小麦慢白粉品种的抗性组分研究

 2003~2004年度和2004~2005年度在田间测定了16个小麦品种(系)对小麦白粉菌E20菌株的抗性组分,包括潜育期、侵染几率、产孢量、病斑扩展和传染期。结果表明,小麦慢白粉品种(系)与高感对照品种相比,表现为潜育期长、侵染几率低、产孢量低、病斑扩展慢的特点,且这4个抗性组分与对照的差异都达到了显著和极显著水平,但慢白粉品种的传染期变化无一定规律。参试慢白粉品种的抗性组分参数与病情曲线下面积(AUDPC)的相关分析表明,潜育期与AUDPC呈负相关,但相关性不显著;产孢量和病斑扩展与AUDPC呈正相关,两年数据相关性均达到显著水平;侵染几率与AUDPC呈正相关,但2003-2004年度相关性不显著,而2004~2005年度相关性显著;传染期与AUDPC相关关系不明显。由此可见,在慢白粉品种的病害流行中起主要作用的是产孢量、病斑扩展,而侵染几率、潜育期和传染期作用相对较小。     

特谱唑防治小麦锈病毒理与应用技术的初步研究

据室内测定结果,特谱唑具有很强的内吸传导性能,用灌土法施药的效果可与叶面喷雾法相比拟,但基本上是向上传导。此药具有很强的治疗和铲除作用,在病菌潜育期施药,可控制到不发病,最多只显退绿斑;在退绿期施药,可使病菌夏孢子堆变成褐色小点,孢子粉极少,但对夏孢子的萌发影响则弱。此药剂比三唑酮毒力强,其毒力指数(三唑酮为100)都在900以上,即达到 EC_(50)和 EC_(95)所需的剂量,前者只需后者的11%以下,特别是保护作用突出。据田间试验结果,此药剂的用药量比三唑酮少,如控制条锈病为害所需的剂量只要三唑酮的三分之一。防治条锈病的用药量一般以45—47g/ha(有效成分)为合适;用药期以病叶率5%—10%、小麦处于旗叶伸长期为宜;施药次数以上述的合适剂量和适期喷施1次即可控制整个成株期条锈病为害,收到最佳的经济效益。     

模拟酸雨对小麦条锈病流行学组分的影响

为明确酸雨对小麦条锈病菌孢子萌发及病害流行学组分的影响,采用不同酸度的模拟酸雨(p H值分别为2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6)处理小麦条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子,并将不同酸度模拟酸雨处理后的夏孢子接种小麦感病品种铭贤169,采用组分分析法研究酸雨对病害发展过程的影响。结果表明,随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强,生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率均显著降低,萌发24 h后对照组生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率分别为93.7%和79.8%,在p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后萌发率仅为13.1%和8.6%。温室内接种试验结果显示,不同酸度模拟酸雨对生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率、潜育期和病情指数均有显著影响,对生理小种CYR32和CYR33病斑扩展率影响不显著;与对照相比,p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率分别下降79.9%和79.8%。结果表明强酸雨(p H 3.5)显著延长小麦条锈菌潜育期,减少病斑产孢量,降低病情指数和病害进展曲线下面积。     

三唑酮种衣剂对小麦白粉菌侵染和非侵染位点硅等元素含量的影响

 借助扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析方法从超微结构和元素水平观测了三唑酮种衣剂包衣处理和空白对照的小麦幼苗上白粉病菌侵染及非侵染位点硅等元素含量的变化。结果表明,接种后20~36 h内三唑酮种衣剂处理的麦苗侵染位点细胞内元素硅含量由5.204%上升为42.064%,非侵染位点由5.821%上升为12.342%;空白对照中侵染位点元素硅含量由低于检测水平上升为17.388%,非侵染位点接种后36 h时为19.460%。在处理和空白对照的麦苗上侵染和非侵染位点均检测到了含量不等的磷、硫、氯等元素存在。     

三唑酮拌种对小麦条锈病菌叶部侵染过程的影响

 供试小麦种子用干拌法施药,在一叶期接种小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis West)毒性小种,用整叶透明染色方法研究三唑酮拌种对条锈菌叶部侵染过程的影响.结果表明,由初生吸器形成开始,三唑酮对吸器产生和菌落扩展表现出多方面的影响.拌种植株叶片中条锈菌侵染菌丝的生长和分枝严重受阻,吸器母细胞和吸器形成显著减少,菌落亦不再进一步分化,多数侵染点还出现寄主细胞坏死。这些组织病理学变化与抗病品种的过敏性坏死反应很相似.     

不同杀菌剂对苹果炭疽叶枯病的防治效果

为了筛选出防治苹果炭疽叶枯病的有效杀菌剂, 采用室外先接种后施药和先施药后接种的方法, 测试了6种药剂的内吸治疗效果和8种药剂的保护效果。在病菌侵染后的72 h内使用吡唑醚菌酯, 或在病菌侵染后的24 h内使用咪鲜胺对病斑的显症有一定的治疗效果。波尔多液在喷施后18 d, 对炭疽叶枯病菌侵染的抑制效果仍达50%, 肟菌?戊唑醇、烯酰?吡唑酯和唑醚?代森联3种药剂在施药后的第11天, 其保护效果与对照仍有显著差异, 持效期达11 d, 代森锰锌、甲基硫菌灵、氢氧化铜和咪鲜胺4种保护剂的持效期只能维持6 d。炭疽叶枯病的防治应以波尔多液为主, 并与吡唑醚菌酯等有机杀菌剂交替使用, 有机铜制剂不能替代波尔多液。     

梨锈病侵染特征及防治适期研究

通过对"锦丰"梨园梨锈病发生情况调查、梨锈病侵染过程中生态因子影响的研究、梨锈病发生、发展和侵染特征的观察及不同药剂和施药时期对梨锈病防治效果的影响试验,了解了梨锈病侵染全过程和各时期侵染特征;3～10d叶龄的梨叶锈病侵染最重;降水量和空气相对湿度是影响梨锈病发生的关键因子;有效成分为三唑酮、氟硅唑和苯醚甲环唑的杀菌药剂可作为治疗梨锈病的首选药剂,并以病斑出现后1～5 d为治疗梨锈病的最佳时期.     

三唑酮防治成株期小麦条锈病的初步研究

试验结果表明,三唑酮对小麦条锈病防病保产效果好,残效期长,用药量低,安全低毒,内吸传导性能强,使用方法多,是目前比较理想的防锈药剂。在小麦初见剑叶及其前后,病叶率在2～4%时,施药较为适合,每亩用药量7～20克。用此法施药一次,平均防病效果在90%以上,保产效果在13.3～36.2%,平均病指压低在3%以下,可控制整个成株期条锈病危害。中、低和超低容量以及淋浇、泼浇的施药效果与常规叶面喷雾的相似,都是可行的方法。三唑酮还可兼治小麦白粉病和叶锈病。     

2011年我国主要麦区小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮和苯锈啶的敏感性

 小麦白粉病(Wheat Powdery Mildew)是我国小麦生产上常发性病害之一^[1]。小麦白粉病的防治主要采用抗病品种和化学药剂,辅之以栽培措施的综合防治技术。由于目前生产上抗病品种相对缺乏,药剂防治成为我国小麦白粉病防治的主要措施之一^[2]。自20世纪80年代以来三唑类杀菌剂一直是我国防治小麦白粉病的主要药剂,由于长期、大范围、单一的使用导致小麦白粉病菌对三唑类杀菌剂的抗药性大大提高。监测结果表明,2009年我国小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮的平均抗性水平已经达到56.58倍,抗性频率达到99.09%,其中高抗菌株占49.09%^[3]。目前小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的抗性形势十分严峻,寻找三唑类杀菌剂的替代药剂成为控制该病害的迫切需求。     

氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫的作用效果

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHI)杀线剂氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用效果,在室内盆栽条件下研究不同剂量、不同施药时期该药剂对线虫侵入、根结和雌虫数量以及产卵量的影响。结果显示:在黄瓜幼苗移栽前进行土壤处理,氟吡菌酰胺施用剂量为31.25μg/株时,每株2龄幼虫侵染数量和根结数量分别为11.3条和6.4个,相比对照处理显著减少;在接种南方根结线虫后0～11 d,以施药量为125μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根结数量,每株根结数量减少至12.8～22.5个,同时,施药后根系内未见成熟雌虫产生;在接种后15 d,以施药量为250μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根内成熟雌虫数量,每株雌虫数量减少至16.9条;接种后20 d施药,施药量为500μg/株时可大幅减少根部产生的根结线虫卵块数量,每株卵块数量减少至18.9个。表明氟吡菌酰胺能抑制土壤内线虫对黄瓜根系的侵染并抑制根内线虫发育,但随着施药时间的推迟,防治已侵入根系的线虫需增加施药剂量,在生产上使用氟吡菌酰胺防治根结线虫病应在作物移栽前或线虫侵染早期施药效果更好。     

十一种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的适宜施用时期

为了明确当前市场上具有代表性的11种防治马铃薯晚疫病杀菌剂的适宜施用时期,采用人工接种马铃薯叶片的方法,测定了其中5种药剂在接种晚疫病菌前10 d内不同时间施用的预防效果和其中7种药剂在接种后24 h内不同时间施用的治疗效果。结果显示:在保证良好防治效果的前提下,药剂在病原菌接种前保护性施用的适宜时期比在接种后治疗性施用的适宜时期要长。在测试浓度下,接种前5种供试药剂保持100%防治效果的适宜施用时期为接种前3~10 d;而接种后7种供试药剂保持相同防效的适宜施用时期仅为接种后6~12 h,在生产实际中难以操作。研究结果说明,在田间马铃薯晚疫病的化学防治中,为了取得良好防治效果,每次用药均应在病菌侵入之前采用保护性施用,尽量避免在病菌侵入之后进行治疗性施用。     

戊唑醇和三唑醇种衣剂对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响

三唑醇、戊唑醇用于小麦种子处理,当包衣浓度分别高于０．３ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子和０．６ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子时,对小麦的发芽及出苗都有较为严重的影响;对小麦的生长发育有明显的影响主要表现为株高降低,根长、胚芽鞘高度、第１片真叶长减小,而分根数增加,第１片真叶宽增大;除包衣用量大于１．２ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子百株鲜重明显降低外,其余与空白对照无明显差异。相同用量下,戊唑醇对小麦幼苗生长发育的抑制作用要比三唑醇的     

Effect of triadimefon and triadimenol on growth of various plant species as well as on gibberellin content and sterol metabolism in shoots of barley seedlings

The fungicides triadimefon and triadimenol markedly reduced growth of coleoptiles, primary leaves, and roots of barley seedlings when grown for 7 days in petri dishes in the dark. The addition of gibberellins (A₁, A₃, A₄, A₇, A₉) alleviated growth retardation of primary leaves and coleoptiles induced by the fungicides. While fungicide-induced growth retardation of the shoots was partly relieved by kinetin, IAA did not show an alleviating activity. Triadimefon and triadimenol also substantially retarded the elongation of shoots of tomato and cotton plants and simultaneous application of GA₃ nullified the retardation. The fungicides only slightly interfered with both α-amylase production of intact germinating barley seed and the GA₃-induced α-amylase synthesis in barley endosperm. On the other hand, extracts of triadimefon- and triadimenol-treated shoot tissue of 10- to 12-day-old barley plants contained substantially lower gibberellin-like activity than control shoots. Both compounds also interfered in sterol metabolism of shoots of barley seedlings when compared to control plants, treatment resulted in lower amounts and altered proportions of C-4,4-desmethyl sterols. While both fungicides inhibited synthesis of C-4,4-desmethyl sterol fraction, sterols possessing C-4 and C-14-methyl groups were accumulated. It is assumed that triadimefon and triadimenol interfere in gibberellin and sterol biosynthesis in barley seedlings by inhibiting oxidative demethylation reactions.     

三唑酮及其代谢产物三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为

三唑酮是一种重要的橡胶树白粉病防治药剂,明确三唑酮及其代谢物三唑醇在橡胶树上的迁移富集行为有利于提高其农药的靶标利用率。本研究基于QuEChERS法,采用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术首次建立了三唑酮和三唑醇在橡胶树植株根、茎、叶中的残留分析方法。采用水培条件下根部施药和土培条件下叶部施药的方式,分别研究了三唑酮及三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为。结果表明：橡胶树植株可快速将三唑酮代谢成三唑醇,2种药剂均可从植株根部通过茎部迁移至叶部,但在植株各部位中的富集行为具有较大差异,其生物富集系数大小依次为根部>茎部>叶部,且茎部和叶部的转运系数均小于1,表明三唑酮及三唑醇很难在橡胶树植株中向上迁移,易被根部富集;在对橡胶树植株叶部施药时,三唑酮亦可快速代谢成三唑醇,2种农药在植株不同部位的叶片间迁移能力较差。该研究可为优化三唑酮等农药在橡胶树上的施用方案提供重要的数据支撑。     

Effects of temperature, leaf wetness and cultivar on the latent period of Mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat

After inoculation of winter wheat cv. Longbow at a single time, lesions of M. graminicola were produced over a long interval starting 15–35 days after inoculation, dependent on temperature. There was no evidence that a single infection gave rise to more than one lesion. After the initial infection period at 100% relative humidity (r.h.), keeping leaves wet for c. 10 h per day did not shorten latent period on seedlings. Experiments in controlled-environment chambers demonstrated a minimum latent period at approximately 17°C Variation in the latent period of individual lesions was also minimum at this temperature. The latent period varied among the cultivars tested, cv. Longbow having the shortest, cv. Avalon having almost the longest. Field observations broadly confirmed the results of experiments in constant-environment chambers.     

