饲料添加剂甲酸钙的合成研究与应用

本文报道了甲酸钙的合成和检测方法,以甲酸和石灰乳及甲酸和碳酸钙为原料合成甲酸钙,具有工艺简单、操作方便、收率高、纯度高等特点,并介绍了甲酸钙作为饲料添加剂的应用及效果。     

欧盟批准苯甲酸、甲酸钙和富马酸作为饲料添加剂

正据欧盟官方公报消息,欧盟批准苯甲酸(benzoicacid)、甲酸钙(calciumformate)和富马酸(fumaricacid)作为肉鸡和蛋鸡的饲料添加剂。2018年7月12日,欧盟委员会发布法规(EU)2018/982,根据第1831/2003号条例(EC)批准苯甲酸、甲酸钙和富马酸作为肉鸡和蛋鸡的饲料添加剂。按照条例要求,该鸡饲料添加剂在添加剂类别组属于"畜牧添加剂"、在功能类别组属于"其他畜牧添加剂"。这种添加剂最后被批准作为动物营     

国外

正欧盟批准苯甲酸、甲酸钙和富马酸作为饲料添加剂7月12日,欧盟委员会发布法规(EU)2018/982,根据第1831/2003号条例(EC),苯甲酸(benzoic acid)、甲酸钙(calcium formate)和富马酸(fumaric acid)被批准作为肉鸡与蛋鸡的饲料添加剂。按照条例要求,该鸡饲料添加剂在添加剂类别组属于"畜牧添加剂"、在功能类别组属于"其他畜牧添加剂"。该添加剂最后被批准作为动物营养添加剂。新条例     

仔猪料添加甲酸钙试验

<正> 甲酸钙[(CHO_2)_2Ca]是一种白色自由流动结晶状饲料防霉剂及仔猪饲料添加剂,其有效组成是30%的钙和69%的甲酸,具有中性的 pH 值,含水量极低。最近,Kirchgessner 及 Roth 教授(慕尼黑技术大学)发现,在仔猪日粮中添加1.3%甲酸钙可改善饲料转化率3.8%,添加0.9%或以上的甲酸钙可减少仔猪     

国外

正美国修订甲酸和甲酸铵用于饲料和动物饮用水的规定11月13日,美国食品药品管理局发布条例,修订甲酸和甲酸铵用于饲料和动物饮用水的规定。据了解,拜耳公司提出了饲料级甲酸钠的食品添加剂申请,并提议修订甲酸和甲酸铵的动物饲料条例。美国食品药品管理局经过评估后认为,甲酸和甲酸铵作为动物饲     

青贮饲料添加剂的种类和使用

青贮质量提高的关键技术是采用了青贮添加剂，其目的是为了保证乳酸发酵占有优势，以便能得到良好的青贮。在瑞典、美国、英国常以甲醛、甲酸、丙酸等用于青贮。青贮饲料中添加量为８５％的甲酸３．６kg／t；欧美一些地区还有用甲酸钙和亚硫酸钠用于青贮。近年来，随着奶牛业的发展，我国青贮的数量和质量也有了大幅度的提高，市场上青贮饲料添加剂的类型逐渐增多，应用也愈来愈广，如：尿素、纤维素酶、有机酸类等。青贮添加剂主要分为三类。第一类是保护剂，抑制其饲料中有害微生物的活动，防止饲料的腐败和霉变，减少饲料中营养成分的流…     

贝壳粉和甲壳质饲料添加剂

贝壳和甲壳是地球上最丰富的有机资源之一。贝壳粉碎后即可用作饲料添加剂;甲壳经过酸、碱处理后提取出甲壳质,可用作含乳清饲料的添加剂,能改善动物对乳糖的消化能力。根据国外专利,下面介绍一下贝壳粉和甲壳质饲料添加剂的应用。一、蛋壳强化饲料添加剂在普通的蛋鸡饲料中大多采用石灰石作为钙质添加剂,这种石粉添加剂对于提高蛋壳强度是有效的。但是,蛋鸡摄入的钙中未被身体吸收的部分钙却会引起产蛋率下降。日本石山雅右研制的一种蛋壳强化剂可以避免上述问题。这种添加剂是由牡蛎壳粉、氨基酸、动物油脂、紫苜蓿、维生素和磷酸镁组成的。牡蛎壳粉为蛋壳提供钙源,     

