利用地下海水进行海湾扇贝越冬的效果研究

把5cm以上海湾扇贝亲贝按43-50个／m^3密度吊养于水泥沉淀池,利用附近井水调温：使池水温度达4℃以上。越冬两个半月,成活率84％以上,而自然海区越冬贝成活率仅70％．升温促熟后．亲贝产卵孵化率60％以上,而自然海区越冬贝仅为15．1％。地下海水越冬贝的单位水体出苗量为505万粒／m^3和544万粒／m^3,而自然海区越冬贝出苗量仅有209万粒／m^3．证明利用地下海水调温,在沉淀池进行海湾扇贝亲贝越冬,效果明显,完全可行．     

几种理化因子对海湾扇贝育苗的影响

海湾扇贝 ( Argopecten irradians)原产于北美的大西洋沿岸 ,具有生长快、养殖周期短、营养价值高等优点 ,是扇贝科优良的养殖品种之一。1 982年中科院海洋研究所将其引入 ,1 983年育苗取得成功 ,1 985年开始推广 ,目前已成为中国近海贝类养殖的主要品种 [1] ,其人工育苗技术也得到了迅速发展和推广。本文归纳了几种理化因子对海湾扇贝育苗的影响。一、温度温度是影响海湾扇贝受精、胚胎和早期发育的重要因素之一。1 .温度对亲贝性腺发育的影响Orton[2 ]认为 ,影响生殖最重要的外界因子是温度 ,海湾扇贝的性腺发育与水温有关。关于温度对海…     

有效预防海湾扇贝面盘幼虫解体病的试验

扇贝的面盘幼虫解体病的发病主要因素为亲贝性腺发育不成熟所致。预防的有效措施,应在亲贝促熟上下功夫。利用发生面盘幼虫解体病的亲贝进行了生产性育苗实验研究,并取得了成功,培育出海湾扇贝稚贝20亿枚,单位水体出苗量368万枚/m3。     

大钦岛海区虾夷扇贝采苗试验

2010年在山东长岛县大钦岛南部海区进行虾夷扇贝采苗试验。采用规格为35cm×50cm的12目聚乙烯网袋组成的采苗器,垂挂于浮筏上,第一组网袋距离水面约3m,采苗器下端绑系质量约4kg坠石。试验结果表明,5月26日至6月1日投放采苗器平均采苗量40～50个/袋,6月6日投放采苗器平均采苗量10个/袋。3m、5m、8m采苗水层分别为30个/袋、48个/袋、71个/袋。远岸区平均采苗46个/袋,近岸区平均采苗24个/袋。     

海湾扇贝病原菌-黑美人弧菌的分离与致病性

1997年8～9月,大连金州区大李家乡养殖场筏养海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)突发大面积死亡。其主要病症是外套膜收缩,重者全部脱落,鳃丝呈土黄色或糜烂,肠管空并伴有不同程度的肾肿胀。从病贝血淋巴液和鳃组织中分离的2株优势菌(h9701-1,g9701-2)分别做纯培养,采用肌注法感染健康贝,得到与原发病相同症状,证实是病原菌。经多项形态、生理生化测定,2株分离菌皆是黑美人弧菌(Vibrionigripulchritudo)。     

虾夷扇贝室内控温人工育苗技术要点

虾夷扇贝是一种冷水性贝类,原产于日本,我国自1980年引进后,对其生物学特性、繁殖习性、苗种培育、养殖等各方面进行了深入细致的研究,育苗与养殖技术日臻完善,成为黄渤海地区的主要养殖品种.近年来,由于养殖面积不断扩大,苗种需求量越来越大,各地育苗水体不断增加,育苗单位的利润越来越薄.因此,提高单位水体出苗量,增产、稳产,对育苗厂家具有十分重要的意义.     

Recruitment of catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) larvae on artificial collectors off the NE coast of the Gulf of California

We evaluated recruitment of larvae of catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, in the area of Puerto Peñasco, NE Gulf of California. We moored artificial collectors in six sites from June 2007 to August 2008 and replaced them every 2 months. We used monthly (July 2002–September 2011) sea surface temperature (SST, °C) and surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSChl, mg m^?3) Aqua/MODIS satellite data to describe seasonal environmental behaviour study area. Also, we recorded bottom temperature at each site every 4 h, and every 2 months measured sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. We used a repeated measures anova to evaluate differences in the number of recruited spat between main factors, and analysed the presence of multimodal spat shell size frequency distributions. Overall, spat recruitment was negatively correlated with seawater temperature and showed higher spat recruitment abundances throughout winter, which is the season with the highest surface chlorophyll a concentration. We estimated multimodal shell size frequency distributions characterized by more than one modal size. The natural collection of A. ventricosus spat on artificial collectors in the area can be successfully performed over a protracted period (November–December to May–June). Our results extend the area where collection of A. ventricosus spat can be successful.     