三唑酮、三唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌形态和生理的影响

 小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)在加入三唑酮(Triadimefon)或三唑醇(Triadimenol)的培养液中生长时,菌丝形态和生理发生明显的改变。菌丝畸形,表现为细胞肿大,细胞分隔处菌丝缢缩;药剂处理后,等量菌丝的麦角甾醇含量下降,1、5μg/ml的三唑酮和三唑醇处理,麦角甾醇含量比对照减少45.155.9%和27.5、48.9%;菌丝在药剂处理后,电解质渗漏增加,5μg/ml药剂处理一小时后,三唑酮组的菌丝之细胞电解质渗漏达2.58%,三唑醇组的渗漏为2.19%,空白对照组仅为0.65%。本研究结果表明,三唑酮、三唑醇对小麦纹枯病菌具有直接的伤害作用。     

Simulation studies on epidemics of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) on slow-rusting cultivars and analysis of effects of resistance components

Simulation studies were conducted to analyse the effects of components of slow-rusting resistance to stripe rust ( Puccinia striiformis ) on wheat varieties using the Slow-Rusting Epidemic Simulation Model (SRESM). Five components, infection efficiency (IE), sporulation capacity (SC), lesion expansion rate (LE), latent period (LP) and infectious period (IP) were studied for their importance in epidemics under various weather and pathogen inoculum conditions. Simulation outputs were analysed statistically. The LE, IE and SC were found to be the most important components. However, final disease was more strongly influenced by weather and initial disease. The Integrated Resistance Index (IRJ), which combines the effects of resistance components, was used to predict the effects of various combinations of components in different types of weather and at different levels of initial disease intensity. These predictions provide guidelines for plant breeders and are useful in selecting varieties for specific regions.     

Distributions of Sensitivities to Three Sterol Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides Among Populations of Uncinula necator Sensitive and Resistant to Triadimefon

ABSTRACT Single-conidial isolates of Uncinula necator from (i) a population representing two vineyards with no previous exposure to sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides ("unexposed," n = 77) and (ii) a population representing two vineyards in which powdery mildew was poorly controlled by triadimefon after prolonged DMI use ("selected," n = 82) were assayed to determine distributions of sensitivities to the DMI fungicides triadimenol (the active form of triadimefon), myclobutanil, and fenarimol. Median 50% effective dose (ED(50)) values (micrograms per milliliter) in the selected versus unexposed populations were 0.06 versus 1.9 for triadimenol, 0.03 versus 0.23 for myclobutanil, and 0.03 versus 0.07 for fenarimol, respectively. Isolates were grouped into sensitivity classes according to their ED(50) values, and those from the selected population were categorized as resistant if the frequency of their sensitivity class had increased significantly relative to levels found in the unexposed population (ED(50) values exceeding 0.56, 0.18, and 0.18 mug/ml for triadimenol, myclobutanil, and fenarimol, respectively). Of the 76 isolates defined as resistant to triadimenol, 64% were classified as cross-resistant to myclobutanil, 18% were classified as cross-resistant to fenarimol, and 17% were classified as resistant to all three fungicides; 25% of the isolates classified as resistant to myclobutanil also were classified as resistant to fenarimol. Similar cross-resistance relationships were revealed when all isolates were examined by regressing log ED(50) values for each fungicide against those for the remaining two fungicides to determine the correlation coefficients (e.g., r = 0.85 for triadimenol versus myclobutanil and 0.56 for triadimenol versus fenarimol). The restricted levels of cross-resistance indicated by these data, particularly between fenarimol and the other two fungicides, is in sharp contrast to the high levels of cross-resistance among DMIs reported for some other pathogens and has significant implications with respect to programs for managing grapevine powdery mildew and DMI resistance.     

小麦纹枯病药剂防治技术

进行了防治小麦纹枯病单剂和混剂农药的筛选及其应用技术的研究。结果表明,供试药剂对小麦纹枯病菌都具有抑制作用,但其有效浓度有所不同。福美双,多菌,灵,三唑酮,担菌灵和井冈霉素的ＥＣ５０分别为１２．２８５７、４．０３４６、１．７８２４、４．０３４６和１６．９２００μｇ／ｍｌ;混剂福美双十三唑酮的ＥＣ５０为０．２８０５０μｇ／ｍｌ,共毒系为１１０９．８５７,具有明显增效作用。在此基础上,田间比较了上述药     

Effects of Two Triazole Seed Treatments,Triticonazole and Triadimenol,on Growth and Development of Wheat

The triazole fungicides, triadimenol and triticonazole, applied as seed treatments at various rates on spring wheat, affected plant growth, shoot development, and root axis production. The main growth regulatory effects were reductions in lengths of the coleoptile, the first leaf and the subcrown internode. A marked effect on tiller appearance occurred with high rates of triadimenol. Modification of root-system development included a reduction in the number of seminal roots, increased outgrowth of roots associated with the coleoptilar node, and a reduction of roots at the first foliar node (correlated with reduced production of Tiller 1). Seed treatment effects on both shoot and root development illustrated the close relationship between these plant structures. Both fungicides induced both beneficial and deleterious effects on wheat growth and development, but the magnitude of deleterious effects was less with triticonazole than with triadimenol.