Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants

Various chronic antidepressant treatments increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the functional importance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, using genetic and radiological methods, we show that disrupting antidepressant-induced neurogenesis blocks behavioral responses to antidepressants. Serotonin 1A receptor null mice were insensitive to the neurogenic and behavioral effects of fluoxetine, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor. X-irradiation of a restricted region of mouse brain containing the hippocampus prevented the neurogenic and behavioral effects of two classes of antidepressants. These findings suggest that the behavioral effects of chronic antidepressants may be mediated by the stimulation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus.     

不同来源雌性圈养马麝行为格局的比较研究

采用焦点取样连续记录方法,对甘肃兴隆山保护区马麝(Moschus sifanicus)繁育中心的雌性野捕马麝及圈养繁殖马麝的行为进行了取样,比较了非交配季节和交配季节2种来源雌麝的行为差异。结果表明:由于圈养环境的影响因子的类型、作用方式及作用强度相同,导致甘肃兴隆山麝场的雌性野捕及圈养繁殖马麝在非交配季节和交配季节的行为格局相似,麝类动物总体行为的刚性较强,可驯化性较差。在交配季节,雌麝的时间分配明显向繁殖活动相关行为倾斜,信息收集行为(环境探究和尾阴探究)的时间显著增加,摄食及反刍时间减少,亲和性下降,冲突增多。此外,雌麝在交配季节有蹭尾行为的表达。     

蔬菜质量安全控制行为及影响因素分析——基于上海市农户的调查

基于上海市农户蔬菜质量安全控制行为调查数据,对影响菜农蔬菜质量安全控制行为的因素进行了实证分析。结果显示,农户的蔬菜质量安全控制行为受到农户的行为态度、行为目标及认知行为控制的影响．其中,行为态度在三个变量中影响程度最大。此外,若菜农具有蔬菜安全生产的行为目标及认知行为控制,那么菜农从事质量安全控制行为的机率也会增加。     

Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control

Conflict monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been posited to signal a need for greater cognitive control, producing neural and behavioral adjustments. However, the very occurrence of behavioral adjustments after conflict has been questioned, along with suggestions that there is no direct evidence of ACC conflict-related activity predicting subsequent neural or behavioral adjustments in control. Using the Stroop color-naming task and controlling for repetition effects, we demonstrate that ACC conflict-related activity predicts both greater prefrontal cortex activity and adjustments in behavior, supporting a role of ACC conflict monitoring in the engagement of cognitive control.     

Retrograde amnesia: production of skseletal but not cardiac response gradient by electroconvulsive shock

Rats given a single electroconvulsive shock immediately after but not 60 seconds after an aversive conditioning trial exhibited behavioral retention deficits 24 hours later in a one-trial passive avoidance task. In contrast to these differential performance deficits, similar heart-rate changes, indicative of fear retention, were seen in punished animals irrespective of the time of delivery of the shock. These data suggest retention of a generalized fear to the training experience that was not revealed by the behavioral measure. The potential usefulness of concomitant behavioral and physiological response assessment in consolidation research is discussed.     

Ascorbic acid and the behavioral response to haloperidol: implications for the action of antipsychotic drugs

Haloperidol, a widely used antipsychotic drug, was tested for its ability to block the behavioral response to amphetamine and to elicit catalepsy in rats treated with saline or ascorbic acid (1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight). By itself, ascorbic acid failed to exert significant behavioral effects, but it enhanced the antiamphetamine and cataleptogenic effects of haloperidol (0.1 or 0.5 milligrams per kilogram). These results, combined with a growing body of biochemical evidence, suggest that ascorbic acid plays an important role in modulating the behavioral effects of haloperidol and related antipsychotic drugs.     

The role of inheritance in behavior

Inheritance plays a major role in behavior as shown by selection and strain studies for animal behavior and by twin and adoption studies for human behavior. Unlike simple Mendelian characteristics, genetic variance for behavioral dimensions and disorders rarely accounts for more than half of the phenotypic variance, and multiple genes with small effects appear to be involved rather than one or two major genes. Genetic research on behavior will be transformed by techniques of molecular biology that can be used to identify DNA sequences responsible for behavioral variation. However, the importance of nongenetic factors and the multigenetic control of behavior require new strategies to detect DNA markers that account for small amounts of behavioral variation.     

Nutritional and environmental interactions in the behavioral development of the rat: long-term effects

The behavioral effects of early malnutrition and early environmental isolation were observed in male rats. Dietary and environmental manipulations occurred during the first 7 weeks of life, after which followed a 10-week recovery period. On the basis of several different responses, it was found that the behavioral effects of early malnutrition were exaggerated by the environmental isolation. In most cases, the behavioral effects of early malnutrition were completely eliminated by supplying "additional stimulation" early in life. Two theoretical mechanisms are proposed to explain these findings.     

Chick's response to an imprinting stimulus: heterosis and evolution

Tendencies of day-old chicks to respond toward, to approach, and to stay near a distant audiovisulal imprinting apparatus were shown to be inherited in a heterotic manner. High correlations found among the traits suggest that these behavioral responses are not independent but sequential. The fitness value of such a behavioral sequence is explained in terms of imprinting.     

Self-representation in nervous systems

The brain's earliest self-representational capacities arose as evolution found neural network solutions for coordinating and regulating inner-body signals, thereby improving behavioral strategies. Additional flexibility in organizing coherent behavioral options emerges from neural models that represent some of the brain's inner states as states of its body, while representing other signals as perceptions of the external world. Brains manipulate inner models to predict the distinct consequences in the external world of distinct behavioral options. The self thus turns out to be identifiable not with a nonphysical soul, but rather with a set of representational capacities of the physical brain.     

假眼小绿叶蝉对不同绿肥挥发性物质的行为反应

采用Y型嗅觉仪测定和比较了茶树重要害虫--假眼小绿叶蝉成虫对14种绿肥枝叶挥发性物质的行为反应.结果表明:在以空气为对照的条件下,罗顿豆、猪屎豆、铺地木蓝、杂三叶、黄花槐、伞房决明、圆叶决明等7种绿肥的挥发性物质对假眼小绿叶蝉具有明显的引诱作用;紫穗槐、黄花决明、小冠花、木豆、紫花苜蓿、白三叶等6种绿肥的引诱作用不显著...     

Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism

Clinical, genetic, and neuropsychopharmacological studies of developmental factors in alcoholism are providing a better understanding of the neurobiological bases of personality and learning. Studies of the adopted-away children of alcoholics show that the predisposition to initiate alcohol-seeking behavior is genetically different from susceptibility to loss of control after drinking begins. Alcohol-seeking behavior is a special case of exploratory appetitive behavior and involves different neurogenetic processes than do susceptibility to behavioral tolerance and dependence on the antianxiety or sedative effects of alcohol. Three dimensions of personality have been described that may reflect individual differences in brain systems modulating the activation, maintenance, and inhibition of behavioral responses to the effects of alcohol and other environmental stimuli. These personality traits distinguish alcoholics with different patterns of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuropharmacological responses to alcohol.     

Nucleus accumbens long-term depression and the expression of behavioral sensitization

Drug-dependent neural plasticity related to drug addiction and schizophrenia can be modeled in animals as behavioral sensitization, which is induced by repeated noncontingent or self-administration of many drugs of abuse. Molecular mechanisms that are critical for behavioral sensitization have yet to be specified. Long-term depression (LTD) of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission in the brain has been proposed as a cellular substrate for learning and memory. The expression of LTD in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) required clathrin-dependent endocytosis of postsynaptic AMPARs. NAc LTD was blocked by a dynamin-derived peptide that inhibited clathrin-mediated endocytosis or by a GluR2-derived peptide that blocked regulated AMPAR endocytosis. Systemic or intra-NAc infusion of the membrane-permeable GluR2 peptide prevented the expression of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat.     