有机酸可作猪饲料添加剂

西德研究者指出,添加有机酸对断奶后前几周的仔猪有益。这种添加剂可以防止因断奶而引起的仔猪生长速度下降。许多研究表明:在小猪日粮中添加有机酸,可以提高其生产性能。试验结果表明添加有机酸对仔猪的日增重及饲料利用率均有所提高。最近研究发现,甲酸钙是一种有机酸——甲酸的有效来源。当仔猪日粮中添加1.3％的甲酸钙时,其饲料利用率提高3.8％。且添加0.9％以上的甲酸钙可以降低小猪腹泻     

甲酸盐能作猪饲料添加剂

据《国际养猪》报道 ,德国慕尼里科技大学饲料消化工业文献的研究表明 ,在育肥猪日粮中添加甲酸钙 ,能使猪的生长性能得到改善。在颗粒饲料中添加 1.5 %的甲酸钙 ,喂 30ｋｇ体重以上的德国瑞斯与彼特兰杂种猪 ,能获得较好的日增重及饲料消化率。早期的试验结果表明 :甲酸钙作添加剂 ,能降低早期断奶仔猪的腹泻率。用育肥猪做试验表明 ,添加甲酸钙能使猪的腹泻率降低 5 0 %。甲酸盐能作猪饲料添加剂@何京     

国外

正美国批准甲酸作为家禽饲料酸化剂2018年1月2日,美国食品药品管理局发布通报,修订动物饲料和饮用水中允许使用的食品添加剂条例,批准甲酸作为家禽饲料酸化剂。本次修订申请由巴斯夫公司提出。按照最新条例规定,甲酸添加至猪和家禽饲料中起降低p H的作用,添加量不超过饲料成品的1.2%。新条例自2018年1月2日起生效。     

Comparison in dairy cattle of mucosal toxicity of calcium formate and calcium chloride in oil

AIM: Oral aqueous preparations of calcium chloride have been well established as causes of gastro-intestinal irritation in cattle. Recently another calcium salt, calcium formate, has been marketed as a treatment and prevention for hypocalcaemia, with the claim that it is non-irritant. The aim of this trial was to establish the safety of calcium formate in the target animal. METHODS: Nine Friesian milking cows were selected and separated at random into three groups. Three were treated with calcium formate, three with calcium chloride in soya bean oil as a positive control and three were negative controls. Cows were slaughtered 6 hours after the last administration and the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum examined by an operator who was unaware of the experimental status of the animals. RESULTS: There was diffuse reddening and swelling of the abomasal mucosa in two of the three cows treated with calcium formate but no lesions in those treated with calcium chloride in soya bean oil or in the negative controls. Histology of the affected portions of abomasum showed areas of necrosis of the mucosa and some acute inflammation. The submucosa was also haemorrhagic with moderate numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils present. Histology on other animals was unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Calcium formate may not be a safe oral treatment for cattle. Further testing is required. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Calcium formate, in the high concentrations required for therapy of hypocalcaemia may not be a safe treatment.     

An investigation of the safety of oral calcium formate in dairy cows using clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters

AIM: To investigate the safety of orally administered calcium formate in dairy cows fed adequate amounts of good quality pasture. METHODS: Twelve mixed-age pasture-fed lactating dairy cows were randomly allocated to three groups (n=4 cows/ group). Group 1 served as untreated controls. Group 2 was treated orally with 400 ml of 13.4% (w/w) calcium as calcium chloride gel, four times at approximately 12-h intervals. Group 3 was treated orally with 350 ml of 11.4 % (w/w) calcium as a 48.6% aqueous suspension of calcium formate, four times at approximately 12-h intervals. Cows grazed good quality autumn ryegrass and white clover pasture throughout the trial. All cows were examined clinically each evening and a blood sample collected. Cows were slaughtered 75 h after the last treatment and viscera examined visually for lesions. Samples from the mid-fundic area of the abomasum of each cow were collected for histopathological examination. Blood samples collected pre and 90-h post-first treatment were analysed for serum haptoglobin and pepsinogen concentrations. RESULTS: No evidence of abnormality was detected by observation or clinical examination in any of the trial cows. Serum haptoglobin concentrations were basal for all groups pre-treatment and remained basal for Groups 1 and 3 post-treatment, but were elevated post-treatment for Group 2 (p=0.016). No differences in serum pepsinogen concentrations were detected between sampling times or treatment groups. One cow from Group 2 had several small (5 mm) abomasal ulcers present at necropsy. Another cow from the same group had histopathology suggestive of thrombosis and re-endothelialisation. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of calcium formate (350 ml of 48.6% aqueous suspension) administered on four occasions at 12-h intervals had no adverse effects on the four cows examined, and as such is considered a safe form of calcium supplementation in adult dairy cows.     

Evaluation of spray dried animal plasma and calcium formate as alternatives to colistin in piglets experimentally infected with Escherichia coli K99

Two trials were conducted to evaluate spray dried animal plasma and calcium formate as alternatives to preventive medication with colistin in piglets experimentally challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Two groups of newly weaned pigs were offered four treatments consisting of: Negative Control (NC); spray dried animal plasma (SDAP); calcium formate (CF) and colistin (COL). All animals were experimentally challenged with a single oral dose of E. coli K99. Their performance was recorded and, in the second trial, 6 piglets from each treatment were killed to obtain samples of jejunal mucosa for histological measurements and digesta from the ileum and the caecum for microbiological determinations. SDAP improved weight gain (P < 0.05) and feed intake (P < 0.06) in the first two weeks after weaning of trial 1, and a similar response, although not statistically significant, was found in trial 2. Colistin also resulted in a numerical improvement in performance, but calcium formate did not. No clear effects on mucosal histology were observed and only colistin had a significant effect on the microbiological composition of digesta.     

凋萎和不同添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以孕蕾后期至初花期紫花苜蓿为材料,在实验室条件下研究了两种凋萎程度(晾晒3 h和晾晒12 h),对应含水率分别为72.6%和61.8%的苜蓿草分别添加乳酸菌接种剂(LAB)、甜菜粕(SB)、乳酸菌+甜菜粕(LAB+SB)、甲酸钠(SF)、甲酸钠+甜菜粕(SF+SB)五组不同添加剂处理及对照组(CK)对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和主要营养成分含量的影响。青贮65 d开封,对青贮进行了感官评定和实验室评定。结果表明,1)添加剂对苜蓿青贮发酵品质有极显著的影响(P<0.01),各种添加剂均不同程度地提高了苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,显著降低了青贮饲料的pH和氨态氮含量;2)两种凋萎程度下苜蓿青贮的NDF、ADF和干物质回收率均与对照组差异不显著,LAB+SB和SF处理显著提高了青贮饲料WSC的含量(P<0.05),添加SB显著降低了青贮饲料的CP值(P<0.05);3)提高原料的凋萎程度能够改善苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,显著提高青贮饲料的CP和WSC含量(P<0.05)。总体来说,不同添加剂的青贮效果不同,添加LAB+SB的青贮品质最佳。     

Effect of potassium diformate in combination with different amounts and sources of excessive dietary copper on production performance in weaning piglets.

Three studies with each 96 weaning piglets were conducted to evaluate the combinatory effect of potassium diformate and high dietary doses of Cu on production performance. In Exp. 1, increasing dietary Cu (25, 75, 125, 175 ppm Cu) were tested at either no or 1.8% potassium diformate. In Exp. 2, rising dietary levels of potassium diformate (0%, 0.6%, 1.2% and 1.8%) were tested at either 25 or 175 ppm Cu. In Exp. 3, a basal dietary Cu content of 15 ppm was compared with dietary Cu levels of 95 or 175 ppm, each of them added as either Cu sulphate or Cu amino acid chelate or Cu formate. Rising dietary additions of potassium diformate and Cu improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate of piglets. The combination of potassium diformate and Cu failed to act additively at highest dose levels of the two supplements. Cu sulphate was efficient as growth stimulating additive in all 3 experiments, Cu formate failed to stimulate production performance. Cu chelate tended to depress production performance and to increase blood plasma Cu compared to equivalent amounts of Cu from Cu sulphate.     

中药饲料添加剂对肉牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

选用20头杂交架子牛, 随机分2组, 研究日粮中添加中药饲料添加剂对肉牛生产性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明, 肉牛日粮中添加中药饲料添加剂, 可显著提高日增重、血液中淋巴细胞数量、血糖和血钙含量, 非蛋白氮含量显著下降; 血液中白细胞、分叶细胞、采食量、饲料转化率、各养分消化率均有上升趋势, 但组间无显著差异。     

两种测定饲料级磷酸氢钙中磷含量的方法比较

磷酸氢钙是一种广泛用于补充畜禽饲料中磷含量不足的饲料添加剂。本文通过两种方法(分光光度法和重量法)测定了磷酸氢钙样品中磷的含量,并对检测结果进行了比较,结果证明用分光光度法可以快速、简便地测定出饲料级磷酸氢钙中磷的含量。     

1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯合成及抑菌活性研究

为了合成两种具有抑菌活性的1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯,即1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸苯酯和1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸肉桂酯,以苯并呋咱为原料,经Beirut反应、酯交换反应,合成了两种喹醛酸酯;1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸苯酯合成产率为29.3%,1,4-二氧喹喔啉-3-甲基-2-甲酸肉桂酯合成产率为18.3%。两种1,4-二氧喹醛酸酯对大肠杆菌、金葡萄球菌、青霉菌和枯草杆菌均有明显的抑菌活性。通过测定产物的熔点和光谱分析证明系为所合成的目标产物。     

脂肪酸钙在牛业中的开发与科学利用

脂肪酸钙是一种应用较广的牛优质高能饲料添加剂。此文就研究脂肪酸钙的必要性、脂肪酸钙的作用机理、脂肪酸钙对牛生产性能的影响、确保脂肪酸钙饲用效果需要强调的问题进行了综述，并指出今后的研究重点．仍是脂肪酸钙产品的产业化，并加强其在畜牧业中的应用研究。     

饲粮锌水平对鹅再生羽绒品质、血清指标及毛囊发育相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探明饲粮锌水平对鹅再生羽绒品质、血清指标及毛囊发育相关基因表达的影响。试验选取在相同条件下饲养的5月龄健康霍尔多巴吉鹅128只,采绒后随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只,公母各占1/2。4组试验鹅分别饲喂在基础饲粮(锌水平为31.68 mg/kg)中添加0、60、120和180 mg/kg一水合硫酸锌(ZnSO4·H2 O,折合成锌的添加量分别为0、21.79、43.57和65.36 mg/kg)的饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果显示:1)饲粮中添加不同水平的锌均可增加再生羽绒的千朵绒重以及背部、腹部、胸部绒朵长度,但差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。再生羽绒的羽枝细度随着饲粮中锌添加量的增加而降低,且锌添加量为43.57和65.36 mg/kg时显著低于锌添加量为0和21.79 mg/kg时(P<0.05)。2)当饲粮中锌添加量为65.36 mg/kg时,血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性最高,显著高于锌添加量为0和21.79 mg/kg时(P<0.05);当饲粮中锌添加量为43.57 mg/kg时,血清中甘油三酯(TG)含量达到最高,显著高于锌添加量为0、21.79和65.36 mg/kg时(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平的锌对血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLOB)含量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。3)饲粮中添加不同水平的锌对血清中生长激素(GH)和泌乳素(PRL)浓度产生了影响显著(P<0.05),对类胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)浓度未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中锌添加量为21.79 mg/kg时,血清中GH和IGF-1浓度均最高,血清中PRL浓度则在锌添加量为43.57 mg/kg时最高。4)血清中锌含量随着饲粮中锌添加量的增加表现为先升高后降低,在锌添加量为43.57 mg/kg时达到最高。血清中钙和铁含量则随着饲粮中锌添加量的增加分别呈现上升和下降趋势。5)毛囊中表皮生长因子(EGF)基因的mRNA相对表达量随着饲粮中锌添加量的增加先升高后降低,在锌添加量为43.57 mg/kg时最高,显著高于锌添加量为65.36 mg/kg时(P<0.05)。毛囊中IGF-1基因的mRNA相对表达量也随着饲粮中锌添加量的增加先升高后降低,但各添加量之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出,在锌水平为31.68 mg/kg的基础饲粮中添加21.79~43.57 mg/kg锌(使饲粮锌水平达到53.47~75.25 mg/kg)可提高鹅血清中AKP活性以及GH、PRL和IGF-1浓度,影响血清钙和铁含量,提高再生羽绒的千朵绒重与绒朵长度,降低羽枝细度,还可以调节毛囊发育相关基因EGF和IGF-1的表达,从而促进羽绒再生。