减蛋综合征病毒的分子生物学

减蛋综合征病毒具有典型的腺病毒形态结构,其基因组长33.2kb,分子量为22.6×106Da,各地分离株间有变异。以DNA复制为界,EDSV基因组分为早期E区(包括Eib、E2a、E2b、E3和E4区)和晚期L区(L1－L5区),早期区编码病毒复制所必需的酶类;晚期区编码五邻体、六邻体等主要结构蛋白,以及DNA结合蛋白、末端前体蛋白等病毒包装蛋白。EDSV分子生物学的深入研究为建立本病的诊断与防制技术,开发理想的表达载体系统,及确定其在病毒学中的分类地位奠定了基础。     

禽腺病毒血清4型吉林株的分离鉴定与遗传变异分析

对吉林地区送检的疑似禽腺病毒感染样品进行了分子流行病学调查,并对检测为阳性的样品进行病毒分离鉴定,共得到61个I型禽腺病毒流行毒株。对hexon基因进行的PCR扩增,获得长度为1 414,1 786,1 670bp的基因片段。通过测序分析发现,吉林地区禽腺病毒流行毒株基因型由B型变化为C型,血清型4型。根据同源性分析结果显示,本次获得的3个分离株与禽腺病毒4型标准毒株ON1株的核苷酸序列相似性较高,达到了99.1%。     

禽腺联病毒全基因组的克隆及感染性病毒的拯救

为了克隆禽腺联病毒(Avian adeno-associated virus,AAAV)全基因组用于构建基因转移载体研究,以鸡胚致死孤儿病毒(CELO)作为辅助病毒与AAAV共接种SPF鸡胚进行AAAV的增殖,将AAAV约4.7kb双链基因组DNA与pCR2.1载体连接,构建了含AAAV全基因组的重组质粒pAAAV并进行了测序。序列分析表明,AAAV YZ-1株的基因组为4684bp,两端具有141bp的末端倒置重复序列和Rep蛋白结合位点特征序列,与GenBank中收录的AAAV DA-1株和VR-865株的核苷酸序列同源性分别为95.0%和92.2%。将pAAAV质粒转染CELO病毒感染的鸡胚肝细胞系,获得了感染性AAAV病毒粒子,结果证明克隆的AAAV基因组中存在与病毒复制和包装相关的正确关键序列,可用于重组AAAV载体的构建。     

表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒的构建

利用大肠杆菌内质粒间同源重组的方法,将狂犬病病毒G基因插入腺病毒基因组的E1基因区,构建了带有狂犬病病毒G基因的重组腺病毒质粒。重组质粒经Pme酶切,线性化后转染293细胞,成功获得了均一的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒。荧光显微镜下能观察到重组腺病毒GFP报告基因的表达。用PCR方法证实了重组腺病毒基因组中含有G基因,RT-PCR方法可检测到G基因的转录产物mRNA,Westernblotting方法能检测到重组腺病毒在29细胞中表达的G蛋白。此重组腺病毒在293细胞连续传代10次,PCR方法都能扩增出G基因目的条带。试验结果表明,狂犬病病毒G基因已成功重组到腺病毒基因组中,不但能稳定表达,而且能在重组腺病毒基因组中稳定存在。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒非结构基因的克隆和序列分析

参考GenBank禽呼肠孤病毒(Avian Reovirus,ARV)和番鸭呼肠孤病毒(Muscovy Duck Reovirus,MDRV)非结构基因(NS)序列设计合成一对引物,对番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因进行RT-PCR扩增,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,并对克隆产物进行酶切鉴定和测序;番鸭呼肠孤病毒NS基因由1 291 bp核苷酸组成,与禽呼肠孤病毒NS基因相比,在非编码区第1155位少一个碱基,本文第一次证实1291bp是番鸭呼肠孤病毒NS基因特有的长度;番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因的5'末端和3'末端分别为5‘GCTTTT和TCATC-3',是禽类呼肠孤病毒基因末端特有的碱基序列,S14和C4株NS基因的的有效阅读框(24～1127bp)编码367个氨基酸组成的蛋白,分子量约为40kDa;番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS蛋白等电点分别是7.3和7.0,GC含量分别为54.26%和53.71%,番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因间核苷酸同源性为99.3%,仅有4个氨基酸差异,S14和C4与法国番鸭呼肠孤病毒89026株NS基因核苷酸同源性分别为87.8%和87.9%,与鸡关节炎病毒S1133 NS基因同源性分别为79.0%和79.3%;进化树分析表明本研究中的两株番鸭呼肠孤病毒非结构基因(NS)与番鸭呼肠孤病毒的亲缘关系比禽呼肠孤病毒近的多,建议番鸭呼肠孤病毒应归属为正呼肠孤病毒属第二个亚群中不同于禽和内尔森贝海湾呼肠病毒独立基因群.     