The influence of temperature and presence of predators on growth,survival and energy allocation for reproduction in the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus

Environmental factors are known to modify the life history of marine ectotherms. In a 16‐month laboratory experiment, we investigated the influence of temperature and presence of predators on life‐history parameters including shell growth, survival and the energy investment in reproduction and body mass of the short‐lived (2–3 years) scallop Argopecten ventricosus. In parallel, A. ventricosus was maintained in the field at the Pacific coast of Baja California, México, to compare growth, survival and reproductive effort under natural conditions. For the laboratory treatments, scallops were reared at simulated field temperatures (SFT), 5 °C above SFT and in the presence of predators. Elevated water temperatures caused higher growth and gonad production, although at the cost of increased mortality. Presence of predators induced energy allocation to muscle rather than gonad growth, deferred spawning and extended survival. Field scallops exhibited higher growth, higher reproductive investment and were able to reproduce twice, whereas all laboratory scallops died after the first spawning. The natural variability of environmental parameters such as food and temperature may thus support optimal growth in the field, and when animals are protected from predators, reproduction in the second year of life.     

不同温度下充氧包装的活品海湾扇贝品质变化

为延长海湾扇贝贮运过程中的存活期并保证其品质,将海湾扇贝平铺放入HDPE材质的包装袋(32 cm×25 cm),并充入体积分数为99.9%的氧气,密封后将充氧包装的海湾扇贝分别置于0、5、10、15℃4个不同温度下,探讨不同温度对其品质的影响。试验结果显示,密封充氧包装的海湾扇贝较低温条件下的存活率、感官评价分值和糖原明显高于同一时间的较高温条件,同时较高温条件下质量损失率、色度差、细菌总数上升速度均高于较低温条件。其中,0℃条件下无水保活效果最好,11 d出现死亡,15 d全部死亡。首次出现死亡时间比5、10、15℃组分别延长5、7、9 d;全部死亡时间比5、10、15℃组分别延长4、5、9 d。0℃条件下,其感官评价分值在0～4 d内接近满分,颜色变化最小,其色度差为3.98。综合各项指标变化,0℃条件下有利于延长充氧包装内海湾扇贝的保活时间,有效保持海湾扇贝活品品质。研究结果为活品海湾扇贝密封充氧保活保鲜技术提供数据参考。     

人工养殖栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝血淋巴中部分免疫因子的比较研究

采用分光光度技术对人工养殖的栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝血淋巴中部分免疫因子进行了比较研究。结果表明,海湾扇贝血清和血细胞中溶菌酶、非特异性酯酶(NSE)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、髓性过氧化物酶(MPO)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、活性氧和H2O2的活力或含量均高于栉孔扇贝,两种扇贝除血清中MPO活力差异不显著外,其他各组均差异极显著或显著。表明人工养殖海湾扇贝较栉孔扇贝的免疫力强。     

海湾扇贝养殖高产的七大关键

1选好养殖海区 养殖区应选在水质肥沃清新、无工业及生活污染源、盐度及pH值较稳定远离河口的海区。若离河口较近,夏季随着淡水的注入会使养殖区盐度、pH值等理化因素发生变化,如果河口上游有污染源,还会使养殖区污染造成扇贝死亡。     

2005年绥中县海湾扇贝养殖欠产原因调查

2005年绥中县浅海浮筏海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）养殖发展到历史最大规模,达21000台,但产量、规格、出成率、收益大大低于2004年,万家镇平均笼产值17．4元,王宝镇平均笼产值30元。但相距不远的河北省昌黎县浅海浮筏养殖的海湾扇贝却获得了前所未有的大丰收,平均笼产值70元。两省三地形成如此强烈的反差,养殖户对此感到茫然,同时也引起了有关部门和领导的高度重视。为查明原因,笔者作为绥中县海洋与渔业局和葫芦岛市海洋与渔业局组成的联合调查组成员,对绥中县的万家、王宝两个乡镇及河北省昌黎县大蒲河镇邱家营子村的扇贝养殖情况进行了调研。现将调查结果报告如下。     

A Comprehensive Program for the Evaluation of Artificial Diets

The evaluation of artificial diets for marine fish larvae involves much more than feeding trials. Information on the diet in the water column (buoyancy, leaching, etc.), the digestive capabilities and requirements of the larvae, and the fate and uptake of the diet inside the larval digestive tract are all necessary to the understanding of the success or failure of a given artificial diet. Interdisciplinary teams of investigators are required to fully evaluate and formulate artificial diets.     

不同pH对海湾扇贝胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响

为探究pH对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradia)胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响,本研究以pH 8.0~8.2为对照组,分析不同pH (分别为7.6~7.7、7.3~7.4、7.0~7.1和6.7~6.8)对海湾扇贝胚胎及幼虫的影响。结果显示,随着pH的降低,各实验组孵化率降低,畸形率增高,孵化时间延长,且幼虫个体明显小于对照组(P<0.05)。D形幼虫期与壳顶幼虫期幼虫存活率与生长速率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。幼虫发育至第8天时,pH 7.0~7.1与pH 6.7~6.8实验组的存活率分别为6.1%和5.6%,而对照组为75.2%,除pH 7.6~7.7组外,各实验组生长速率均在3.4 μm/d及以下,基本呈现生长停滞状态。眼点幼虫附着率与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),第7天时,pH 6.7~6.8实验组附着率仅为31.7%。研究表明,海水pH变化对海湾扇贝早期胚胎及幼虫生长发育具有显著影响,该研究为评估pH变化对海湾扇贝等经济贝类资源和养殖产业的影响提供了参考资料。     

影响海湾扇贝中间育成效果的因素探讨

影响海湾扇贝中间育成效果的主要因素有:育成器具种类(A)、换袋时间(B)、网孔大小(C)和装苗量(D)。正交试验和方差试验表明,A、C、D为提高保苗率的敏感因素,B、C、D为提高生长效果的显著因素。试验结果提出:网箱或圆锥形袋的保苗率明显优于扁袋;每隔15～30天更换一次网袋可显著加快贝苗的生长速度,网孔大小以2mm为适宜,每袋最终实际装苗量应在2000只以内。     

Development and Evaluation of Diets for Crustacean Aquaculture

Effective purified and unrefined diets have been developed and evaluated for use in studying the nutrition of lobsters ( Homarus sp.). A 4-month growth experiment showed that the purified diets yielded weight increases nearly 80% of that achieved on a live food diet, with concomitant high survival rates. Lower-cost unrefined diets supported growth over half of that observed on live food diets. Supplementation of a purified diet with an astaxanthin concentrate derived from crayfish waste enhanced growth significantly, and all the diets tested promoted growth and survival with only 0.2% dietary cholesterol.
Growth and survival are the most useful criteria for evaluating crustacean diets, but other factors such as proximate analyses of feeds, physical characteristics such as pellet leaching rates, and measurable physiological effects can provide important supplemental information. Our analysis of some of these factors suggests that pellet integrity and resistance to leaching may not be directly related either to growth, or to levels of binder in the diets.     

海湾扇贝晚苗池塘底播及在褐潮暴发海区筏式养殖效果

为有效避开河北地区褐潮暴发与海湾扇贝养殖时间的重叠,为海湾扇贝产业健康持续发展提供技术支持,对海湾扇贝进行晚苗培育(4月初种贝入室,以下称晚苗)及池塘底播和筏式养殖实验。结果显示,池塘底播海湾扇贝晚苗培育的稚贝(壳长5.0–6.1 mm),经过139 d 的养殖,收获时平均壳长达59.7 mm,扇贝柱5.2 g。2012年筏式养殖海湾扇贝晚苗,收获时平均湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为28.7 g、3.8 g 和13.8%。2013年,晚苗收获时平均壳高、湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为50.3 mm、24.4 g、3.1 g 和12.7%。按1000 m3育苗水体计算,海湾扇贝晚苗培育可以节省燃煤45.5 t,节约成本6.75万元,养殖晚苗可以降低养殖成本11.6%。研究结果表明,海湾扇贝晚苗养殖技术可以有效规避褐潮暴发的不利影响,而且还可以节约养殖成本和节省能源。     

Spat Collection and Growth to Commercial Size of the Tehuelche Scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus (D'Orb.) in the San Matias Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina

Studies on larval settlement and growth of the commercial scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus were carried out over a 2-yr period in San Matias Gulf, Argentina. Gonadal index was used to indicate spawning and spat collectors were deployed when spawning began. Artificial spat collectors (mono-filament bags filled with thin shrub branches) were placed at a depth of 25 m in two areas of the Gulf during two seasons (1989–1990 and 1991–1992). Maximum settlement occurred by mid-February during the first season and by mid-January in the second season. Larger numbers of spat were found in collectors placed near the sea bottom. After settlement, spat were removed and placed in cages for growout. Scallops reached the average commercial size (60 mm shell height) 16 mo later. Mortality rate during the entire period was 10%.     

在海湾扇贝亲贝促熟培养中混养海参的研究

首次在海湾扇贝亲贝的促熟培育中，在池底放养海参，利用海参来摄食扇贝的粪便和残饵，改善亲贝蓄养水质。经42天混养试验表明：实验组比对照组性腺指数明显提高，水质得到了明显的改善，换水量降低了25％-30％，降低了生产成本，同时海参也增重了约30％，取得了比较好的效果。