Activation of pontine cholinergic sites implicated in unconsciousness following cerebral concussion in the cat

Low levels of cerebral concussion in the cat produce reversible behavioral suppression presumably associated with unconsciousness. This injury is also associated with increased rates of glucose utilization in regions within the dorsomedial pontine tegmentum. Microinjection of carbachol into these regions produced behavioral suppression resembling that following concussion. These data, together with previously published observations on cholinergic responses to brain injury, suggest that concussive unconsciousness may be attributable in part to activation of cholinergic pontine sites.     

鸵鸟行为及其利用与防患

用一年时间对家养条件下各年龄段非洲黑鸵鸟的行为进行了观察。发现除繁殖行为外不分年龄和地域 ,均有相同的行为。其行为谱是 :觅食、啄食、饮水、休息和睡眠、社群和领地、清理羽毛、排便、好奇和盲从、寒热、嬉戏、防卫和攻击、趋光性、神经质及繁殖等。同时揭示了行为规律 ,并对行为的利用和防患加以刍议     

Effects of long-term reserpine treatment on brain tyrosine hydroxylase and behavioral activity

Treatment of rats with reserpine (for 8 or 9 days) produced a temporally related increase in behavioral activity and in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the midbrain. Weight loss resulting from such treatment was not sufficient, by itself, to account for either the behavioral or enzymatic changes. The results support the role of catecholamines in behavioral arousal.     

基于SEM棉花目标价格制度对农户生产行为影响分析

【目的】研究棉花目标价格制度对北疆棉农生产行为的影响。 【方法】以计划行为理论(TPB)为基础,以及新疆北部昌吉州、塔城地区、博州3个地州的5个主要产棉县(市)10个乡(镇)的290个农户调查数据为样本,采用结构方程模型(SEM)分析棉花目标价格制度实施以来农户植棉行为变化的影响因素。【结果】调查样本数据总体信度 值为0.948;假设模型中所有观测变量的非标准化因素负荷量均为正值,且显著;标准化因子负荷量均大于0.6;组成信度(CR)大于0.7,收敛效度(AVE)大于0.5;整体适配度较好;行为意愿在各路径中的中介效果显著,中介效应分别为:0.074、0.139和0.142。【结论】农户植棉的行为意愿与生产行为有显著正相关,农户改变植棉的行为意愿越强烈,对生产行为变化的影响程度就越大;农户的行为态度、主观规范以及农户感知行为控制与其行为意愿有显著正相关,对棉农生产行为亦有直接显著影响,且农户感知行为控制对北疆棉农行为意愿和生产行为影响均最大。     

谈行为事件访谈法在胜任素质模型构建中的应用

行为事件访谈法作为构建胜任力模型的重要工具之一,是目前得到公认的最有效的信息采集方法。与其他胜任素质模型研究方法相比,行为事件访谈法具有客观性、真实性、有效性等优势,但在其实际操作中存在耗时长、具有主观偏差、需受访者配合等问题。     

传统农户与科技示范户两型农业行为差异分析

探讨科技示范户与传统农户两型农业行为差异,提高两型农业科技推广效率。基于湖北省不同农户的微观调查数据,比较分析了传统农户与科技示范户两型农业行为间的差异,并利用回归模型探讨了2类农户两型农业行为差异的根源。研究结果表明:2类农户两型农业行为有显著差异,科技示范户两型农业行为明显高于传统农户,但2类农户都比较缺乏两型农业深层行为;行为差异产生的根源在于2类农户人力资本、务农规模、信息与技术的获取3方面的差异,2类农户都需要丰富两型知识并提升对两型农业的认知以深化两型农业行为。     

Mnemonic function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in conflict-induced behavioral adjustment

Our cognitive abilities in performing tasks are influenced by experienced competition/conflict between behavioral choices. To determine the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the conflict detection-resolution process, we conducted complementary lesion and single-cell recording studies in monkeys that were resolving a conflict between two rules. We observed conflict-induced behavioral adjustment that persisted after lesions within the ACC but disappeared after lesions within the DLPFC. In the DLPFC, activity was modulated in some cells by the current conflict level and in other cells by the conflict experienced in the previous trial. These results show that the DLPFC, but not the ACC, is essential for the conflict-induced behavioral adjustment and suggest that encoding and maintenance of information about experienced conflict is mediated by the DLPFC.