旧虾池改造的有效方法——铺防渗地膜

养虾池是对虾赖以生存的最基本环境，对虾在养虾池吸收一定的物质才能生存，同时又将生命活动的产物如排泄物等排到池水中，对虾的生存、发育都是在虾池的水体中，它只能在虾池内一定条件的限制内生存、发育、成长。如果虾池环境条件发生改变，就会影响到对虾的生活。在对虾与环     

虾池水质和底质的调查研究

现场和实验室研究对虾养殖池水和底质，研究得到结果：虾池底质中有机质，硫化物和Ｅｈ随深度的变化，底质受残饵及对虾排泄物有机质污染，并与虾池养殖池龄有关，测定了虾池水质周日变化，下半夜水中溶解氧值最低。虾池水质在养殖过程逐渐下降，可能阻碍对虾生长，显示养殖存在自身污染的问题。     

感染白斑综合病毒（WSSV）对虾相关免疫因子的研究

129尾中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis)分别捕自未暴发白斑综合症（WSSV病毒所致）虾池、WSSV暴发虾池以及曾暴发WSSV虾池。用斑点杂交和组织病理学方法确定各尾对虾的染毒（WSSV）程度。用96孔酶标板法测量相应个体血淋巴上清液的抗菌活力（Ua)、溶菌活力（UL）、酚氧化酶（PO）活性以及过氧化酶（POD）相对活性；用硝酸纤维膜斑点法测定其碱性磷酸酶（ALP）相对活性；用血凝法测定其凝集效价（HAT）。通过对以上免疫指标进行统计分析，结果表明，WSSV感染与对血淋巴PO活性以及ALP相对活性变化有紧密联系；不同虾池各免疫因子差异显著，发病虾池虾样各免疫指标平均值均低于其他虾池；曾发病虾池的虾样PO活性较强；WSSV与HPV感染无统计学意义上的相关性；未发病虾池与曾发病虾池实验对虾的Ua与UL相关性极显著，发病虾池实验对虾Ua与UL呈负相关；发病虾池对虾PO与ALP活性相关性显著。不同性别中国对虾血淋巴上清液的免疫因子活性没有显著差异。     

用不同品牌的斑节对虾饲料与养虾池水质和浮游生物的关系研究

为了探索使用不同品牌的斑节对虾饲料与养虾池水质和浮游生物的关系．选用两种品牌的对虾饲料。在4个虾池进行试验。结果表明：在使用粤海脾斑节对虾饲料三个斑节虾池中，水质正常，有利斑节对虾生长的浮游生物种类占优势。浮游生物数量多、且稳定。对虾生长正常．中途没有虾瘸发生。按计划收虾。养虾产量较高，另一品牌对虾饲料．喂养斑节对虾。在养殖的中后期出现严重的虾病．产量低。     

斑节对虾“半封闭”低盐度防病养殖试验效果显著

斑节对虾是目前我省养殖对虾的主要品种。近年来由于各种原因虾病暴发，斑节对虾死亡十分严重。据调查统计，1993年深圳市辖区内精养虾池发病率达80．86％，粗养虾池发病率达60．87％，产值减少1．24亿元。因此，如何有效地防治虾病，是发展斑节对虾养殖的关键。     

利用盐碱地发展封闭式低盐度养虾

城阳区地处青岛市北郊，海岩线长 ７８ ｋｍ，环胶州湾有５处渔业镇，养虾总面积２６０００余亩，自１９９３年以来，由于对虾病毒的蔓延，我区对虾养殖呈现持续低迷状态，产量徘徊不前。几年来，我们积极实施虾池综合利用技术，使对虾的产量有所回升，效益逐步提高，特别是充分利用闲置盐碱地进行封闭式低盐度养虾，取得了显著成效。目前，我区低盐度虾池已达５０００余亩，年总产对虾７００余吨。现将我区充分开发盐碱地，发展封闭式低盐度养虾的经验介绍如下：１抓住机遇，确立对虾养殖思路 由于受对虾病毒性疾病的影响，原海水虾池养虾…     

芽孢杆菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肠道微生物群落的影响

应用Biolog方法和传统的平板培养方法分析比较了施用芽孢杆菌制剂的虾池(B)和没有施用任何有益菌的虾池(A)在养殖后期凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物群落结构,并用Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数分析了2种群落的代谢功能的差异。2个虾池对虾肠道微生物群落可培养细菌优势菌属都是革兰氏阴性菌;B虾池对虾肠道可培养细菌数量比A虾池的少;但B虾池对虾肠道微生物群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数及其微生物群落代谢功能均显著高于A虾池(P<0.05)。结果表明,虾池施用了芽孢杆菌制剂,可促进养殖对虾肠道微生物群落的代谢功能。     

试论改善虾池生态环境

本文简要地阐明改善虾池生态环境要把好四关:一要建设深塘大水体虾池,为对虾生长创造良好的环境;二要做好海水监测工作,确保虾池纳进新鲜海水;三要减少对虾不可利用的有机质进入虾池,减轻虾油污染;四要转化清除虾池中的有害物质,净化虾池底质水质。     

对虾养殖中后期管理的一个重要措施——中间消毒除害

中间消毒除害是对虾养殖中后期管理工作中的关键措施。因为在整个养成期，由于进水拦网不严密，清池消毒不彻底，或换网过早、饵料不纯等原因，造成害鱼及其幼鱼大量进入虾池。常见的主要害鱼有鲈鱼、四指马鲅、鳗鱼、虾虎鱼等。这些对虾的天敌，在虾池中不仅直接残杀对虾，而且与虾争饵争氧，严重地影响了对虾的生存。据观察，     

水产养殖增效十二招

1 利用牛粪养对虾美国夏威夷海洋研究所利用牛粪养对虾,对虾生长良好,11周龄成活率达88％。该所在试验期间不投任何饵料,每周仅在虾池中投放30 kg牛粪。施放牛粪的海水养虾池,能大大降低对虾养殖成本。     

水域沉积物氮磷赋存形态和分布的研究进展

根据国内外近年来相关的调查和研究资料,对沉积物氮磷赋存、分布及影响因素进行了较为详尽的阐述,以期为沉积物氮磷的转化过程以及其与水体"内负荷"的潜在关系研究提供基础资料。沉积物氮磷分布主要受到地域分布、水域类型、水域利用类型、水体污染状况、沉积物—水界面氮磷交换通量和沉积物生物扰动等因素影响。在较为稳定的水域中,微生物、温度和DO是影响沉积物氮释放的主要因素;氧化还原电位、pH、温度及有机质含量是影响沉积物磷释放的主要因素。氮磷循环对生态环境的影响、氮磷测定方法的改进、沉积物氮磷特性的实验室模拟和沉积物氮磷含量的控制是下一步研究的发展方向。     

Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models—Evaluation,review and challenges for implementation

Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making.     

A general model of temporary aquatic habitat use: Water phenology as a life history filter

Temporary aquatic habitats are not widely appreciated fish habitat. However, fish navigate the transient waters of intertidal zones, floodplains, intermittent and ephemeral streams, lake margins, seasonally frozen lakes and streams, and anthropogenic aquatic habitats across the globe to access important resources. The selective pressures imposed by water impermanence (i.e., freezing, drying, tidal fluctuations), however, operate similarly across taxa and ecosystems. These similarities are formalized into a conceptual model relating habitat use to surface water phenology. Whereas all necessary life history functions (spawning, foraging, refuge, and dispersal) can be accomplished in temporary habitats, the timing, duration, and predictability of water act as a “life history filter” to which habitats can be used and for what purpose. Habitats wet from minutes to months may all be important—albeit in different ways, for different species. If life history needs co‐occur with accessibility, temporary habitats can contribute substantially to individual fitness, overall production and important metapopulation processes. This heuristic is intended to promote research, recognition and conservation of these frequently overlooked habitats that can be disproportionately important relative to their size or brevity of existence. There is a pressing need to quantify how use of temporary aquatic habitats translates to individual fitness benefits, population size and temporal stability, and ecosystem‐level consequences. Temporary aquatic habitats are being impacted at an alarming rate by anthropogenic activities altering their existence, phenology, and connectivity. It is timely that scientists, managers and policymakers consider the role these habitats play in global fish production.     

Taxonomic and functional diversity in a subtropical stream: A longitudinal pattern analysis

Identifying the spatial patterns of fish diversity in streams is basic for the conservation and management of stream fishes. The “upstream–downstream” patterns in the taxonomic α-diversity of stream fishes have been widely surveyed. However, the longitudinal patterns in the functional diversity and β-diversity of stream fishes have been given less attention. In this study, we surveyed fishes along an upstream–downstream gradient in a headwater stream of the Qiantang River, China, and examined the longitudinal variations in fish diversity. Our aims were to assess whether the longitudinal patterns in fish diversity were consistent between the taxonomic and functional metrics and between the α- and β-aspects of diversity. We found that both species richness and functional richness of fishes showed a hump-shaped relationship with the distance from headwaters, while both taxonomic and functional β-diversities presented the U-shaped distributions along the river continuum. Functional diversity related more to the distance from headwaters than taxonomic diversity. Despite their similar relationship with the distance from headwaters, taxonomic and functional β-diversities were dominated by species turnover and function nestedness components, respectively. Our results suggest that, along the river continuum in a subtropical stream, the α- and β-aspects of fish diversity present different longitudinal variations. Although the taxonomic and functional diversity shows similar relationships with distance from headwaters, their spatial variations are driven by different ecological processes.     

对虾白黑斑病的防治技术研究

对虾白黑斑病已被证实为一种生理性疾病，与细菌等生物性病原没有直接关系。根据这一结果作者一改过去以抗菌素为主治疗该病的方法，而采取生成防中强对虾营养的措施，在实验室小水体及生产养虾池进行防治试验，取得了满意的结果。     

罗非鱼综合加工利用与质量安全控制技术研究进展

经过多年发展,目前中国罗非鱼产业正处于从规模产量型向质量效益型转变的关键时期,对罗非鱼原料进行高值化综合加工利用,同时确保产品的质量安全,是提高中国罗非鱼产业竞争力的必由之路。要实现这一目标必须依靠技术创新来实现产业升级,以保障中国罗非鱼产业可持续稳定发展。文章综述了近年来国内外在罗非鱼综合加工利用与质量安全控制方面的研究进展及发展趋势,旨在为中国罗非鱼产业的健康发展提供参考与借鉴。     

鲟形目鱼类和渔业

本文论述了国内外鲟形目鱼类和渔业.包括三部分:1.鲟形目的种类和分布:2.鲟形目的生物学特征;3.世界上鲟鱼和白鲟渔业,并着重讨论该鱼类资源在我国的开发和利用.     

硇洲马尾藻人工育苗常见敌害生物及防治初探

本文调查了硇洲马尾藻人工育苗期间的主要敌害生物,并初步探讨了不同物理方法和化学药剂对其敌害生物的清除效果,旨在为人工育苗栽培提供基础资料。调查发现硅藻、刚毛藻、石莼、浒苔等附生藻类对硇洲马尾藻生长影响较大,蓝子鱼、麦秆虫和藻钩虾的摄食是硇洲马尾藻幼苗海区培育的主要危害。苗帘用5%硫酸铵药浴5min可抑制刚毛藻的生长,以2%柠檬酸药浴5min、0.3%醋酸药浴3min、3%硝酸铵药浴5min等均可药杀石莼、浒苔等附生绿藻,用640mg/L敌百虫浸泡10min可杀灭藻钩虾。     

Sea lice infestation rates on wild and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) entering the Magaguadavic River, New Brunswick

A monitoring program for the prevalence and intensity of sea lice infestations of wild and escaped farmed salmon has been underway on the Magaguadavic River since 1992. Fish are screened in a fish ladder trap located in freshwater a short distance above the head of tide. No trends with time were evident in observed sea lice burdens, and in all years the majority of salmon, both wild and escapees, had no or low levels of infestation with sea lice. In the spring of 2002, 23 landlocked salmon moving to sea from the Magaguadavic River were acoustically tagged. Two fish returned to the river after a brief period of residence in Passamaquoddy Bay, with significant dermal damage from sea lice. These fish were tracked to areas close to commercial salmon farms.     

虾蟹类遗传育种学研究

虾蟹类在分类学上属十足目（Ｄｅｃａｐｏｄａ）甲壳动物,在水产养殖业中占有极为重要的地位。六十年代以来,随着众多经济虾蟹类（如对虾、罗氏沼虾、中华绒螯蟹）人工培育苗种的成功,其养殖业发展迅猛,特别是近年来特种水产养殖业的兴起,使虾蟹类的身价倍增。据不完...