不同寄主植物上烟蚜DNA多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

用RAPD-PCR技术研究了桃树、油菜和烟草上烟蚜的DNA多态性。结果表明,用相似性指数(SI)和Nei的遗传距离(D)及聚类分析对本研究筛选的三个引物OPX-04、OPX-06和OPX-19的扩增结果进行比较,除OPX-06的D值聚类可将各寄主植物上的烟蚜分开外,其余均可将样本分为两类,即来自桃树的烟蚜和来自油菜、烟草上的烟蚜。这说明与桃树的烟蚜相比,在DNA水平上,油菜上的烟蚜与烟草上的烟蚜更为接近。结果还表明,在烟蚜的体色方面,与黄绿色相比,红色与褐色更为接近。     

4种寄主植物的繁蚜－繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力比较

为比较不同寄主植物繁蚜,继而繁育烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis的潜力,促进烟蚜茧蜂扩繁,从烟田采集供试烟蚜与烟蚜茧蜂,比较了烟草、萝卜、油菜和小白菜共4种常用寄主植物的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力。结果显示:(1)烟草和萝卜的单株繁蚜速率较快、繁蚜量大,表明两者的繁蚜能力强于小白菜和油菜;(2)4种寄主植物上的僵蚜羽化率没有显著差异,烟蚜茧蜂对烟草和萝卜繁育烟蚜的寄生率显著高于小白菜和油菜,表明在烟草和萝卜上繁蜂能力强于油菜和小白菜;(3)烟草上繁育的子代蜂寿命及其后足胫节长度均显著大于在其他3种寄主植物上繁育的寄生蜂的相应参数,表明烟草上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的营养状态优于在其他3种寄主植物上得到的烟蚜茧蜂。总体而言,烟草的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力均强于其他3种寄主植物,更适用于烟蚜茧蜂扩繁;萝卜上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力不及烟草,但明显优于小白菜和油菜,可作为一种烟蚜茧蜂繁育的替代寄主植物,用于提纯、复壮烟蚜和烟蚜茧蜂。     

球形芽孢杆菌C3-41和2362菌株的发酵特性和毒力比较

球形芽孢杆菌Ｃ３－４１和２３６２菌株的发酵特性和毒力比较①袁志明刘娥英蔡全信张用梅（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）ＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＳＯＦＴＨＥＦＥＲＭＥＮＴＡＴＩＯＮＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＹＡＮＤＴＯＸＩＣＩＴＹＯＦＢＡＣＩＬＬＵＳＳＰＨＡ...     

豫北地区杂草植物病原菌资源调查

豫北地区杂草植物病原菌资源调查张希福（河南职业技术师范学院植保系，新乡４５３００３）ＩＮＶＥＳＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＷＥＥＤＰＡＴＨＯＧＥＮＳＦＬＯＲＡＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＥＲＮＨＥＮＡＮＺＨＡＮＧＸｉ－ｆｕ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏ...     

EB-82灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响

ＥＢ－８２灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响马江龙厚茹（中国农科院生物防治研究所,北京１０００８１）ＴＯＸＩＣＩＴＹＯＦＥＢ┐８２ＡＰＨＩＤＩＣＩＤＥＯＮＭＡＣＲＯＳＩＰＨＵＭＲＯＳＡＥＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ...     

枣尺蠖核型多角体病毒增殖制备的研究

枣尺蠖核型多角体病毒增殖制备的研究邢同（山东省无棣县棉花生产办公室，２５１９００）ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＰＲＥＲＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＮＵＣＬＥＡＲＰＯＬＹＨＥＤＲＯＳＩＳＶＩＲＵＳＯＦＳＵＣＲＡＪＵＪＵＢＡ［ＬＥＰ．：ＧＥＯＭＥＴＲＩＤＡＥ］Ｘ...     