鸡腺病毒HZBL-S1株Hexon蛋白基因序列测定与遗传进化分析

为了解广东省禽腺病毒(Fowl adenovirus,FAdV) HZBL-S1株遗传进化情况,试验对HZBL-S1株六邻体(Hexon)蛋白全基因进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,并对其进行蛋白全基因序列及其氨基酸推导序列的遗传进化分析。结果表明:HZBL-S1株与来自国内外的FAdV基因C型、血清型为4型的参考株的相似性较高,核苷酸(推导的氨基酸)序列的相似性为98.2%～99.9%(98.5%～99.9%)。对Hexon蛋白全基因核苷酸序列及其氨基酸推导序列进行遗传进化分析,HZBL-S1株与基因型为A、B、D、E型的参考株均处于进化树的不同分支,遗传距离相对较远;而与基因型为C型、血清型为4型的参考株均处于进化树的同一分支,遗传距离相对较近。说明HZBL-S1株与基因型为C型的参考株来自同一祖先,推测该病原有可能由国外经某种途径传入我国。     

Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒特异性SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒特异性SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法,参考Gen Bank中已发布的禽腺病毒的六邻体基因(Hexon)序列设计两对引物,通过PCR扩增出Hexon基因的954 bp目的片段,克隆至p MD-19T载体,提取阳性质粒测定浓度,10倍系列稀释作为荧光定量PCR的标准品模板,制备标准曲线。结果显示,荧光定量PCR熔解曲线峰值单一,产蛋下降综合症病毒(EDSV)、传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)等外源病毒均无扩增曲线出现,对标准品模板最低检出值为1.2×101拷贝/μL。对7份Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒的细胞培养物的检出率为100%,表明建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法准确可行。     

整合REV LTR的自然重组马立克氏病毒GX0101的全基因组序列分析

GX0101是一株整合禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒 (reticuloendotheliosis, REV) 长末端重复序列 (LTR) 的重组马立克氏病病毒 (Marek′s disease, MD)。本研究基于MDV GX0101的细菌人工染色体感染性克隆利用高通量测序技术完成了对其全基因组的序列分析。GX0101全基因组长178101bp, 其基因组的TRL、UL、IRL、IRS、US和TRS区分别长12758bp、113572bp、12741bp、12700bp、11695bp、13134bp。GX0101全基因组仅含有一个REV LTR重组片段,位于其基因组US区的sorf1中,sorf2基因前267bp碱基处。与rMd5不同,GX0101含有一个sorf2基因。通过与已发表的近10株MDV的比较, 发现GX0101与英国分离株C12/130的两个不同毒力的感染性克隆pC12/130-10和pC12/130-15同源性最高。GX0101的全基因组序列的比较分析,有助于进一步阐明MDV致病性、传播性相关的基因,也有助于揭示不同地域间MDV的遗传变异和演化关系。     

鸭肠炎病毒基因组末端的克隆及序列分析

根据已知的鸭肠炎病毒基因组序列设计2对引物RTLT1、RTLT2,取基因组自连产物进行PCR反应,分别得到全长16071、978 bp的序列。将PCR产物克隆至pMD18-T载体,对重组质粒进行PCR和酶切鉴定,将阳性质粒测序,结果显示2对引物扩增的重叠序列部分完全一致。该段序列G+C含量高达75%,含有大量直接和反向重复序列,并发现4个末端特征序列,分别为具有回文结构的α序列、包含两测末端接合位点的β序列、高度保守序列的γ序列和AnTn序列。将该序列与马疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(EHV-1)、牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(BHV-1)、水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)、猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)末端序列进行比较,证实所得到的序列为鸭肠炎病毒基因组末端序列,这些特征序列的发现对进一步了解DEV复制机制有很大帮助。     

基孔肯雅病毒E1基因重组腺病毒的构建、鉴定及稳定性

构建表达基孔肯雅病毒E1蛋白的重组腺病毒,鉴定该重组腺病毒,并对该重组腺病毒的稳定性进行研究。本研究通过构建重组腺病毒穿梭质粒Ad5-EGFP-CHIKV-E1,将质粒Ad5-EGFP-CHIKV-E1与腺病毒骨架质粒共转染HEK293细胞获得重组腺病毒rAd5-EGFP-CHIKV-E1,并通过Western blot与PCR方法鉴定E1基因表达的稳定性。PCR鉴定结果表明重组腺病毒可扩增1323bp大小的条带;经Western blot鉴定重组腺病毒可表达大小为52 000的E1蛋白。结果表明,重组腺病毒rAd5-EGFP-CHIKV-E1可以成功表达基孔肯雅病毒E1基因;提取第0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16代重组腺病毒基因组,经PCR鉴定证实重组腺病毒在16代内稳定性良好。成功构建出表达基孔肯雅病毒E1基因的重组腺病毒rAd5-EGFP-CHIKV-E1,该病毒可以稳定表达,为研发基孔肯雅病毒疫苗奠定基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein