression levels of all tested transporters in BME-UV cells were less than expression levels of the corresponding transporters in bovine kidney. Directionality in the flux of P-aminohippuric acid and acetylsalicylate, compounds known to interact with OAT-1 and OAT-2, respectively, across BME-UV monolayers was not observed at the concentrations used in this study. Directionality was, however, observed in the flux of estrone sulfate (EsS). Adding probenecid, penicillin G or nonradiolabeled EsS to the apical donor compartment significantly increased the apical-to-basolateral flux of EsS across the BME-UV monolayer. These results suggest that BME-UV cells express an organic anion transport system, making it a potentially useful model to study the role of this transport system in the mammary epithelial barrier.     

Positive effect of silymarin on cell growth and differentiation in bovine and murine mammary cells

Silymarin, a naturally acknowledged hepatoprotector used in humans to treat liver diseases has been tested in murine (HC11) and bovine (BME‐UV) mammary epithelial cell lines to evaluate a possible direct effect on cell growth and differentiation in mammary gland. Silymarin enhanced cell proliferation (p < 0.05) from 10 to 1000 ng/ml in association with growth factors, (up to 20%) or alone (up to 15%) versus controls. Furthermore, silymarin (100 ng/ml) was able to increase (p < 0.05) β‐casein gene expression alone or in association with prolactin (5 μg/ml). These effects may be related with protein kinase B (AKT) activation induced by silymarin treatment (p < 0.05) and/or by a dose‐related inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on caspase‐3 activity related to a protective role in cell apoptosis. These data suggest that silymarin should be considered a candidate to support mammary gland activity during a lactogenetic state.     

Cryopreserved bovine mammary cells to model epithelial response to infection

Mammary gland epithelial cells are likely to be important effectors in defending against mastitis, yet little is known about their response mechanisms. Here, we describe a cryopreserved bovine mammary epithelial cell model to study the infection response. Primary cell cultures from four Holstein cows were prepared, and frozen after two passages. The cell cultures from each cow were then thawed and maintained separately, yet simultaneously, and exposed to treatments that included infection with Staphylococcus aureus or exposure to LPS from Escherichia coli. A clear inflammatory response was shown by a significant (P < 0.05), dose dependent, increase of lactoferrin and IL-8 secretion within 24h in response to S. aureus or LPS. Marked increases (P < 0.05) in lactoferrin, TNF-alpha and serum amyloid A (SAA) mRNA expression were also observed. The results indicate the usefulness of our model to study infection responses of mammary epithelial cells, where all cells are simultaneously exposed to the same infection pressure. These responses can be studied over time, and most importantly, biological replication is provided by the four different genotypes being investigated individually. Finally, the results indicate that mammary epithelial cells play an important role in inflammatory response, through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an acute phase protein, and lactoferrin.     

金黄色葡萄球菌对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞PDGF-BB mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)中PDGF-BB m RNA及蛋白表达的影响,本研究采用热灭活的不同浓度的S.aureus菌液(0、105、106、108cfu/m L)作用于BMEC,分别在不同时间点(6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h)利用荧光定量PCR和western blot方法检测PDGF-BB m RNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示,不同浓度菌液处理组的PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量随着作用时间延长表达量升高(p0.05)。6 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈升高趋势;12 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈降低趋势;24 h和48 h处理组105cfu/m L菌液处理组PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量最高(p0.05)。同时,各时间点不同浓度菌液处理组PDGF-BB蛋白的相对表达量和m RNA表达基本一致。本研究表明,热灭活的S.aureus能够促进BMEC PDGF-BB m RNA和蛋白的表达。     

金黄葡萄球菌对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞E钙黏蛋白表达的影响

为研究金黄葡萄球菌(S.aureus)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)E-cadherin表达的影响,分别采用金黄葡萄球菌及热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液作用于BMEC。金黄葡萄球菌以MOI 100∶1分别感染细胞0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0h,热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液以不同浓度(0,104,105,106,107,108 CFU/mL)刺激细胞,之后利用实时荧光定量PCR方法和Western blot方法检测E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示:金黄葡萄球菌在感染细胞2h之后,E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达量较未感染组显著降低(P0.05);不同浓度的热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液处理细胞的E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达量较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。本研究表明,金黄葡萄球菌及热灭活的金黄葡萄球菌菌液均能够降低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞E-cadherin mRNA及其蛋白的表达。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中Bta-miR-877靶基因的初步验证

利用高通量测序的方法筛选出在高脂奶牛和低脂奶牛中差异表达的miR-877和其预测的靶基因。通过生物信息学方法预测出edn1、ptgis可能是miR-877的靶基因,之后通过荧光定量检测miR-877以及其靶基因的表达量。结果显示,转染miR-877mimics组miR-877的相对表达量显著高于转染miR-877inhibitor组;靶基因的相对表达量,转染miR-877mimics组的edn1、ptgis基因表达水平均显著低于转染miR-877inhibitor组(P<0.01)。经GraphPad Prism6分析显示,edn1、ptgis基因的相对表达量与miR-877的表达量呈负相关,初步验证edn、ptgis是miR-877的靶基因。本试验为深入了解miR-877在乳脂质代谢调节中的作用提供依据,从而为生产实践提供一定的理论基础。