芝麻茎点枯病的防治

烟蚜是云南烟草上的主要害虫。被害的烟株,生长停滞,产量降低,品质变劣。烟蚜是黄瓜花叶病和丛矮病等烟草病毒病的传播媒介;它分泌的蜜露,常引起煤烟病。烟蚜的发生、消长与气象因素的关系至为密切。 一、与温度的关系:云南“冬无严寒,夏无酷暑”,烟蚜无明显的越冬滞育现象,终年以孤雌生殖的方式,在烟草、油菜、蔬菜及一些杂草上繁殖交替为害。有“半年油菜,半年烟”的说法。烟草生长旺盛的6、     

灰斑古毒蛾核型多角体病毒病的自然流行

灰斑古毒蛾核型多角体病毒病的自然流行孙发仁（山东省泰安市菜篮子科技园，泰安２７１０００）ＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＡＲＹＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＰＯＬＹＨＥＤＲＯＳＩＳＶＩＲＵＳＩＳＯＬＡＴＥＤＦＲＯＭＯＲＧＹＩＡＥＲＩＣＡＥＳＵＮＦａ－Ｒｅｎ（ＴａｉａｎＳｃｉ...     

水稻近等基因系与白叶枯病菌互作的生理指标研究

用抗水稻白叶枯病的近等基因在ＣＢＢ３（Ｘａ－３）、ＣＢＢ４（Ｘａ－４）、ＣＢＢ１２（Ｘａ－１２）和感病轮回亲本沈农１０３３一两个致病力不同的白叶枯病菌株７５－１、７６－２５组成非亲和性和亲和性反应的组合。以无菌水模拟接种为对照,成株期剪叶接种后分别在不同时间取样测定叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性。ＰＡＬ活性在处理后４８ｈ达到高峰,且接种病菌后的酶活     

中生菌素对水稻白叶枯病菌的作用及田间小区试验

中生菌素对水稻白叶枯病菌的作用及田间小区试验朱昌雄，谢德龄史志国，徐德生（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所，北京１０００８１））（北京市通县植保站，北京１０１１００）ＬＡＢＯＲＡＴＯＲＹＡＮＤＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳＯＮＴＨＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＴ...     

黄瓜花叶病毒和马铃薯Y病毒混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响

为探究黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响,利用刺探电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术记录了烟蚜在健康烟株与CMV、PVY混合侵染后不同发病级别烟株上的取食波形。结果显示:烟蚜在健康烟株上的刺探次数最少,在感病烟株上的C波总持续时间均显著长于健康烟株;第1次到达韧皮部前的刺探次数,健康植株上仅为4.00次,3级感病烟株上的为健康烟株上的2倍;在健康烟株上E2波总持续时间为120.65 min,极显著大于2级和3级感病烟株;刺探过程中,感病烟株上的pd波出现次数均高于健康烟株,且pd波II-1和II-3亚波的持续时间也显著高于健康烟株。研究表明,CMV、PVY混合侵染烟株可降低寄主对烟蚜的适合度,且能促进烟蚜对病毒的传播。     

Using bioassays with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to determine residual activity of two systemically soil-applied neonicotinoid insecticides in field-grown tobacco

Duration of systemic pesticide activity under field conditions has wide implications for pest management. Our aim was to determine the duration of activity of systemic insecticides commonly used in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by measuring the levels of insect infestations on field plots and effects on reproduction and survival of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) in controlled bioassays using field grown leaves. Plants were treated with different concentrations of two systemic neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and grown in small field plots. Our results show that these materials are effective under field conditions against aphids for at least 13 weeks after transplant. Pesticides also affected aphid reproduction and nymph survival in bioassays, although some aphids survived on pesticide-treated leaves. We also observed that leaf age affected aphid survival. We showed that neonicotinoids were very effective against M. persicae, aphids are a useful organism to assess pesticide efficacy early in the growing season, but plant characteristics are more important than pesticide concentration in the second half of the growing season.     

释放异色瓢虫对北京温室甜椒和圆茄上桃蚜的控害效果

为评价异色瓢虫在温室条件下对桃蚜的控害能力及效益,在甜椒和圆茄生产温室中以生物农药防治为对照,开展释放异色瓢虫控制桃蚜的示范试验,分析天敌害虫的种群动态变化,并计算防治成本。结果显示:异色瓢虫能够持续控制甜椒温室中桃蚜种群密度,其定殖率在蚜虫暴发高峰期时最高,为64%;且甜椒产量及经济效益高于生物农药防治。在圆茄温室中,前期释放的异色瓢虫使桃蚜高峰延缓1周出现;在增加瓢虫释放量后,1周内桃蚜种群密度下降了79%,且瓢虫定殖率达到86%,控害效果较好。表明通过生产期全程监测天敌-害虫的种群动态,在植株定植15 d后每周确定益害比,通过2~3个月持续释放异色瓢虫,可有效、持续控制整个生产期桃蚜为害。     

Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of the predator<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrolophus costalis</Emphasis> and its prey<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myzus persicae</Emphasis> on tobacco

Field studies were conducted to assess the population and the spatial dynamics of the predatory bugMacrolophus costalis Fieber (Hemiptera: Miridae) and of its prey, the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), on tobacco. From an untreated tobacco field in Tithorea (central Greece), tobacco leaves were collected from the upper and the lower half of the plants from June until September, in 1999 and 2000. The numbers ofM. costalis andM. persicae individuals per leaf were counted. Most aphids were observed during July and August (early and mid season), with densities dropping markedly in September. In contrast,M. costalis population densities increased late in the season (September). Significantly higher numbers of aphids were found on the upper half of the plants than on the lower half. In contrast, significantly moreM. costalis individuals were observed on the lower half. Iwao’s Regression Analysis was used in order to characterize the spatial pattern of the two species. According to this model, in both sampling seasons, aphids andM. costalis nymphs displayed an aggregated spatial pattern, whileM. costalis adults were found to be randomly distributed among sampling units. Although moreM. costalis individuals were recorded on leaves with relatively high aphid densities, this species did not react numerically to changes in prey density. In addition, a significant number of bugs were found on leaves with low aphid densities or no aphids at all. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

不同体色生物型烟蚜的取食特性分析

为探究不同体色生物型烟蚜Myzus persicae取食行为的差异,明确其在烟田的分布特征,利用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术测定了红色型、绿色型和褐色型3种体色生物型烟蚜在烟草上的取食行为。结果表明:红色型烟蚜刺探取食之前对烟草寄主所花费的识别时间最短,为2.20 min,极显著短于褐色型烟蚜的10.09 min。绿色型烟蚜在刺探过程中pd波平均持续时间为7.45 s,显著长于红色型烟蚜的6.85 s,极显著长于褐色型烟蚜的3.95 s,但3种体色生物型烟蚜的pd波次数无显著差异。首次刺吸至第1次出现E2波所需时间,绿色型和褐色型烟蚜均约为红色型烟蚜的2倍。韧皮部取食阶段,3种体色生物型烟蚜分泌唾液(E1波)的时间无显著差异;红色型烟蚜被动吸食汁液(E2波)时间为112.28 min,显著长于绿色型烟蚜的70.02 min和褐色型烟蚜的75.15 min。褐色型烟蚜在木质部主动摄取汁液(G波)的时间最短为8.58 min,与另外2种体色生物型烟蚜差异显著。表明3种体色生物型烟蚜各自具有不同的取食策略,但总体而言红色型烟蚜对烟草的适应性最强。     

Development of a high‐throughput real‐time PCR assay for the detection of the R81T mutation in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of neonicotinoid‐resistant Myzus persicae

BACKGROUND: Myzus persicae is a globally important aphid pest that is mainly controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. Recently, a clone of M. persicae exhibiting control‐compromising levels of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides was described. The resistance of this clone was associated with reduced affinity of imidacloprid for the target site (the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) as a result of mutation of a key amino acid residue (R81T) in the loop D region of a nAChR β1 subunit. The potent levels of resistance conferred by this mechanism are cause for considerable concern, and the frequency and distribution of the mutation in worldwide populations of M. persicae require careful monitoring. In this study, a high‐throughput assay has been developed that allows detection of the mutation in individual aphids. RESULTS: A real‐time TaqMan assay to detect the R81T substitution was developed that proved to be sensitive and specific in tests of analytical sensitivity and in a blind genotyping trial of DNA extracted from individual aphids comprising the three possible genotypes. The assay was then used to examine the frequency of the R81T mutation in aphids collected and stored in ethanol from peach orchards in southern France. The R81T frequency varied from 33 to 100% in seven populations from the department of Gard, France. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a rapid and sensitive assay that very effectively detects the R81T mutation in individual aphids. The results also have practical significance for the control of M. persicae in southern France and provide contemporary data to inform current resistance management strategies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同温度下新蚜虫疠霉对桃蚜的毒力测定

在15、18、21、25、28℃温度下,将新蚜虫疠霉应用孢子浴法对1～2龄桃蚜进行毒力测定,各处理温度分别设10个剂量,每剂量处理蚜虫60～120头,逐日观察记载蚜虫死亡数量。结果表明,新蚜虫疠霉具有较强杀蚜虫特性,其致病性在25℃时达最佳效果。接种后的前2d为新蚜虫疠霉的潜伏期,接种后3～4d为对桃蚜的致死高峰期。在温度15、18、21、25、28℃下,接种60min后,新蚜虫疠霉对桃蚜的LT₅₀值分别为3.0、3.7、2.8、2.53、.9 d。     

Identifying the presence of neonicotinoidresistant peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) in the peach-growing regions of southern France and northern Spain

BACKGROUND: The neonicotinoid class of insecticides is a key component of pest management strategies used by stone fruit producers in Europe. Neonicotinoids are currently one of the most important tools for control of the peach‐potato aphid (Myzus persicae). Overreliance on neonicotinoids has led to the development of resistance through a combination of metabolic and target‐site resistance mechanisms in individual aphids. A resistance monitoring project was conducted by Syngenta in 2010 to determine the resistance status of M. persicae populations collected from France and Spain, and to determine the frequency of the target‐site mutation in those populations. RESULTS: Resistance monitoring suggests that resistance to neonicotinoids is relatively widespread in populations of M. persicae collected from peach orchards in the Languedoc‐Roussillon, Provence‐Alpes‐Cote d'Azur and Rhone‐Alpes regions of France, and resistance can be associated with the frequency of the target‐site mutation (R81T). The R81T mutation in its heterozygous form is also present in Spanish populations and is associated with neonicotinoid resistance. CONCLUSION: The widespread nature of neonicotinoid resistance in southern France and the potential for resistance development in northern Spain highlight the need for a coordinated management strategy employing insecticides with different modes of action to reduce the selection pressure with neonicotinoids. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticide resistance profiles can be misleading in predicting the survival of Myzus persicae genotypes on potato crops following the application of different insecticide classes

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of predicting the survival of insecticide‐resistant aphids following the application of commonly used insecticides from the carbamate, the pyrethroid, a mix of the two or the neonicotinoid chemical classes was evaluated in a potato field in Scotland. Equal proportions of five genotypes of the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with none, resistance to dimethyl‐carbamates, resistance to pyrethroids or combinations conferring resistance to both chemical classes were released into potato field plots. The insecticides were sprayed separately onto these plots, the aphid populations were analysed after 6–8 days and the process repeated. RESULTS: For each assessment after the three separate spray events, plots treated with the carbamate had 48, 147 and 28%, those treated with pyrethroid 53, 210 and 89%, those treated with carbamate/pyrethroid 28, 108 and 64% and those treated with neonicotinoid 43, 55 and 11% of the numbers of M. persicae by comparison with untreated controls. Only the proportions of surviving aphids from the genotype containing no insecticide resistance traits and the genotype containing elevated carboxylesterases matched ratios predicted from the selective advantage afforded by the resistance traits alone. Survival of aphids from the other three genotypes that carried 1–3 of the insecticide resistance traits differed from expectations in all cases, possibly owing to physiological differences, including their vulnerability to predators and hymenopterous parasitoids present at the site and/or their carrying unknown insecticide resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Control strategies based on knowledge of the genetically determined insecticide resistance profile of an M. persicae population alone are insufficient. Hence, other important factors contributing to aphid survival under insecticide pressure need to be considered. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry